Opinion
Submitted May 6, 2009, at Detroit. [Copyrighted Material Omitted]
Michael A. Cox, Attorney General, B. Eric Restuccia, Solicitor General, David G. Gorcyca, Prosecuting Attorney, and Marilyn J. Day, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Hertz Schram, P.C. (by Gary P. Supanich), Bloomfield Hills, for the defendant.
Before: WILDER, P.J., and METER and FORT HOOD, JJ.
METER, J.
[284 Mich.App. 12] Defendant appeals by delayed leave granted his plea-based conviction of aggravated assault, MCL 750.81a. Defendant was sentenced to 183 days in jail and two years' probation. On appeal, he challenges only the provisions of the judgment of sentence requiring him to register as a sex offender and to have no contact with minor children under the age of 16. We affirm.
As an introductory matter, defendant argues that the relevant published caselaw regarding whether he should have been ordered to register as a sex offender is not binding. Specifically, he contends that this Court is not bound by People v. Meyers, 250 Mich.App. 637, 649, 649 N.W.2d 123 (2002), which held that a trial court should consider the facts of the particular offense of which a defendant is convicted in determining if the offense constitutes a sexual offense under the Sex Offenders Registration Act (SORA) catchall provision, MCL 28.722(e)( xi ). Defendant contends that this is because the Michigan Supreme Court, in People v. Althoff, 477 Mich. 961, 724 N.W.2d 283 (2006)( Althoff I ), declared that holding to be dictum. Further, defendant argues that People v. Golba, 273 Mich.App. 603, 729 N.W.2d 916 (2007), and People v. Althoff (On Remand), 280 Mich.App. 524, 760 N.W.2d 764 (2008) ( Althoff II ), are not binding because the panel in [284 Mich.App. 13] Golba, supra at 610, 729 N.W.2d 916, erroneously stated that it was bound by the Meyers decision, and the panel in Althoff II, supra at 534, 760 N.W.2d 764, in turn stated that it was bound by the erroneous Golba decision. We disagree.
Although the Michigan Supreme Court declared that the relevant Meyers holding was dictum, defendant's argument that Golba and Althoff II are not binding is misguided. The panel in Golba did state that it was bound by Meyers. Golba, supra at 610, 729 N.W.2d 916. However, critically, in its own independent analysis, the panel in Golba concluded that it agreed with the holding in Meyers. Id. at 611, 729 N.W.2d 916. The Althoff II panel noted that the Meyers holding had been deemed dictum and that Golba had erroneously concluded that it was bound to follow the Meyers holding. Althoff II, supra at 534, 760 N.W.2d 764. However, the Althoff II panel still concluded that it was bound by the Golba panel's statutory interpretation. Id. Therefore, pursuant to MCR 7.215(J)(1), the holdings in the published decisions of Golba and Althoff II bind us.
Defendant argues that even if the underlying factual circumstances are considered, there is no record support for concluding that his aggravated assault, by its nature, constituted a sexual offense. We disagree. The construction and application of SORA, MCL 28.721 et seq. , presents a question of law that is reviewed de novo on appeal. Golba, supra at 605, 729 N.W.2d 916. Additionally, this Court reviews the " underlying factual findings of the trial court at sentencing for clear error." Id. at 613, 729 N.W.2d 916. " Clear error exists when the reviewing court is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made." People v. Kurylczyk, 443 Mich. 289, 303, 505 N.W.2d 528 (1993).
SORA " requires an individual who is convicted of a listed offense after October 1, 1995, to register as a sex offender. MCL 28.723(1)(a)." Golba, supra at 605, 729 N.W.2d 916. The [284 Mich.App. 14] term " convicted" is defined in MCL 28.722(a)( i ) as " [h]aving a judgment of conviction or a probation order entered in any court having jurisdiction over criminal offenses[.]" The term " listed offense" is defined by MCL 28.722(e) to include violations of specific statutes, but aggravated assault is not a listed offense. However, the act also includes a " catchall" provision that requires registration for " [a]ny other violation of a law of this state or a local ordinance of a municipality that by its nature constitutes a sexual offense against an individual who is less than 18 years of age." MCL 28.722(e)(xi).
