Opinion
2014-02-14
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Robert BAKERX, Defendant–Appellant.
Thomas Theophilos, Buffalo, for Defendant–Appellant. Frank A. Sedita, III, District Attorney, Buffalo (David A. Heraty of Counsel), for Respondent.
Thomas Theophilos, Buffalo, for Defendant–Appellant. Frank A. Sedita, III, District Attorney, Buffalo (David A. Heraty of Counsel), for Respondent.
PRESENT: SCUDDER, P.J., FAHEY, PERADOTTO, CARNI, and VALENTINO, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him, following a joint nonjury trial with one codefendant ( People v. Heary, 104 A.D.3d 1208, 960 N.Y.S.2d 812,lv. denied21 N.Y.3d 943, 968 N.Y.S.2d 6, 990 N.E.2d 140,reconsideration denied21 N.Y.3d 1016, 971 N.Y.S.2d 498, 994 N.E.2d 394), of manslaughter in the first degree (Penal Law § 125.20[1] ) and criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree ( [CPW 2d] § 265.03 [3] ). Defendant contends that the evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction of manslaughter because the People failed to meet their burden of disproving his justification defense beyond a reasonable doubt ( see generally § 25.00[1]; People v. Umali, 10 N.Y.3d 417, 425, 859 N.Y.S.2d 104, 888 N.E.2d 1046,rearg. denied11 N.Y.3d 744, 864 N.Y.S.2d 386, 894 N.E.2d 651,cert. denied556 U.S. 1110, 129 S.Ct. 1595, 173 L.Ed.2d 685). He further contends that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the conviction of CPW 2d because the People failed to establish that he did not possess the loaded weapon in his home or place of business (§ 265.03[3] ) or that he intended to use the weapon against another. Those “contention[s are] not preserved for our review inasmuch as defendant ‘did not move for a trial order of dismissal on th[ose] ground[s]’ ” ( Heary, 104 A.D.3d at 1209, 960 N.Y.S.2d 812;see generally People v. Gray, 86 N.Y.2d 10, 19, 629 N.Y.S.2d 173, 652 N.E.2d 919). We reject defendant's further contention that he was denied effective assistance of counsel based on defense counsel's failure to move for a trial order of dismissal on those grounds. “It is well settled that ‘[a] defendant is not denied effective assistance of trial counsel merely because counsel does not make a motion or argument that has little or no chance of success' ... Here, there was no chance that such a motion would have succeeded” ( Heary, 104 A.D.3d at 1209, 960 N.Y.S.2d 812, quoting People v. Stultz, 2 N.Y.3d 277, 287, 778 N.Y.S.2d 431, 810 N.E.2d 883,rearg. denied3 N.Y.3d 702, 785 N.Y.S.2d 29, 818 N.E.2d 671).
Defendant further contends that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the conviction of manslaughter because the People failed to establish the element of intent to cause serious physical injury. Although defendant preserved that contention for our review, we conclude that it lacks merit. Such “intent may be inferred from [defendant's] conduct, the surrounding circumstances, and the medical evidence,” which established that defendant shot the victim and that the bullet entered the victim through the back, piercing his right lung and aorta ( People v. Wise, 46 A.D.3d 1397, 1399, 847 N.Y.S.2d 802,lv. denied10 N.Y.3d 872, 860 N.Y.S.2d 499, 890 N.E.2d 262 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see generally People v. Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672).
Although defendant further contends that Supreme Court erred in failing to consider the lesser included offense of manslaughter in the second degree (Penal Law § 125.15[1] ), we reject that contention. There is no “reasonable view of the evidence [that] would support a finding that the defendant committed such lesser offense but did not commit the greater” (CPL 300.50 [1]; see generally People v. Glover, 57 N.Y.2d 61, 63, 453 N.Y.S.2d 660, 439 N.E.2d 376). We further conclude, upon viewing the evidence in light of the elements of the crimes in this nonjury trial ( see People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d 342, 349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1), that the verdict is not against the weight of the evidence ( see Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d at 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672).
Inasmuch as defendant did not join in the application of the codefendant to introduce evidence of the victim's prior bad acts, he did not preserve for our review his contention that the court erred in refusing to admit such evidence ( see People v. Thompson, 300 A.D.2d 1032, 1033, 751 N.Y.S.2d 921,lv. denied99 N.Y.2d 620, 757 N.Y.S.2d 831, 787 N.E.2d 1177;People v. Cook, 286 A.D.2d 917, 917, 731 N.Y.S.2d 412,lv. denied97 N.Y.2d 680, 738 N.Y.S.2d 295, 764 N.E.2d 399;see generally People v. Buckley, 75 N.Y.2d 843, 846, 552 N.Y.S.2d 912, 552 N.E.2d 160). In any event, that contention lacks merit ( see Matter of Robert S., 52 N.Y.2d 1046, 1048, 438 N.Y.S.2d 509, 420 N.E.2d 390) and, therefore, defense counsel was not ineffective in failing to make an argument that had little or no chance of success ( see Heary, 104 A.D.3d at 1209, 960 N.Y.S.2d 812;see generally Stultz, 2 N.Y.3d at 287, 778 N.Y.S.2d 431, 810 N.E.2d 883).
