Summary
reversing order terminating father's parental rights because father was precluded from meaningful participation in trial, violating his right to due process
Summary of this case from In re M.P.S.Opinion
NO. 14-18-00691-CV
01-31-2019
In the INTEREST OF L.N.C & K.N.M., Children
This appeal arises from the termination of the parental rights of D.D.C. ("Father") to his daughter, L.N.C. ("Laura"). The parental rights of Laura’s mother ("Mother") to Laura and her brother, K.N.M. ("Kevin"), and the parental rights of Kevin’s father, K.J.M. ("James"), also were terminated. Mother and James are not parties to this appeal.
We use pseudonyms to refer to the parties involved. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 109.002(d) ; Tex. R. App. P. 9.8.
Father was incarcerated at the time of trial on June 19, 2018. On appeal, Father challenges the judgment terminating his parental rights to Laura in four issues: (1) he was denied due process of law by the trial court’s denial of his request for a continuance, when he was timely bench-warranted to appear at trial; (2) the evidence was factually insufficient to support the predicate finding under Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(1)(E) ; (3) the evidence was legally and factually insufficient to support the predicate finding under subsection Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(1)(N) ; and (4) the evidence was legally and factually insufficient to support the finding that termination was in Laura’s best interest under Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(2). For reasons stated below, we conclude Father’s due process rights were violated, reverse the trial court’s judgment, and remand for a new trial. Because a finding of legal insufficiency would result in greater relief, we must first address Father’s claims of legal insufficiency. See In Interest of J.E.M.M, 532 S.W.3d 874, 891–92 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no pet.) (rendering judgment denying the Department’s request to terminate Mother’s parental rights to her children); see also In re J.F.C. , 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002) (holding rendition of judgment in favor of parent generally required if there is legally insufficient evidence).
Because Father does not claim the evidence is legally insufficient as to endangerment, he would not be afforded greater relief by a determination that there is no evidence of constructive abandonment. See Tex. Fam. Code §§ 161.001(b)(1)(E) and (N), respectively. We therefore do not reach the merits of issues two or three.
We do, however, consider that part of Father’s fourth issue contending there is legally insufficient evidence to support the best-interest finding because a determination in Father’s favor would afford greater relief. See Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(2).
I. BEST INTEREST
Termination must be in the child’s best interest. Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(2). There is a strong presumption that the best interest of a child is served by keeping the child with the child’s parent. Id. § 153.131(b); see also In re R.R. , 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam); In re U.P. , 105 S.W.3d 222, 230 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. denied). The Department of Family and Protective Services (the "Department") carries the burden of rebutting that presumption. U.P. , 105 S.W.3d at 230. Prompt, permanent placement of the child in a safe environment is also presumed to be in the child’s best interest. See Tex. Fam. Code § 263.307(a). Proof of acts or omissions under section 161.001(b)(1) are probative of the issue of the child’s best interest. See In re S.R. , 452 S.W.3d 351, 366 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. denied).
A. Burden of Proof and Standard of Review
Only one predicate finding under Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(1), along with the best-interest determination, is necessary to support termination. In re A.V. , 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003). In a termination case, the State seeks not just the limitation of parental rights, but to erase them permanently—to divest the parent and child of all legal rights, privileges, duties, and powers normally existing between a parent and child, except the child’s right to inherit. Tex. Fam. Code § 161.206(b) ; Holick v. Smith , 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985). Consequently, "[w]hen the State seeks to sever permanently the relationship between a parent and a child, it must first observe fundamentally fair procedures." In re E.R. , 385 S.W.3d 552, 554 (Tex. 2012) (citing Santosky v. Kramer , 455 U.S. 745, 747–48, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 1391–92, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982) ). We strictly scrutinize termination proceedings and strictly construe involuntary termination statutes in favor of the parent. In re E.N.C. , 384 S.W.3d 796, 802 (Tex. 2012) ; E.R. , 385 S.W.3d at 554–55 ; Holick , 685 S.W.2d at 20–21.
Parental rights can be terminated if clear and convincing evidence shows (1) the parent committed an act described in Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(1), and (2) termination is in the best interest of the child. Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(2). Clear and convincing evidence is that measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established. Tex. Fam. Code § 101.007. This heightened burden of proof results in heightened standards of review for sufficiency of the evidence.
When reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether a reasonable fact finder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true. In re J.F.C. , 96 S.W.3d at 266. We assume the fact finder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding, if a reasonable fact finder could do so, and disregard all evidence a reasonable fact finder could disbelieve. Id.
The fact finder assesses the credibility and demeanor of the witnesses. In re A.B. , 437 S.W.3d 498, 503 (Tex. 2014) ; In re H.R.M. , 209 S.W.3d 105, 109 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam). We may not second-guess the fact finder’s resolution of a factual dispute by relying on disputed evidence or evidence the fact finder could easily have rejected as not credible. In re L.M.I. , 119 S.W.3d 707, 712 (Tex. 2003).
B. Relevant Evidence
Father claims the evidence is legally insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that termination of his parental rights was in Laura’s best interest. The Department responds that the best-interest finding is supported by the evidence.
