Kaleb v. Modern Woodmen

Full title: KALEB, ET AL. v. MODERN WOODMEN OF AMERICA

Court: Supreme Court of Wyoming

Date published: Jan 26, 1937

64 P.2d 605 (Wyo. 1937)

64 P.2d 605

Opinion

No. 1872

January 26, 1937

APPEAL AND ERROR — DEPOSITIONS — INSURANCE — EVIDENCE — MUTUAL INCOMPETENCY — CAPACITY TO CONTRACT — INSANITY — CHANGE OF PREMIUM RATES AND BENEFITS.

1. Generally, on appeal, criterion in determining sufficiency of evidence is whether decision below is supported, not by preponderance of evidence, but by substantial evidence. 2. General rule that trial judge's finding, if supported by substantial evidence, must stand, held applicable even though all witnesses but one gave their testimony on disputed question by depositions, where bulk of evidence thereon was given by witness who testified before judge. 3. In action against benefit society by beneficiaries under original certificate which insured had exchanged for paid-up certificate at time when insured was allegedly mentally incompetent, plaintiffs had burden of overcoming presumption of sanity by showing that insured lacked sufficient reason to enable him to understand nature and effect of his act. 4. In action against benefit society, evidence that two of three beneficiaries under original certificate, which insured exchanged for paid-up certificate at time when insured was allegedly mentally incompetent, consented to such exchange, resulting from negotiations in which beneficiaries participated, held admissible as tending to show that beneficiaries then believed that insured was competent. 5. Mere weakness of body or mind, or of both, do not constitute "mental incompetency" rendering contract voidable. 6. Condition, as of contracting party, which may be described by physician as senile dementia, is not necessarily "insanity" in a legal sense, as regards validity of contract. 7. In action against benefit society, finding that insured was mentally competent when, after sharp increase in premium rates, he elected to exchange original certificate for paid-up certificate for less than one-fourth of original amount, held supported, notwithstanding evidence that insured was about 76 years old and had poor hearing and sight and was suffering from cardio-nephritis and senile dementia.

APPEAL from the District Court, Natrona County; C.D. MURANE, Judge.

The cause was submitted for plaintiffs and appellants on the brief of R.W. Ogden of Casper.

The issue before the court is whether Isaac J. Krainson, the policyholder, had sufficient mental capacity to understand and contract at the time of the change of certificates. As appears from the pleadings and record, Isaac J. Krainson was insured in defendant corporation for the sum of $2000.00, the plaintiffs, who are his daughters, being the beneficiaries therein. The rates of premium on his policy having been sharply advanced, the original certificate was surrendered up with his alleged consent on June 1, 1930, and a paid-up Benefit Certificate in the corporation in the sum of $460.00, payable entirely to Belle Krainson Goodrich was issued. It is contended by plaintiffs and appellants that insured lacked mental capacity to consent to this change. Mrs. Goodrich was the only witness who testified at the trial. All other testimony was by deposition. The judgment was for defendant. The test of mental capacity to contract is whether the person possesses sufficient mind to understand, in a reasonable manner, the nature and effect of the act in which he is engaged. 32 C.J. 727. Senile dementia is defined at 32 C.J. 609. Under the by-laws of the defendant, application for such a change in policy and benefits must have been made prior to January 1, 1930. In the present case, the change was not made until June 6, 1930. By the terms laid down by defendant itself, the paid-up certificate is without validity. All doubts and ambiguities are to be decided in favor of the insured. 45 C.J. 22. The decision of the trial court should be reversed and plaintiffs awarded the relief prayed for.

The cause was submitted for defendant and respondent on the brief of George G. Perrin, George L. McDonald, R.H. Nichols and William B. Cobb of Casper.

The sole question presented by the record is whether the decedent Isaac J. Krainson was mentally incompetent on June 1, 1930, and whether the application for change of insurance made by him on that date was consequently ineffectual and void. It is our contention that the decision of the lower court was not only supported by substantial evidence, but was the only conclusion to which the trial court could reasonably have come. The absence from appellants' argument of citations bearing upon the pivotal points involved is significant. Substantial evidence is defined in Volume 4, page 751 of "Words and Phrases" Second Series, citing Jenkins Reynolds Co. v. Portland Cement Company, also Hildebrand v. C.B. Q.R. Co., 45 Wyo. 175. The trial court's decision was based upon a conflict in the substantial evidence introduced by the parties. A judgment sustained by substantial evidence will not be disturbed on appeal. Shaul v. The C.F. I. Co., 46 Wyo. 550; Yellowstone Sheep Co. v. Diamond Dot Livestock Co., 43 Wyo. 15; Peterson v. Johnson, et al., 46 Wyo. 473; Hunt v. City of Laramie, 26 Wyo. 160; Fein v. Tonn, 2 Wyo. 113; Carter Oil Company v. Gibson, 34 Wyo. 53; 4 C.J. 883; 4 C.J. 884. The controlling rules are stated in Section 2859, at page 889 of 4 C.J. It is urged that the only testimony raising a conflict was given in the form of depositions. The point is without merit. Meyer, Inc. v. Barton, (Cal.) 62 P. 505; Sims v. Southern Surety Company, 38 Wyo. 165; Farmers' State Bank v. Northern Trust Co., 39 Wyo. 46. The credibility of witnesses is a question for the trial judge to decide. Gould v. James, 43 Wyo. 161; Wettlin v. Jones, 32 Wyo. 446. Cronberg Bros. v. Johnson, 29 Wyo. 12. The trial court's general finding on conflicting evidence is conclusive. First Nat'l. Bank of Green River v. Ennis, 44 Wyo. 497; Tobin v. Town Council of Town of Sundance, 45 Wyo. 219; Yellowstone Sheep Co. v. Diamond Dot Livestock Co., 43 Wyo. 15; McFadden v. French, et al., 29 Wyo. 401; Edwards v. Willson, 30 Wyo. 273; Bissinger Co. v. Weiss, 27 Wyo. 262. The judgment of the court below should be affirmed.

