Summary
holding that plaintiff's work environment was not affected by comments and conduct of which she was not aware
Summary of this case from Mazur v. Wal-MartOpinion
Docket No. 80859.
Decided February 18, 1986. Leave to appeal applied for.
Brescoll Associates, P.C. (by Dennis P. Brescoll), for plaintiff.
The Fishman Group (by Steven J. Fishman and Malcolm D. Brown), for defendant.
Plaintiff brought a claim for damages against defendant, alleging that she was subjected to sexual harassment in connection with her employment, in violation of the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act, MCL 37.2101 et seq.; MSA 3.548(101) et seq. Defendant brought a motion for summary judgment under GCR 1963, 117.2(3), which was granted by the trial court. Plaintiff appeals as of right.
Plaintiff, an 18-year-old woman, based her claim of sexual harassment on a single incident which occurred March 17, 1982, while she was working at a fast-food restaurant owned by defendant, McDonald's Restaurants of Michigan. Plaintiff had been instructed to take a work break by Ivan Forney, a "first assistant" also employed by defendant corporation. He also whispered to her "Hi, baby, let's have some fun". Plaintiff proceeded to a downstairs crew room, where she was joined by Forney. Once again he asked her if she would like to "have some fun", and moved his hips back and forth in a crude manner. He then briefly placed his hand on her breast and "grabbed" her buttocks. Plaintiff responded by leaving the crew room.
Once upstairs, plaintiff informed a fellow employee that Forney had touched her. Her swing manager told her to "just let it go" and return to work. Plaintiff declined to do so and ultimately left the restaurant with co-worker Kim Wright. Plaintiff reported the incident to the police. An investigation later conducted by defendant's personnel led to Ivan Forney's discharge from employment on March 22, 1982.
Plaintiff testified in her deposition that sometime after she reported the incident, she became aware that Forney had engaged in similar conduct with other co-employees, specifically Kim Wright and Michelle Bright-Poysson. Plaintiff alleged that the restaurant management was aware of these prior incidents but did not act to prevent their recurrence. Plaintiff continued working at the restaurant until December 9, 1982, when she was discharged for taking cookies without permission.
Plaintiff's claim of sexual harassment is based upon the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act, MCL 37.210 et seq.; MSA 3.548(101) et seq., which, like Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., prohibits employers from discriminating against a person on the basis of sex "with respect to a term, condition or privilege of employment * * *". Sexual harassment is defined, in pertinent part, as:
"* * * unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct or communication of a sexual nature when:
"(i) Submission to such conduct or communication is made a term or condition either explicitly or implicitly to obtain employment, * * *
"(ii) Submission to or rejection of such conduct or communication by an individual is used as a factor in decisions affecting such individual's employment, * * *
"(iii) Such conduct or communication has the purpose or effect of substantially interfering with an individual's employment, * * * or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive employment, * * *." MCL 37.2103(h); MSA 3.548(103)(h).
Michigan courts regard federal precedents on questions analogous to those presented under Michigan's civil rights statutes as highly persuasive, although not binding. Slayton v Michigan Host, Inc, 144 Mich. App. 535; 376 N.W.2d 664 (1985); Robson v General Motors Corp, 137 Mich. App. 650, 653; 357 N.W.2d 919 (1984).
In Henson v City of Dundee, 682 F.2d 897, 903-905 (CA 11, 1982), the court outlined five elements which must be established in order to recover damages for a claim of sexual harassment under Title VII:
1) The employee belongs to a protected group,
2) The employee was subject to unwelcome sexual harassment,
3) The harassment complained of was based on sex,
4) The harassment complained of affected a "term, condition or privilege of employment", and
5) Respondeat superior.
In the more typical, "quid pro quo", form of sexual harassment, the fourth element is established where the employer or employee in a supervisory position encourages or demands sexual favors in return for some employment benefit. Plaintiff admits that she was not subjected to this type of discrimination. Rather, plaintiff claims that she is entitled to damages because of a hostile work environment, relying upon such cases as Henson, supra, and Bundy v Jackson, 205 US App DC 444; 641 F.2d 934 (1981). These cases hold that sexual harassment "may so poison a working environment as to alter a `term, condition or privilege of employment' in violation of Title VII, even if the conduct does not result in discharge or denial of promotion". Scott v Sears, Roebuck Co, 605 F. Supp. 1047 (ND Ill, 1985). However, the mere fact that sexual harassment has occurred will not justify recovery under a "hostile work environment" claim. Rather, the severity of the harassment becomes an issue. As stated in Henson, supra, p 904:
"For sexual harassment to state a claim under Title VII, it must be sufficiently pervasive so as to alter the conditions of employment and create an abusive working environment. Whether sexual harassment at the workplace is sufficiently severe and persistent to affect seriously the psychological well being of employees is a question to be determined with regard to the totality of the circumstances."
In the case at hand, the trial court granted defendant's motion for summary judgment after concluding that the single incident to which plaintiff was subjected, coupled with her continued employment for some nine months after the incident, established as a matter of law that no hostile environment existed. In reviewing the propriety of the trial court's action, we must keep in mind the standards applicable to a motion brought under GCR 1963, 117.2(3). As stated in Anderson v Kemper Ins Co, 128 Mich. App. 249; 340 N.W.2d 87 (1983):
"Such a motion requires reference to any evidence in the case — depositions, affidavits, admissions, etc. — as well as the pleadings, to ascertain if there is any dispute as to any material fact. Hollowell v Career Decisions, Inc, 100 Mich. App. 561, 566; 298 N.W.2d 915 (1980). The court should give the benefit of any reasonable doubt to the nonmoving party, being liberal in finding a genuine material issue. Rizzo v Kretschmer, 389 Mich. 363; 207 N.W.2d 316 (1973). The court must be satisfied that no factual development is possible which would support the nonmoving party's claim. Royal Globe Ins Co v Great American Ins Co, 118 Mich. App. 735; 325 N.W.2d 556 (1982)." 128 Mich. App. 252-253.