Laura was four years old at the time of trial; Kevin was two and a half. The children came into care due to neglectful supervision by Mother and James. At that time, Father was incarcerated for assaulting Mother when she was five and a half months pregnant. Pursuant to a plea bargain, Father pled guilty to second-degree assault and was sentenced to two years in prison in 2017. The Department’s caseworker, Kirby Clark, testified Father would complete his sentence on January 6, 2019.
The Department introduced additional convictions into evidence. In 2016, Father was convicted of assault of a family member, a class A misdemeanor, and sentenced to twenty days in county jail. In 2012, Father was adjudicated guilty of third-degree possession of a prohibited weapon and sentenced to two years in prison. In 2010, Father was convicted of trespass and possession of marijuana, both class B misdemeanors and sentenced to thirty days and ten days, respectively, in county jail. In 2009, Father was convicted of evading arrest, a class B misdemeanor, and theft, a class A misdemeanor, and sentenced to sixty days in county jail in each case. In 2008, Father was convicted of assault, a class A misdemeanor, and sentenced to ninety days in county jail. In 2007, Father was convicted of unlawfully carrying a weapon, a class A misdemeanor, and criminal trespass, a class B misdemeanor, and sentenced to ten days in county jail in each case.
Clark agreed that Father’s pattern of incarceration posed a danger to Laura. A family service plan ("FSP"), tailored to what Father could do in prison, was implemented. Pursuant to the FSP, Clark asked Father to contact Clark each month, inform her what services he was able to complete while incarcerated, provide the names of family members that he would like to have Laura placed with, sign a release of information, and maintain contact with Laura by mail. According to Clark, Father did all of these things. Clark agreed that Father had completed everything asked of him under the FSP. Although not requested, Father had acquired a general education diploma ("GED"). Clark agreed that Father showed a deep interest in Laura, loves her, and has written her on numerous occasions, including on her birthday and at Christmas. Father has not sent any gifts or money for Laura’s benefit. Clark acknowledged that Father was not the reason Laura came into care. Clark also testified that Father has not demonstrated any ability to parent Laura. She agreed that Father’s incarceration was part of the reason the children came into care.
Clark stated that during this case Father communicated with Clark by letter, and requested Laura be placed with his parents. Clark agreed the paternal grandparents are available for support and are willing to provide a stable environment and financial assistance. While Father was in prison, his parents attended court hearings to support Laura. The paternal grandmother told Clark that they have a relationship with Laura and a bond with her. The paternal grandparents are willing and able to take Laura into their care and have a stable home environment. Their home study was approved. A criminal background check of the paternal grandparents was negative, and they have no history with the Department. Clark agreed that "everything has been approved" for Laura to be placed with the paternal grandparents.
Clark also testified that Kevin, James' son and Laura’s half-brother, have been together since Kevin’s birth and have a sibling bond. When Clark contacted the paternal grandmother, she only wanted Laura placed with her. Father has not provided an alternative relative for placement. According to Clark, a decision had to be made whether to separate Laura and Kevin when the paternal grandparents were approved. Clark testified it would be detrimental to separate Laura and Kevin because they were "really attached to each other." Clark testified Laura wants to stay with Kevin. Clark and the Child Advocate, Renee LeBas, agreed that the bond between Laura and Kevin was more significant and the children would be kept together.
The children were then placed in a foster home in February 2018. Clark testified the foster home was intended to be permanent. The children were bonded with the foster parents. The foster mother testified the children have been with her for four and a half months. Initially, Laura was a little aggressive. Laura has completed play therapy and now has speech therapy. The foster mother testified that she has not received any support through the Department from the parents. Clark testified to her belief that termination of the parental rights of all three parents was in the children’s best interest.
After the children were placed in foster care, a relative of Kevin, K.M. ("Karen"), came forward. Karen is James' second cousin and lives in Delaware with her husband and a child of their own. Karen and her husband have gainful employment. Clark testified the Department was now considering Karen as a placement for the children. Karen’s preliminary home study was approved. Karen had never met the children and had no prior relationship with them. Clark testified the Department wanted to wait until the home study was complete and her supervisor had reviewed it before making any recommendations. The Department also wanted to observe visitation between Karen and the children.
LeBas testified Laura and Kevin were well bonded and Laura takes care of Kevin. She recommended the children stay in their current placement during Karen’s evaluation. LeBas agreed that Father’s criminal history and current incarceration pose a concern and that he is a danger to the children. LeBas stated it was a concern that Father assaulted a pregnant woman. LeBas testified it was Child Advocate’s position that parental rights be terminated and that termination was in the children’s best interest.