In his pretrial omnibus motion and supplemental motions, defendant sought suppression of his statements, physical evidence and DNA evidence contending, inter alia, that he was arrested without probable cause. We conclude that the court properly denied the Dunaway branch of defendant's motions without a hearing. “Given ‘(1) the face of the pleadings, (2) assessed in conjunction with the context of the motion[s], and (3) defendant's access to information,’ defendant's allegations in support of his motion[s] were too conclusory to warrant a hearing” ( People v. Lopez, 5 N.Y.3d 753, 754, 801 N.Y.S.2d 245, 834 N.E.2d 1255, quoting People v. Mendoza, 82 N.Y.2d 415, 426, 604 N.Y.S.2d 922, 624 N.E.2d 1017;see People v. Arokium, 33 A.D.3d 458, 459, 822 N.Y.S.2d 442,lv. denied8 N.Y.3d 878, 832 N.Y.S.2d 490, 864 N.E.2d 620;People v. McDowell, 30 A.D.3d 160, 160, 815 N.Y.S.2d 570,lv. denied7 N.Y.3d 850, 823 N.Y.S.2d 779, 857 N.E.2d 74). In any event defendant's “written postarrest statement ... on its face shows probable cause for defendant's arrest, and defendant failed to controvert it in his motion papers” ( Lopez, 5 N.Y.3d at 754, 801 N.Y.S.2d 245, 834 N.E.2d 1255).
Defendant contends for the first time on appeal that the Miranda warnings given to him were defective. That contention is not preserved for our review ( see People v. Tutt, 38 N.Y.2d 1011, 1012–1013, 384 N.Y.S.2d 444, 348 N.E.2d 920;People v. Louisias, 29 A.D.3d 1017, 1018–1019, 815 N.Y.S.2d 727,lv. denied7 N.Y.3d 814, 822 N.Y.S.2d 489, 855 N.E.2d 805) and, in any event, it lacks merit. Although the detective issuing the warningsdid not inform defendant that he would be entitled to “free” counsel if he could not afford counsel, “the Miranda prophylaxis does not require a ‘ritualistic incantation of warnings in any particular language or form’ ” ( People v. Snider, 258 A.D.2d 929, 930, 685 N.Y.S.2d 538,lv. denied93 N.Y.2d 979, 695 N.Y.S.2d 65, 716 N.E.2d 1110). “The inquiry is simply whether the warnings reasonably ‘conve[y] to [a suspect] his rights as required by Miranda ’ ” ( Duckworth v. Eagan, 492 U.S. 195, 203, 109 S.Ct. 2875, 106 L.Ed.2d 166;see Louisias, 29 A.D.3d at 1019, 815 N.Y.S.2d 727). Here, defendant was informed that he would receive appointed counsel if he could not afford counsel and, therefore, the warnings given to defendant reasonably apprised him of his rights.
Defendant also contends for the first time on appeal that he was denied his right to counsel because, although he was not in custody on a prior charge, he was represented by counsel on that charge and it was related to the charges for which he was in custody ( see People v. Vella, 21 N.Y.2d 249, 251, 287 N.Y.S.2d 369, 234 N.E.2d 422). “[T]he rule ‘authorizing review of unpreserved constitutional right-to-counsel claims' has been applied ‘only when the constitutional violation was established on the face of the record’ ” ( People v. McLean, 15 N.Y.3d 117, 121, 905 N.Y.S.2d 536, 931 N.E.2d 520, quoting People v. Ramos, 99 N.Y.2d 27, 37, 750 N.Y.S.2d 821, 780 N.E.2d 506). Here, because “the record does not make clear, irrefutably, that a right to counsel violation has occurred, the claimed violation can be reviewed only on a post[ ]trial motion under CPL 440.10, not on direct appeal” ( id.). Defendant's further contention that defense counsel was ineffective in failing to pursue that theory of suppression also involves matters outside the record on appeal and thus is properly raised by way of a CPL 440.10 motion ( see People v. Rivera, 71 N.Y.2d 705, 709, 530 N.Y.S.2d 52, 525 N.E.2d 698).
Defendant contends that photo arrays shown to two witnesses were unduly suggestive because of the differences in the attire of the persons depicted and in the composition of the photographs. We reject that contention inasmuch as those differences were “not sufficient to create a substantial likelihood that the defendant would be singled out for identification” ( People v. Chipp, 75 N.Y.2d 327, 336, 553 N.Y.S.2d 72, 552 N.E.2d 608,cert. denied498 U.S. 833, 111 S.Ct. 99, 112 L.Ed.2d 70). For the first time on appeal, defendant also contends that the photo arrays were unduly suggestive because he was the only person with a mohawk hairstyle in both arrays. That contention was not raised in the hearing court and, therefore, is not preserved for our review ( see People v. Johnson, 306 A.D.2d 214, 215, 761 N.Y.S.2d 229,lv. denied100 N.Y.2d 621, 767 N.Y.S.2d 404, 799 N.E.2d 627;People v. Berry, 201 A.D.2d 489, 489–490, 607 N.Y.S.2d 401,lv. denied83 N.Y.2d 869, 613 N.Y.S.2d 129, 635 N.E.2d 298). We decline to exercise our power to review that contention as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice ( seeCPL 470.15[6][a] ).
Finally, we reject defendant's challenges to the severity of the sentence and the court's remarks at sentencing.
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.