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In People v Brundage, 381 Mich. 399, 403 (1968), Justice O'HARA writing in a portion of his dissent concurred in by the majority, addressed the relationship between the limited rights of "appeal" under MCLA 770.12 and the writ of superintending control.
Summary of this case from Genesee Prosecutor v. Circuit JudgeOpinion
Calendar No. 11, Docket No. 51,847.
Decided December 2, 1968.
Appeal from Court of Appeals, Division 2, Lesinski, C.J., and Fitzgerald and J.H. Gillis, JJ., reversing Monroe, Weipert (William J., Jr.), J. Submitted May 8, 1968. (Calendar No. 11, Docket No. 51,847.) Decided December 2, 1968.
7 Mich. App. 364, reversed.
Clayton Brundage was convicted of operating a lottery. Defendant appealed to Court of Appeals. Reversed. The people appeal. Reversed and trial court affirmed.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, and Paul E. Braunlich, Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Harry A. Lockwood, for defendant.
Amici Curiae:
Prosecuting Attorneys Association of Michigan, by Donald L. Reisig, President, Prosecuting Attorney, Ingham County, and James R. Ramsey, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Ingham County.
Retail Gasoline Dealers Association of Michigan, Inc., by Koltys, Miller Penirian ( Bethel B. Kelley, of counsel).
I agree with Justice O'HARA that by virtue of article 6, § 4, Constitution of 1963, the Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction in criminal cases. Under our present Court Rules (GCR 1963), jurisdiction may be exercised in a given case upon grant of leave whether the decision of a lower court be in favor of or adverse to the State.
I disagree with Justice O'HARA as to the proposed disposition of this case for the reason that the Court of Appeals erred in reversing the trial court. For the facts in this case, see People v. Brundage (1967), 7 Mich. App. 364. The trial judge correctly charged the jury as to the element of consideration in connection with a lottery. This Court stretched almost to the breaking point a permissible finding of absence of consideration by its approval of such a finding by the trial court upon the facts in ACF Wrigley Stores, Inc., v. Wayne Prosecuting Attorney (1960), 359 Mich. 215. Wrigley distinguished earlier decisions of this Court upon the basis that "each of these cases required the participants' presence, either in the theater or in the immediate vicinity" (p 223).
See 7 Mich. App. 364, 370. — REPORTER.
The acts required in this case, including presence of a participant in the store twice weekly, were ample to provide the element of consideration. A participant was required (a) to go to the store, sign up, receive a weekly qualification card and each week visit the store and have the card punched if he wished to participate in that week's drawing; (b) to have his weekly qualification card punched a different day from the day of the drawing; (c) to be present on the day of the drawing; (d) to use the registration and weekly qualification card printed and furnished by the store. (He could not make up or prepare his own.)
I would reverse the Court of Appeals and affirm the trial court.
DETHMERS, C.J., and T.M. KAVANAGH, J., concurred with ADAMS, J.
KELLY and BLACK, JJ., took no part in the decision of this case.
This is an appeal on leave granted to the people of the State of Michigan from an order of the Court of Appeals which reversed appellee's conviction in the circuit court. He had been charged with the operation of a lottery.
The first question we face is what is the right of appeal by the State in a criminal case from an adverse decision by the Court of Appeals?
We have on several occasions granted leave to appeal to the people where conflicts or misinterpretations in decisions in criminal cases have occurred. See, for example, People v. Dunn (1968), 380 Mich. 693; People v. Hobdy (1968), 380 Mich. 686; People v. Winegar (1968), 380 Mich. 719.
There has been no legislative action dealing with the question since the creation of that Court. There is a statute defining the right of appeal by the people. It has been in force for many years and has been the subject of judicial construction.
CL 1948, § 770.12 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.1109).
"Sec. 12. A writ of error may be taken by and on behalf of the people of the state of Michigan from any court of record in said state direct to the supreme court thereof, in all criminal cases, in the following instances, to wit:
"(a) From a decision or judgment quashing or setting aside any indictment or information, or any court thereof, where such decision or judgment is based upon the invalidity or construction of the statute upon which such indictment or information is founded;
"(b) From a decision arresting a judgment of conviction or directing a judgment of acquittal for insufficiency of the indictment, where such decision is based upon the invalidity or construction of the statute upon which such indictment or information is founded;
"(c) From the decision or judgment sustaining a special plea in bar, when the defendant has not been put in jeopardy, or from any other order of the court relative to admission of evidence or proceedings had or made at any time before the defendant is put in jeopardy."
We feel obligated to point out that as an expression of legislative policy we accord the statute great weight. However, to the extent that it purports to limit our appellate jurisdiction, it is constitutionally infirm. Our appellate jurisdiction is constitutional. It can neither be enlarged nor restricted by legislative action. The Constitution provides:
Const of 1963, art 6, § 4.
"The Supreme Court shall have * * * power to issue * * * prerogative and remedial writs; and appellate jurisdiction as provided by rules of the supreme court." (Emphasis supplied.)
We construed this article in Board of Education of Grand Rapids v. State Tax Commission (1939), 291 Mich. 50. While equally divided in that case as to the powers of the defendant-commission, the Court was unanimous in the holding (p 54):
Const 1908, art 7, § 4. — REPORTER.
"The power of this court to issue original writs of certiorari is vested in the Constitution and cannot be divested by legislative action."