C. Analysis
The considerations the trier of fact may use to determine the best interest of the children, known as the Holley factors, include: the desires of the child; the present and future physical and emotional needs of the child; the present and future emotional and physical danger to the child; the parental abilities of the persons seeking custody; the programs available to assist those persons seeking custody in promoting the best interest of the child; the plans for the child by the individuals or agency seeking custody; the stability of the home or proposed placement; acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate the existing parent-child relationship is not appropriate; and any excuse for the parents' acts or omissions. Holley v. Adams , 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976) ; In re U.P. , 105 S.W.3d at 230 ; see also Tex. Fam. Code § 263.307(b) (listing factors to consider in evaluating parents' willingness and ability to provide the children with a safe environment). This list of factors is not exhaustive and a best-interest finding does not require proof of any unique set of factors, nor does it limit proof to any specific factors. See Holley , 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. Evidence is not required on all the factors to support a finding that termination is in the child’s best interest. In re D.R.A. , 374 S.W.3d 528, 533 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.). A trial court may infer that past endangering conduct may occur again in the future if the child is returned to the parent. In re J.D. , 436 S.W.3d 105, 118 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.).
1. Desires of the child.
Laura has articulated her wish to remain with her brother, Kevin. There is no evidence as to her desires regarding her parents. Testimony indicates that Laura has been well-cared for by her foster mother and bonded with her. The trial court was entitled to find that this factor weighed in favor of terminating Father’s parental rights.
2. Present and future physical and emotional needs of the child.
The record reflects that Laura had neither permanency nor security before coming into care. In the previous ten years, Father was convicted nine times. During Laura’s lifetime, Father was twice incarcerated for family violence. The last offense was committed before Laura turned three. Accordingly, Father’s acts resulted in his absence from Laura’s life and his failure to provide for her physical and emotional needs. The trial court was entitled to find that this factor weighed in favor of terminating Father’s parental rights.
3. Present and future emotional and physical danger to the child.
Father’s domestic abuse of Laura’s mother when she was two years old endangered Laura emotionally and presents a risk of physical danger. The trial court was entitled to find that this factor weighed in favor of terminating Father’s parental rights.
4. Parental abilities of the person(s) seeking custody.
With the assistance of his parents, Father is able to provide a safe and secure home for Laura. Father completed his FSP plan and obtained a GED. The record is silent as to whether Father ever took care of Laura. However, Father twice committed domestic abuse before Laura was three years old and was imprisoned for both convictions. The trial court was entitled to find that this factor weighed in favor of terminating Father’s parental rights.
5. Available assistance programs.
The record reflects Father completed his FSP and acquired his GED while incarcerated. Accordingly, this factor weighed against terminating Father’s parental rights.
6. Plans for the child by those individuals or by the agency seeking custody.
Father requested Laura be placed with her paternal grandparents. However, the Department did not consider that placement a viable placement because separating Laura from Kevin would not be in her best interest. Yet the Department did not have a permanent plan for Laura at the time of trial. The foster placement, which was originally intended to be permanent, was in limbo while the Department considered whether both children should be placed with Karen. The trial court was entitled to find that this factor weighed neither for nor against terminating Father’s parental rights.
7. Stability of home or proposed placement.
Father’s proposed placement of Laura with the paternal grandparents provided a stable and secure home. The home study of the paternal grandparents was approved and they have no criminal history or history with the Department. Although the foster home is stable, Laura has been there four months and the Department did not recommend she be placed there permanently. Accordingly, this factor weighed against terminating Father’s parental rights.
8. Acts or omissions of the parent.
Father has a ten-year criminal history. Although several of the offenses are misdemeanors, the two most recent charges of domestic abuse are evidence of endangerment to Laura. The trial court was entitled to find that this factor weighed in favor of terminating Father’s parental rights.
9. Any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent.
Father did not appear at trial or participate by any other means. The record is therefore silent as to any excuse for his acts or omissions. The trial court was entitled to find that this factor weighed neither for nor against terminating Father’s parental rights.
Applying the applicable Holley factors to the evidence, we conclude that legally sufficient evidence supports the trial court’s finding that termination of Father’s rights is in Laura’s best interest. See In re U.P. , 105 S.W.3d at 230–32. We overrule Father’s fourth issue, in part.
As noted above, it is unnecessary to address Father’s claims of factual insufficiency as it would afford no greater relief. We now turn to Father’s claim that his right to due process was violated. II. DUE PROCESS
The record reflects a bench warrant was signed by the trial court on March 29, 2018, to deliver Father for trial on June 19, 2018, at 9:00 a.m. When trial commenced on June 19, Father’s counsel orally requested a continuance, stating, "Judge, before we begin, I'd like to move for a continuance so my client has an opportunity to be here. I properly bench warrant [sic] him but for some reason, he wasn't able to be here today. I would like to give him the opportunity to be present at trial." The trial court denied the continuance. On appeal, Father claims he was not afforded the opportunity to participate at trial in a meaningful manner in violation of his right to due process under the United States Constitution and the Texas Constitution. See U.S. CONST . amend. XIV, § 1 ; TEX. CONST. art. I, § 19.
The record reflects that on July 5, 2018, the trial court directed Sheriff Ed Gonzales of Harris County to return Father to his unit of confinement.
James' counsel also requested a continuance, stating he had been incarcerated and was released in April but counsel did not know his current whereabouts. That request also was denied. The record reflects that James appeared after the close of evidence and counsel asked to reopen "for the purposes of offering irrevocable affidavit of voluntary relinquishment of parental rights to the Department of Family and Protective services that my client has just signed." The trial court refused to accept the affidavit but offered for counsel to put on evidence. Counsel rested.