KIMBALL, Justice.

Plaintiffs are three daughters of Isaac J. Krainson, whose life was insured by defendant society. From 1921 until June, 1930, the contract of insurance was evidenced by a benefit certificate, dated August 2, 1921, which provided that on the death of the insured $2000 would be paid to the three daughters — $1500 to Mrs. Goodrich and $250 each to Mrs. Kaleb and Mrs. Cohen. The certificate was kept in force until June 1, 1930, by payment of assessments of $3.55 a month. It provided that defendant's by-laws with subsequent changes were part of the contract.

In June, 1929, when the insured was about 75 years of age, defendant's by-laws were changed for the purpose of requiring that benefit certificates held by members seventy years of age or older be put on an adequate basis by July 1, 1930. The plaintiff raised no question as to the validity or effect of this change. The new by-laws, as applied to the insured, gave him the right either to continue to carry his $2000 benefit certificate on an increased premium basis, or to apply for and receive a paid-up certificate for $460 without obligation to make any further premium payments. If he elected to continue to carry the $2000 certificate, the monthly payments (theretofore, $3.55) to keep it in force were to be increased to about $22.00.

On June 4, 1930, the insured made written application to exchange his $2000 benefit certificate of August 2, 1921, for a paid-up certificate for $460. The application stated that in consideration of the issuance of the new certificate therein applied for, the old certificate was surrendered and should be void. The application was accepted, the new certificate dated June 1, 1930, in which Mrs. Goodrich was named as the sole beneficiary, was issued and delivered, and thereafter no assessments or premiums were paid to defendant.

The insured died on July 24, 1930. Thereafter plaintiffs brought this action to recover on the surrendered certificate, dated August 2, 1921, contending that the insured was mentally incompetent to make the application which resulted in the exchange of certificates. There was no charge of fraud or undue influence. The case was tried to the judge who found that the insured was competent to make the application, and gave judgment that limited defendant's liability to the amount of the paid-up certificate of June 1, 1930. The plaintiffs appeal. Their sole contention is that the evidence required a finding in plaintiffs' favor on the question of the mental incompetency of the insured at the time he applied for the paid-up certificate.

Counsel for plaintiffs recognizes the general rule that on appeal the criterion in determining the sufficiency of the evidence is whether there is substantial evidence to support the trial court's decision, not whether the decision is supported by a preponderance of evidence. See Peterson v. Johnson, 46 Wyo. 473, 478, 28 P.2d 487. It is contended, however, that because in this case most of the evidence was by depositions, the rule does not apply. There were six witnesses, including two of the plaintiffs (Mrs. Goodrich and Mrs. Kaleb), whose testimony bore on the question of the insured's physical and mental condition. All except Mrs. Goodrich gave their testimony by depositions. We have held that the general rule by which we are controlled in considering the sufficiency of the evidence applies though much of the evidence consists of depositions and written documents. See Board of Examiners v. Strahan, 44 Wyo. 156, 161, 8 P.2d 1091; Sims v. Southern Surety Co., 38 Wyo. 165, 171, 265 P. 450. In the case at bar substantially all of the evidence introduced for the purpose of showing eccentric or irrational conduct of the insured was given by Mrs. Goodrich who testified before the trial judge. She also went further than any other witness in expressing the opinion that the insured was mentally incompetent. The weight of the evidence as a whole on the point in dispute depended largely on the weight given to her testimony. In these circumstances, we think the general rule applies, and the trial judge's finding on the facts, if supported by substantial evidence, must stand. We do not intend to intimate that a consideration by us of questions going to the credibility of witnesses and the preponderance of evidence would lead to a decision contrary to that of the trial judge.

The insured had never been declared insane or mentally incompetent and the plaintiffs had the burden of proof on that issue. It was incumbent on them to overcome the presumption of sanity by showing that the insured did not have sufficient reason to enable him to understand the nature and effect of the act in question. Williston on Contracts, (2d ed.) § 256.