In the foregoing quotation, the Court was speaking for four Justices through Mr. Justice WIEST, but for the remainder of the Court, Justice NORTH wrote (p 62):
"For the reason pointed out by Mr. Justice WIEST, the provision in section 17 which purports to bar all judicial review of the proceedings before the State tax commission is void."
PA 1933, No 62, § 17, as amended by PA 1934 (1st Ex Sess), No 30 (CL 1948, § 211.217 [Stat Ann 1960 Rev § 7.77]). — REPORTER.
So here we are not bound in our review of the disposition of the case by the Court of Appeals, even though the appeal is by the people from a decision adverse to the State.
However, the limitation upon appeals by the State has been recognized by this Court for many years. Obviously, the case precedent does not involve appeal from the Court of Appeals to this Court. Rather the case arose on appeal from the circuit court to this Court, after the circuit court had in legal effect acted as an intermediate court of appeal.
In People v. Woodward (1921), 215 Mich. 267, p 269:
"It is obvious from the provisions of the act that the legislature contemplated the issuance of a writ of error in behalf of the people only when the indictment was attacked upon the ground of the invalidity or construction of the statute upon which the indictment was based. In the present case the indictment was not attacked and the validity of the statute was in no way questioned. The ground upon which the judgment of conviction was attacked was the fact that the conviction was brought about by the evidence illegally obtained. It was shown without question that the officers disobeyed the plain provisions of the statute in obtaining the evidence. Without this illegal evidence there was not sufficient proof to sustain the indictment. By reason of this, we think defendant's point is well taken; that we have no jurisdiction to consider the assignments.
"The writ of error will be dismissed."
People v. Ballard (1922), 220 Mich. 500, followed Woodward, supra:
"Defendant was informed against for unlawfully having in his possession certain keys, locks, wire cutters, nippers and other implements designed for forcing and breaking open dwelling houses. After pleading not guilty, the trial court, on petition therefor, made an order for the return to him of the articles listed in the information, for the reason that possession of them had been obtained by a search of his residence without a search warrant. The prosecuting attorney seeks to review such order by writ of error.
"PA 1917, No 159, provides for the issuance of a writ of error by and on behalf of the people of the State to review the proceedings in criminal trials in certain cases. The first two subsections permit such review when the information is quashed, or judgment arrested or directed, based `upon the invalidity or construction of the statute upon which such indictment or information is founded,' and the third —
CLS 1922, §§ 15842(1)-15842(3). — REPORTER.
"`From the decision or judgment sustaining a special plea in bar, when the defendant has not been put in jeopardy.'
"The motion here made was clearly not a special plea in bar. The order entered in no way prevented the prosecuting attorney from proceeding with his proofs. While it deprived him of the right to use certain evidence because unlawfully obtained, it clearly presents no question which we can review on writ of error under this statute.
"The writ is dismissed."
The holdings were also followed and approved in People v. Rau (1922), 220 Mich. 502, 503:
"Neither the information, statute upon which it is based or regularity of the essential steps directly leading up to the trial were attacked in this motion. The order granting it, here sought to be reviewed, only indirectly involved the availability of certain testimony the prosecution desired to introduce upon the trial. Its only bearing upon the progress and trial of the case was in effect an adverse early ruling upon the admission of testimony the prosecution relied on and proposed to introduce. We are of opinion, as said in People v. Ballard, 220 Mich. 500, that the motion upon which the order is based `was clearly not a special plea in bar' under subdivision (c), section 1, of the statute upon which the prosecution relies.
"Writ dismissed."
We find no conflict between our holding here and the cited cases. It is to be noted that the Court carefully specified in each case that the people relied on the statute. The appeal herein was addressed to our general constitutional authority in the nature of an application for leave to appeal.
In view of the settled precedent of long standing, and the legislative expression of policy in the statute, we are not disposed to invoke our plenary constitutional appellate powers in order to allow this appeal to go to final decision in this Court. In this case the appellee raised, briefed, and argued the question of our jurisdiction to entertain the appeal. We answer. We have jurisdiction to review any decision of the Court of Appeals. We do not always exercise this jurisdiction in a criminal case where the decision of the Court of Appeals is adverse to the State.
We would not be understood by this decision to approve the language of the Court of Appeals as to the issue on the merits. We do not necessarily accept the interpretation accorded by that Court in our opinion in ACF Wrigley Stores, Inc., v. Wayne Prosecuting Attorney (1960), 359 Mich. 215.
We also quote with approval the following excerpt from an opinion of the Attorney General. The opinion was issued pursuant to a request of a member of the legislature. In it the attorney general made the following recommendation in which we join:
"I would therefore recommend that appropriate legislation be enacted clarifying the definition of the term `lottery' in a manner which would permit prosecution for institution of business promotional schemes if such is the desire of the legislature." (Emphasis supplied.) OAG No. 4562, March 22, 1967, p 35.
We have added our emphasis to make clear that we take no position as to the substantive desirability or nondesirability of such legislation. It is the function of the courts, including this Court under our division of power to interpret statute law, not to make it. We do find the present state of our law unclear by reason of lack of precise legislative definition of "lottery." We trust our coequal branch will speak out with clarity in relation thereto.
See Const 1963, art 3, § 2. — REPORTER.
The order granting the application for leave to appeal should be vacated.
T.E. BRENNAN, J., concurred with O'HARA, J.