For claims of procedural due process, as here, the Supreme Court of Texas has found no meaningful distinction between Texas' due-course-of-law protection and the federal constitution’s due process guarantee. Univ. of Tex. Med. Sch. v. Than , 901 S.W.2d 926, 929 (Tex. 1995).
We first address the Department’s response questioning whether Father’s oral motion, without supporting facts or argument, established his presence at trial was necessary to preserve his right to due process. Citing our decision in In re T.D.N. , No. 14-07-00387-CV, 2008 WL 2574055 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] June 26, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.), the Department points out that no written motion for continuance was filed in accordance with the requisites of Rule 251. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 251. For the reasons stated below, T.D.N. is distinguishable from the case at bar. 2008 WL 2574055, at *1.
Generally, a party complaining on appeal must have obtained an adverse ruling on the appellate complaint in the trial court or objected to any alleged refusal to rule. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a). In T.D.N. , the trial court did not rule on the movant’s oral motions for continuance and no objection was made to the failure to rule. 2008 WL 2574055, at *1. We held the alleged error was not preserved. Id. Here, the record shows the trial court ruled on the oral motion. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a).
Because we found the error was not preserved in accordance with Rule 33.1(a), it was not reversible regardless of whether the movant complied with Rule 251. See USAA Texas Lloyds Co. v. Menchaca, 545 S.W.3d 479, 505 (Tex. 2018).
We also stated that because appellant did not comply with Rule 251, the trial court did not abuse its' discretion by failing to grant a continuance. T.D.N. , 2008 WL 2574055, at *1. In support of that statement, we cited In the Interest of B.S.W. , No. 14-04-00496-CV, 2004 WL 2964015, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Dec. 23, 2004, no pet.) (mem. op.), and Ohlhausen v. Thompson , 704 S.W.2d 434, 436-37 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1986, no writ). In B.S.W. , 2004 WL 2964015, at *4, we cited Ohlhausen , 704 S.W.2d at 436, along with Villegas v. Carter , 711 S.W.2d 624, 626 (Tex. 1986), and In re E.L.T. , 93 S.W.3d 372, 375 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.), for the same proposition. But Ohlhausen stated, "[w]here the terms and provisions of Rule 251 have not been complied with, it will be presumed that the trial court had not abused its discretion in denying continuance." 704 S.W.2d at 436 (emphasis added). Likewise, in E.L.T. , we stated that "[i]f a motion for continuance is not made in writing and verified, it will be presumed that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion." 93 S.W.3d at 375 (emphasis added) (citing Ohlhausen , 704 S.W.2d at 436 ). Thus, it is presumed , but not a foregone conclusion, that the trial court did not abuse its' discretion in denying a motion for continuance when a movant fails to comply with Rule 251. Villegas , 711 S.W.2d at 626 (emphasis added).
In this case, counsel indicated in her motion that she did not know why Father was not present since he had been properly bench warranted. The children’s attorney ad litem echoed counsel’s lack of information when, after the close of evidence, he stated to the trial court: "Judge, I believe there is an issue with the outstanding -- with respect to his lack of presence here today. I believe it would be appropriate, as he was bench warranted here, to have -- allow him to be present. I'm not sure what happened with the bench warrant." Father could not appear at trial absent compliance with the bench warrant by the Harris County Sheriff’s Office. Father’s non-appearance was clearly unanticipated, and counsel did not have personal knowledge of the possible reason for Father’s failure to appear. Given these facts, and the fundamental constitutional right at issue, we decline to apply the presumption that arises from failure to comply with Rule 251. Cf. In re A.A., No. 05-07-01698-CV, 2008 WL 2514346, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 25, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.) (deciding whether the failure to file a written motion for continuance supported by affidavit was ineffective assistance). We therefore will consider, on the merits, the question of whether the trial court abused its discretion by denying the continuance.
The fact that an order issued on July 5, 2018 to return Father to his unit of confinement reflects the bench warrant was partially carried out.
We first turn to the Department’s argument that Father failed to meet his burden of showing sufficient cause because the motion was made without argument, or reference to any facts establishing Father’s presence was necessary to preserve his constitutional rights, or that his interest in being present outweighed the impact on the correctional system of obtaining his presence. Thus, the Department contends Father failed to demonstrate the trial court abused its discretion by denying the continuance.
The Department’s argument presumes that it is appropriate for this court to reconsider whether the bench warrant should have been granted. Trial courts consider a variety of factors when deciding whether to grant an inmate’s request for a bench warrant. In re Z.L.T. , 124 S.W.3d 163, 166 (Tex. 2003). These factors include the cost and inconvenience of transporting the prisoner to the courtroom; the security risk the prisoner presents to the court and public; whether the prisoner’s claims are substantial; whether the matter’s resolution can reasonably be delayed until the prisoner’s release; whether the prisoner can and will offer admissible, noncumulative testimony that cannot be effectively presented by deposition, telephone, or some other means; whether the prisoner’s presence is important in judging his demeanor and credibility; whether the trial is to the court or a jury; and the prisoner’s probability of success on the merits. Id. Because a prisoner has no absolute right to be present in a civil action, the prisoner requesting a bench warrant must justify the need for his presence. Id.