The catchall provision requires the simultaneous existence of three conditions: " (1) the defendant must have been convicted of a state-law violation or a municipal-ordinance violation, (2) the violation must, by its nature, constitute a sexual offense, and (3) the victim of the violation must be under 18 years of age." Althoff II, supra at 532, 760 N.W.2d 764 (citations and quotation marks omitted). The second condition is not to be determined solely by reference to the legal elements of the offense of which the defendant was convicted. Id. at 532-534, 760 N.W.2d 764. Rather, " the particular facts of a violation are to be considered in determining whether the violation ‘ by its nature constitutes a sexual offense against an individual who is less than 18 years of age’ under MCL 28.722(e)( xi )." Althoff II, supra at 534, 760 N.W.2d 764.
In this case, defendant pleaded guilty of aggravated assault, which is not a listed offense, but is a state law violation under MCL 750.81a. Also, it is undisputed that the victim was less than 18 years old at the time of the assault. Therefore, the remaining question is whether the assault, by its nature, constituted a sexual offense.
When applying SORA, " a sentencing court may consider all record evidence in determining if a defendant must register under SORA, as long as the defendant has [284 Mich.App. 15] the opportunity to challenge relevant factual assertions and any challenged facts are substantiated by a preponderance of the evidence." Althoff II, supra at 541-542, 760 N.W.2d 764. Defendant argues that the record for the underlying facts must be developed through the trial process or through admissions under the minimum standards of due process. However, judicial fact-finding outside of the avenues of trial or admissions does not violate due process because SORA is a remedial regulatory scheme that furthers a legitimate state interest of public safety, and compliance with the statute is not a punishment. Id. at 540, 760 N.W.2d 764.
The factual basis for defendant's plea was that he touched the victim and it caused harm to her. According to defendant, the touching took place from the summer of 2003 to November 2005. The testimony of the seven-year-old victim at the preliminary examination, which is part of the record evidence, indicated that defendant had touched her underneath her underwear on at least nine occasions. These incidents took place in either her mother's bedroom at night or in defendant's car when he drove the victim to school. Defendant was able to challenge this testimony through cross-examination at the preliminary examination. The victim's mother testified that the victim had recanted on three occasions. Despite the mother's testimony, the evidence showed by a preponderance of the evidence that the aggravated assault, by its nature, constituted a sexual offense. Defendant admitted to touching the victim in a harmful way over a period of approximately a year and a half and the victim's description of the touching, which was the only basis for establishing how the touching occurred, indicated it was of a sexual nature. Therefore, the trial court did not err by ordering defendant to register as a sex offender.
[284 Mich.App. 16] Defendant also argues that the trial court erred by relying on his polygraph examination as a part of its rationale for ordering him to register as a sex offender. First, this issue was not properly presented for appeal because it was not raised in the statement of questions presented in defendant's appellate brief. MCR 7.212(C)(5); City of Lansing v. Hartsuff, 213 Mich.App. 338, 351, 539 N.W.2d 781 (1995).
At any rate, we find no merit to defendant's argument. It is true that, generally, a court may neither solicit nor consider polygraph-examination results for sentencing, People v. Towns, 69 Mich.App. 475, 478, 245 N.W.2d 97 (1976), and the consideration of polygraph-examination results is generally considered error that requires resentencing, People v. Allen, 49 Mich.App. 148, 151-152, 211 N.W.2d 533 (1973). However, significantly, defendant does not request a full resentencing. He only argues that he should not have been required to register as a sex offender on the basis of information relating to the polygraph examination. As noted above, SORA is merely a remedial regulatory scheme and compliance with the statute is not a punishment. Althoff II, supra at 540, 760 N.W.2d 764. Moreover, the record does not suggest that the trial court relied on the polygraph-examination results in making its finding about the underlying facts of defendant's conviction. Defendant admitted committing aggravated assault and the trial court relied on the remainder of the record to determine that the underlying [284 Mich.App. 17] circumstances of the assault were inherently sexual. Appellate relief is unwarranted.
We note that there is no indication from the record that the trial court relied on defendant's polygraph examination in deciding whether to order defendant to register as a sex offender. Although the trial court made the unorthodox offer for defendant to take a polygraph examination and indicated that if the results were favorable, they would be considered for sentencing, the results were not a part of the presentence investigation report and defense counsel only mentioned to the trial court that the results were " unfavorable."
Finally, while not making any argument in the body of his appellate brief regarding the probation provision involving the prohibition of contact with children less than 16 years of age, defendant includes a request for relief from that part of his probation. However, defendant was discharged from his probation on September 19, 2008. Therefore, because defendant is no longer subject to the challenged condition of his probation, this issue is moot. Detroit v. Ambassador Bridge Co., 481 Mich. 29, 50, 748 N.W.2d 221 (2008). Accordingly, we decline to address it.
Affirmed.