Due to the restrictive standard which applies to motions for summary judgment under rule 117.2(3), it is with great difficulty that we decide this matter. Nonetheless, our review of federal precedent on this point leaves us convinced that plaintiff failed to allege facts which would allow recovery under a "hostile work environment" discrimination claim. We base this conclusion upon the guidance offered by such federal district court cases as Seep v Commercial Motor Freight, Inc, 575 F. Supp. 1097 (SD Ohio, 1983), Ferguson v E I duPont de Nemours Co, Inc, 560 F. Supp. 1172 (Del, 1983), and Scott v Sears, Roebuck Co, supra. For example, in Scott, the plaintiff, who worked in the defendant's automotive department, claimed she was continuously sexually harassed by her fellow mechanics and repeatedly propositioned by the principal harasser. Further, the plaintiff alleged that mechanic Al Williams once made a lewd comment to her, and mechanic Weston Taylor "hit me on my buttock". The district court granted the defendant's motion for summary judgment, concluding that these allegations did not constitute the severity and pervasiveness necessary to constitute an actionable hostile environment. The court noted that "it requires only a reading of [Katz v Dole, 709 F.2d 251 (CA 4, 1983), Henson, supra, and Bundy, supra] to see that the shocking and pervasive conduct they portray finds no parallel in the climate at Sears". Scott, supra, p 1055. The district court in Ferguson, supra, offered a similar opinion as to the severity of harassment which occurred in Henson, where "plaintiff was subjected to virtual daily harangues, vulgarities, and requests for sexual liaisons over the course of two years". Ferguson, supra, p 1198. Although the Ferguson Court denied the plaintiff's claim due to her failure to establish the element of respondeat superior, the court nonetheless had "difficulty considering the relatively few enumerated incidents of [the harasser's] conduct as pervasive or on a par with that in Henson * * *". Ferguson, supra, p 1198. The conduct referred to in Ferguson was listed by the plaintiff thusly:
"[F]irst, he once smacked her buttocks as she was leaving the office; second, he would call her into his office for `heart-to-breast' talks; third, he referred to her as his girlfriend in the company of other persons; fourth, he inquired about her sexual proclivities and opined on her promiscuity; fifth, he made several coarse comments to her of a sexual nature; and sixth, he described his working relationship with plaintiff by analogy to the marital estate." Ferguson, supra, pp 1181-1182.
Finally, in Seep v Commercial Motor Freight, Inc, supra, the district court held that the suggestive remarks made to female members of a clerical unit, the possession and display of pornographic material by male employees and other attempts to embarrass the female employees did not "demonstrate the existence of sexual harassment `sufficiently severe and persistent to affect seriously the psychological well being of employees'". Seep, supra, p 1107, quoting Henson, supra, p 904.
In the case before us, plaintiff alleges that she, personally, was subjected to only one incident of harassment by Ivan Forney, i.e., the request for "some fun" and touching which occurred in the restaurant crew room on March 17, 1982. While we agree that Mr. Forney was appropriately terminated from his employment as a result of this contemptible behavior and should have faced criminal responsibility for his actions, this is not the issue. Rather, we must determine whether the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act provides plaintiff with an avenue for recovering money damages from her employer due to Mr. Forney's actions. Based upon our reading of the federal cases, and especially the district court cases construing the severity and pervasiveness of conduct which must be established under Henson and Bundy, supra, we conclude that the act does not allow such a remedy under these facts.
Plaintiff argues, however, that we should not focus simply on the incident to which she was subjected, but rather that the incident should be considered in conjunction with the incidents which allegedly occurred between Ivan Forney and plaintiff's co-workers, Kim Wright and Michelle Bright-Poysson. Apparently, on one occasion Mr. Forney asked Ms. Poysson to give him a hug. When she did so, he pushed her hand toward his penis and asked her to feel it. On a separate occasion, Mr. Forney made a pass at Ms. Wright when her T-shirt became wet after it was splashed with water.
We would have no difficulty accepting plaintiff's argument if either of the above described events had an effect on plaintiff's "psychological well-being" as it pertained to the work environment. However, plaintiff admitted that she did not become aware of these incidents until after her own run-in with Mr. Forney and after Forney had been fired by the defendant for his actions. Further, when asked whether she was aware of any other incidents, she replied: "Not that I can recollect. I've heard around, though". We conclude that plaintiff cannot rely upon incidents of sexual harassment of which she was unaware to establish that she was subjected to a hostile work environment for purposes of the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act. Prior to March 17, 1982, plaintiff's personal state of mental well-being was intact and unaffected by the work environment at defendant's restaurant. Thus, to advance her claim, plaintiff may rely only upon incidents of harassment which have in fact "stood as an arbitrary barrier to sexual equality at the workplace". Henson, supra, p 902. A hostile environment cannot stand as such a barrier until there is some affirmative manifestation of it to the complaining party or parties, and then becomes actionable only when "sufficiently severe and persistent to affect seriously the psychological well being" of the employees in question. We believe that the trial court properly concluded that plaintiff's allegations, taken in the light most favorable to her, did not rise to the level envisioned in Henson and Bundy. Therefore, we affirm the order granting defendant's motion for summary judgment.
Affirmed.