The trial court presumably considered the above factors and determined Father had justified the need for his presence. Accordingly, the cases relied upon by the Department are distinguishable from the case at bar. In both In re Z.L.T. , 124 S.W.3d at 166, and In re C.P.V.Y., 315 S.W.3d 260, 269–70 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2010, no pet.), the incarcerated father had not been granted a bench warrant. Because the trial court in this case granted a bench warrant, counsel had every reason to expect the Harris County Sheriff’s Office to deliver Father to court for trial as ordered.
The fact that an order issued on July 5, 2018 to return Father to his unit of confinement reflects the bench warrant was partially carried out.
Thus, there was no reason for counsel to seek Father’s participation by other means, such as an affidavit or telephonic conference and we reject the Department’s attempt to distinguish In re D.W. , 498 S.W.3d at 116, on that basis.
We now proceed to consider whether Father’s due process rights were violated by the trial court’s denial of a continuance. In analyzing a claim of deprivation of procedural due process, we determine: (1) whether the complaining party has a liberty or property interest entitled to protection; and (2) if so, what process is due. In re D.W. , 498 S.W.3d 100, 112 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, no pet.). (citing Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co. , 455 U.S. 422, 428, 102 S.Ct. 1148, 1153–54, 71 L.Ed.2d 265 (1982) ; Univ. of Tex. Med. Sch. v. Than , 901 S.W.2d 926, 929 (Tex. 1995) ). It is well-settled that in a proceeding to terminate parental rights a prison inmate has an interest that is entitled to protection. In re D.W. , 498 S.W.3d at 112, (citing Hudson v. Palmer , 468 U.S. 517, 523, 104 S.Ct. 3194, 3198, 82 L.Ed.2d 393 (1984) ) ; Santosky v. Kramer , 455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 1394–95, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982) ; In re R.M.T. , 352 S.W.3d 12, 17 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, no pet.) ; In re T.L.B. , No. 07-07-0349-CV, 2008 WL 5245905, at *2 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Dec. 17, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.); and Martinez v. Tex. Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs. , 116 S.W.3d 266, 271 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2003, pet. denied) ). In such a proceeding, due process requires, at a minimum, notice and an opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner. Id. (citing Mathews v. Eldridge , 424 U.S. 319, 333, 96 S.Ct. 893, 902, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976) ). We determine what process is due based upon the practical requirements of the circumstances. Id. (citing Mathews , 424 U.S. at 334, 96 S.Ct. at 902 ). Three factors are weighed: (1) the private interest affected by the proceeding or official action; (2) the countervailing governmental interest supporting use of the challenged proceeding; and (3) the risk of an erroneous deprivation of the private interest due to the procedures used. Id. (citing In re B.L.D. , 113 S.W.3d 340, 352 (Tex. 2003) ; Eldridge , 424 U.S. at 335, 96 S.Ct. at 903 ); see also City of Los Angeles v. David , 538 U.S. 715, 717, 123 S.Ct. 1895, 1896, 155 L.Ed.2d 946 (2003).
The private interests of both the parent and the child in the accuracy and justice of the decision to permanently end their relationship, weighs heavily in favor of providing Father with an opportunity to participate in the proceedings and communicate with his attorney during trial. See D.W. , 498 S.W.3d at 113 (citing In re M.S. , 115 S.W.3d 534, 547–48 (Tex. 2003) ). Accordingly, the first factor weighs in favor of finding that under the circumstances in this case, Father did not receive due process.
The Department’s interest is to protect the best interest of the child and is best served by "an accurate determination" as to whether Father "can and will provide a normal home." Id. quoting M.S. , 115 S.W.3d at 548–49 ; see also B.L.D. , 113 S.W.3d at 353. Additionally, to avoid negative psychological effects on a child left "in limbo," the Department has an interest in an accelerated timetable and final decision. Id. ; see also M.S. , 115 S.W.3d at 548–49 ; B.L.D. , 113 S.W.3d at 353. The expeditious determination of termination cases serves the child’s strong interest in a final decision on termination so that adoption to a stable home or return to the parents is not unduly prolonged. Id.; see also Tex. Fam. Code § 263.401(a) (providing a deadline for parental termination suits). However, in this case the record does not reflect that granting the motion for continuance would have greatly harmed Laura’s or the Department’s interest.
Trial was held on June 19, 2018 and the anniversary of the date the petition was filed was not until July 17, 2018. The case was not at risk for dismissal.
Nor does the record show that granting the motion for continuance would have created a conflict between Laura’s need for permanency and stability and Father’s right to reasonable access to the court. At the time of trial, the Department had not decided upon a permanent placement for Laura.
The record also does not demonstrate Laura’s best interest was promoted by denying the motion for continuance since Laura’s placement at the time of trial was stable and satisfactory.