We may concede that the evidence showed, and the trial judge must have believed, that at the time of the transaction in question, the insured's physical and mental powers were weakened by old age and disease. He was afflicted with cardio-nephritis which caused his death seven weeks later. His sight and hearing were very poor. There was testimony of his physician, Dr. Jackson, that he was suffering from senile dementia, which was described as a condition of "childishness," like that apparent in a "number of men of his age." He had been a tailor, but for several years, probably because of defective sight and other physical disabilities, had not engaged in any business. He drew a pension from the government, and lived at Lead, South Dakota, with Mrs. Kaleb and her family. Several witnesses, including Dr. Jackson, testified that they were of opinion the insured was incapable of attending to business affairs.

The questioned transaction came to the attention of the insured on three occasions. On May 29, 1930, while Mrs. Goodrich, who lived at Casper, Wyoming, was visiting at the home of the insured and Mrs. Kaleb, a Mr. Everett, representing the defendant, called for the purpose of having the insured make an election as required by the new by-laws. Mrs. Goodrich for several years had paid all assessments on the $2000 benefit certificate. The question was whether she could assume the burden of future payments increased to $22 a month. The question was discussed by Mrs. Goodrich and Mr. Everett in the presence of the insured and Mrs. Kaleb. Mrs. Goodrich testified that she told Mr. Everett that she did not know whether she could pay the increased assessments, but Mrs. Kaleb thought Mrs. Goodrich said she could not pay them. Mrs. Goodrich apparently intended by her testimony to leave the impression that her father did not hear or understand what was being talked about at this conference, but Mrs. Kaleb testified that her father then said that he wasn't going to pay another cent on the old certificate. On May 30 or 31, Mrs. Goodrich returned to her home at Casper.

The transaction was again called to the attention of the insured on June 4, when he signed the application for exchange of certificates, and again on a date not shown, when he subscribed his name to this statement on the face of the paid-up certificate: "I have read and hereby accept this benefit certificate and agree to all conditions therein contained and referred to."

The evidence indicates that both Mrs. Goodrich and Mrs. Kaleb consented to, and perhaps advised, the making of the application for exchange of certificates. A neighbor testified that Mrs. Kaleb told her of the transaction, saying it was "thought it cost too much to carry the insurance if he lived any length of time. Didn't know how long he would live. Dr. Jackson didn't know. Said he might live for a long time." The paid-up certificate was delivered some time in June to Mrs. Goodrich who thereafter kept it making no claim that it was invalid. The sanity of the insured was not questioned until after his death. Counsel says the consent of Mrs. Goodrich and Mrs. Kaleb was immaterial, and certainly could not bind their sister, the other plaintiff, who had nothing to do with the transaction. It may be conceded that the consent of the beneficiaries did not create an estoppel. But Mrs. Goodrich and Mrs. Kaleb were not only beneficiaries but also witnesses, and gave opinion evidence for the purpose of establishing the mental unsoundness of their father. The fact that they consented to a transaction resulting from negotiations in which they participated was of some importance as tending to show that at the time of the act in dispute they believed their father was competent. See Irish v. Smith, 8 Serg. R., 573, 11 Am. Dec. 648; Bonnemort v. Gill, 165 Mass. 493, 495-496, 43 N.E. 299; Roe v. Taylor, 45 Ill. 485, 489; Wigmore on Ev., § 1040.

Mere weakness of body or mind or both do not constitute what the law regards as mental incompetency sufficient to render a contract voidable. Williston on Contracts (2d ed.) § 256; Black on Rescission (2d ed.) § 263; 13 C.J., 262; Sutherland State Bank v. Furgason, 192 Ia. 1295, 1309, 186 N.W. 200. A condition which may be described by a physician as senile dementia may not be insanity in a legal sense. See Wisner v. Chandler, 95 Kan. 36, 147 P. 849; Leonard v. Shane, 182 Ia. 1134, 166 N.W. 373; Smith v. Smith, 205 Ill. App. 116.

We cannot hold that there was no substantial evidence to support the finding of the trial judge. There were grounds for the belief that the insured, though physically and mentally weakened, had sufficient reason to enable him to understand the nature and effect of the questioned act. Opinions that the insured was unable to attend to business affairs were probably based largely on his physical disabilities that made it difficult for him to see and hear and get about. Mrs. Kaleb, one of the plaintiffs, had the insured under her constant observation for several years, and was probably better qualified than any other witness to give an opinion on the subject. She stated that her father was "to a large extent mentally incompetent," but this was supplemented by the opinion that her father at the time of the transaction "probably knew what he was doing * * *, but he couldn't hear well and it was hard to make him understand." Another witness testified that the insured, whom he visited very often — the last time within a month of his death — "was sick and weak, but otherwise all right mentally."

The judgment will be affirmed.

BLUME, Ch. J., and RINER, J., concur.