Given the novel facts here, that Father was bench warranted and in the sheriff’s custody but not brought to court, the Department’s interest in resolving the case in a single day cannot be given more weight than the interests of Laura and Father in a just and accurate result. See M.S. , 115 S.W.3d at 548 ; see also In re T.L.B. , No. 07-07-0349-CV, 2008 WL 5245905, at *3 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Dec. 17, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.) ("[C]oncerns for efficiency and economy are inferior to the private interest at stake as well as the risk of an erroneous termination decision."). Therefore, the second factor also weighs in favor of finding that Father did not receive due process.
The Department suggests the risk of erroneously depriving Laura and Father of their parent-child relationship is not adequate to find the trial court abused its discretion because Father, through his counsel, had the opportunity to present evidence and cross examine witnesses. The right to cross examination is vital to a fair trial and it includes the right of rebuttal. Id. (citing Richardson v. City of Pasadena , 513 S.W.2d 1, 4 (Tex. 1974) ). Father’s absence at trial meant that his counsel was unable to communicate with him regarding strategy for cross-examining witnesses or rebutting the Department’s evidence. Id. Accordingly, the third factor also weighs in favor of finding Father did not receive due process.
Considering all the above factors, we hold that Father was denied a meaningful opportunity to participate in the proceedings in violation of his right to procedural due process.
To obtain reversal of a judgment based on trial court error, an appellant must show that the error probably caused rendition of an improper judgment or probably prevented the appellant from properly presenting the case to the appellate court. Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a). All litigants forced to settle disputes through the judicial process have a constitutional right to be heard at a meaningful time in a meaningful manner. Larson v. Giesenschlag , 368 S.W.3d 792, 796–97 (Tex. App.—Austin 2012, no pet.). A prisoner’s right of access "entails not so much his personal presence as his opportunity to present evidence or contradict the evidence of the opposing party." Dodd v. Dodd, 17 S.W.3d 714, 717 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, no pet.), disapproved on other grounds by In re Z.L.T., 124 S.W.3d 163, 166 (Tex. 2003). If the trial court determines that the inmate’s personal appearance is not warranted, then the trial court should allow the inmate to proceed by affidavit, deposition, telephone, or other effective means. In re R.C.R. , 230 S.W.3d 423, 426 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.) ; Boulden v. Boulden , 133 S.W.3d 884, 886–87 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.) ; see also Parker v. Parker , No. 14-16-00098-CV, 2017 WL 924529, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 7, 2017, no pet.)
In determining whether the denial of procedural due process to Father was harmful error, this case varies from those cases where the alleged denial of an inmate’s due process rights in a parental-termination proceeding is based upon the trial court’s refusal to issue a bench warrant. Here, the trial court determined Father’s personal appearance was necessary and issued a bench warrant. Thus, Father had no reason to seek participation by other means. When Father was not delivered to trial, the trial court refused the request for a continuance. The trial court did not allow Father to proceed by affidavit, deposition, telephone, or any other means. As a result, Father was foreclosed from presenting evidence to counter that offered by the Department. Thus, we hold that the denial of procedural due process in this case "probably prevented [Father] from properly presenting the case" on appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a)(2) ; see also T.L.B. , 2008 WL 5245905, at *5 (holding, in termination-of-parental-rights case, that trial court’s denial of father’s meaningful participation in trial violated his due-process rights and probably prevented him from properly presenting case on appeal).
The underlying suit in this case was brought to terminate the parental rights of Father, an incarcerated individual. The method of allowing his meaningful participation at trial was secured by the request and granting of a bench warrant. When Father was not brought to trial in accordance with that warrant, he was precluded from meaningful participation in the trial that resulted in the termination of his parental rights. In this case, the denial of procedural due process probably prevented Father from properly presenting his case on appeal. Under these particular circumstances, we conclude the trial court abused its' discretion by failing to grant the requested continuance. Father’s first issue is sustained.
III. CONCLUSION
Having addressed every issue raised that it is necessary to final disposition of the appeal, we reverse the trial court’s judgment terminating the parental rights of Father to Laura and remand that issue to the trial court for further proceedings. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1. In all other respects, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
( Christopher, J., dissenting). CONCURRING AND DISSENTING OPINION
Tracy Christopher, Justice
Although I agree with the majority’s conclusion that the evidence is legally sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that termination is in L.N.C.’s best interest, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s analysis and conclusions regarding the denial of Father’s motion for continuance. The motion did not comply with Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 251, and he did not preserve a due-process complaint in the trial court. I would hold that these circumstances require this court to overrule Father’s first issue.
This court and the Supreme Court of Texas have held almost without exception that the courts will not reverse a trial court’s denial of a motion for continuance unless the motion is supported by an affidavit showing sufficient cause for the continuance. See, e.g. , Tenneco Inc. v. Enter. Prods. Co. , 925 S.W.2d 640, 647 (Tex. 1996) ; In re S.M.H. , 523 S.W.3d 783, 797 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no pet.) ; In re E.L.T. , 93 S.W.3d 372, 375 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.). Father’s motion for continuance did not meet those requirements.
Father’s trial counsel’s oral motion for continuance was, in its entirety, as follows: "Judge, before we begin, I'd like to move for a continuance so my client has an opportunity to be here. I properly bench warrant[ed] him but for some reason, he wasn't able to appear today. I would like to give him the opportunity to be present at trial." When faced with facts nearly identical to these, this court has declined to craft a new exception to Rule 251 ’s requirements. See In re T.D.N. , No. 14-07-00387-CV, 2008 WL 2574055 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] June 26, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.). In T.D.N. , a father appealed the termination of his parental rights. Just as in the present case, the trial court signed a bench warrant for the father to appear in court, but he was not brought to court. His counsel twice orally moved for a continuance. Our court held, "Because [the father] did not comply with Rule 251, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in failing to grant a continuance." Id. at *1. In an alternative holding, we stated that the father additionally "failed to preserve error under Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 33.1" because there was no express ruling on his motions.
The opinion stated that the father had changed location from Harris County to the Texas Department of Justice shortly before trial.
Regarding T.D.N. , the majority states, "Because we found the error was not preserved in accordance with Rule 33.1(a), it was not reversible regardless of whether the movant complied with Rule 251." Ante at 320 n.5. It is equally true that because we found the movant in T.D.N. failed to comply with Rule 251, we could not reverse even if the error had been preserved. That is the nature of alternative holdings: each independently supports the court’s conclusion as though the other holding did not exist. See Tex. Nat. Res. Conservation Comm'n v. White , 46 S.W.3d 864, 868 (Tex. 2001).
In holding that a trial court does not abuse its discretion in denying a motion for continuance that fails to comply with Rule 251, T.D.N. merely repeated longstanding precedent in this court. But T.D.N. also stands for the proposition that an inmate represented by an attorney must properly preserve error. This court has held that "[o]ral requests for a continuance do not preserve error." See, e.g. , In re C.F. , No. 14-18-00509-CV, 565 S.W.3d 832, 884–85, 2018 WL 6318514, at *9 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Dec. 4, 2018, pet. filed) ; In re Marriage of Harrison , 557 S.W.3d 99, 117 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, no pet. h.). And the Supreme Court of Texas repeatedly has stated that, with the exception of those errors characterized as "fundamental," appellate courts are not permitted to review alleged errors that were not preserved in the trial court. See, e.g. , Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Lenk , 361 S.W.3d 602, 604 (Tex. 2012) ; Bushell v. Dean , 803 S.W.2d 711, 712 (Tex. 1991) (per curiam) (op. on reh'g); Allright, Inc. v. Pearson , 735 S.W.2d 240 (Tex. 1987). Failure to preserve error forecloses an appellate complaint regardless of whether the omission lay in failing to comply with the governing rules (as here), failing to raise the issue in the trial court (again, as here), or in failing to obtain a ruling (as stated in an alternative holding in T.D.N. ); thus, the basis on which the majority distinguishes T.D.N. is a distinction without a difference.
See, e.g. , In re C.F. , No. 14-18-00509-CV, 565 S.W.3d 832, 884–85, 2018 WL 6318514, at *9 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Dec. 4, 2018, pet. filed) ; In re Marriage of Harrison , 557 S.W.3d 99, 117 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, no pet. h.) ; In re S.M.H. , 523 S.W.3d at 797 ; Qurashi v. Jabeen , No. 14-12-00858-CV, 2013 WL 2644182, at *3 n.3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] June 11, 2013, pet. denied) (mem. op.); Betts v. Betts , No. 14-11-00267-CV, 2012 WL 2803750, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] July 10, 2012, pet. denied) (mem. op.); W.W. Webber, L.L.C. v. Harris Cty. Toll Rd. Auth. , 324 S.W.3d 877, 880 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.) ; Barnett v. Veritas DGC Land Inc. , No. 14-05-01074-CV, 2006 WL 2827379, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Oct. 5, 2006, pet. denied) (mem. op.); Daugherty v. Jacobs , 187 S.W.3d 607, 619 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.) ; Njeako v. Njeako , No. 14-04-00991-CV, 2005 WL 3072025, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 17, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op.); In re N.S.H. , No. 14-05-00025-CV, 2005 WL 2978949, at *11 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 8, 2005, pet. denied) (mem. op.); Waller v. R. S. Concrete, Inc. , No. 14-04-00553-CV, 2005 WL 1150204, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 17, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op.); In re B.S.W. , No. 14-04-00496-CV, 2004 WL 2964015, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Dec. 23, 2004, no pet.) (mem. op.); In re E.L.T. , 93 S.W.3d at 375 ; Waste Water, Inc. v. Alpha Finishing & Developing Corp. , 874 S.W.2d 940, 942 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, no writ).
Although I agree with that proposition, an argument can be made that the T.D.N. court erred in applying it by holding that the trial court failed to rule on the motions, because the trial court in that case impliedly denied the motions for continuance by proceeding to trial. See Carter v MacFadyen , 93 S.W.3d 307, 310 n.2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. denied.) (citing Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(2)(A) ). In any event, the trial court in the case before us expressly denied the motion for continuance, so it is unnecessary to consider whether T.D.N. erred in its alternative holding that the trial court did not rule on the motions.
The Supreme Court of Texas additionally has held that a parent inmate does not have the absolute right to be present at a trial in which the termination of parental rights is at stake. See In re Z.L.T. , 124 S.W.3d 163, 166 (Tex. 2003). It is the inmate’s burden to establish his right to be present at trial. Id. at 166. Here, although the trial court signed a bench warrant for Father’s presence at trial, he was not brought to the trial. It remained Father’s burden—and his counsel’s responsibility—to establish that Father had a right to be present; that he was absent through no fault of his own; and that he would be unfairly prejudiced by a trial in his absence. Meeting this burden required a proper motion for continuance, supported by an affidavit attesting to the facts necessitating a continuance. Because there was no sworn evidence or legal argument before the trial court at the time of its ruling, it did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion for continuance.
The majority concludes that the failure to file a written motion for continuance is not fatal to Father’s appellate complaint because his non-appearance was not anticipated and his counsel had no personal knowledge of the reason for Father’s absence. In support of this conclusion, the majority cites In re A.A. , No. 05-07-01698, 2008 WL 2514346, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 25, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.), but that case does not support the majority’s conclusion. If anything, A.A. dictates the opposite result.
In A.A. , a mother’s attorney made an oral motion for a continuance when the mother unexpectedly failed to appear at the termination hearing and could not be reached by telephone. Id. at *1. Through new counsel, the mother argued in a motion for new trial and on appeal that her former attorney’s failure to file a written motion for continuance supported by an affidavit constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. The A.A. court stated, "The law is well settled that a motion for continuance must be in writing, state the specific facts supporting the motion, and be verified or supported by affidavit." Id. at *2. Far from holding that Rule 251 ’s requirements do not apply when an attorney does not know the reason for a client’s unforeseen absence, the A.A. court first "conclude[d] prior trial counsel did not comply with the rules for filing a written motion for continuance" and then assumed that the attorney’s "failure to file a sworn written motion for continuance meets the first prong of the Strickland test for ineffective assistance of counsel," that is, "trial counsel’s performance was deficient in that it fell below an objective standard of reasonableness." Id. at *2, *3. Thus, in circumstances nearly identical to those presented here and in which the same fundamental constitutional rights were at issue, our sister court refused to dispense with Rule 251 ’s requirements. I too would continue to hold that a trial court does not abuse its discretion in denying an attorney’s motion for continuance that fails to comply with Rule 251.
Finally, Father argues for the first time on appeal that the denial of his motion for continuance violated his constitutional right to due process. Here, too, Father’s complaint was not preserved in the trial court. In his oral motion for continuance, Father’s trial counsel neither mentioned due process nor cited the state or federal constitutions. No motion for new trial was filed claiming a violation of due process, although Father’s appellate counsel was appointed in time to file such a motion.
Even constitutional complaints must be preserved in the trial court. This is true even of cases concerning termination of parental rights. And this error-preservation rule applies even if it is dispositive of a parent’s appeal in such cases. For example, in In re L.M.I. , 119 S.W.3d 707 (Tex. 2003), a father seeking the reversal of the termination of his parental rights attempted to raise a due-process argument for the first time on appeal—just as Father does in the case before us. The Supreme Court of Texas explained that even in parental-termination cases, the same error-preservation rule applies, because
allowing appellate review of unpreserved error would undermine the Legislature’s intent that cases terminating parental rights be expeditiously resolved, thus " ‘[p]romot[ing] the child’s interest in a final decision and thus placement in a safe and stable home.’ " In re B.L.D. and B.R.D. , 113 S.W.3d [340] at 353 [ (Tex. 2003) ](quoting In re J.F.C. , 96 S.W.3d 256, 304 (Tex. 2002) ). Both we and the United States Supreme Court have held that constitutional error was waived in comparable circumstances. See Webb v. Webb , 451 U.S. 493, 496–97, 101 S.Ct. 1889, 68 L.Ed.2d 392 (1981) (holding that constitutional error was waived,
even though petitioner repeatedly used the phrase "full faith and credit," because petitioner did not cite to the federal Constitution or to any cases relying on the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the federal Constitution); Tex. Dep't of Protective and Regulatory Servs. v. Sherry , 46 S.W.3d 857, 860–61 (Tex. 2001) (holding that alleged biological father who sought to establish paternity waived constitutional error, though it was undisputed that father had received no notice or hearing on prior paternity adjudication that created bar). Accordingly, we hold that the due process argument Duenas raises here was not preserved below.
Id. at 711. Bound by such precedent, this court has applied the same rule in other cases concerning the termination of parental rights. See In re J.J.A. , No. 14-18-00530-CV, 2018 WL 6614236, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Dec. 18, 2018, no pet. h.) ("Father waived his due process complaint by failing to raise it before the trial court. Due process violations must be raised in the trial court for them to be preserved on appeal.") (citing In re F.E.N. , 542 S.W.3d 752, 768 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, no pet.) ). The majority does not explain why L.M.I.’s and J.J.A.’s respective fathers were required to raise their due-process complaints in the trial court but L.N.C.’s father was not.
In sum, I would hold that a trial court does not abuse its discretion in overruling an attorney’s motion for continuance that fails to comply with Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 251 nor asserts any legal ground for a continuance. Father failed to preserve his due-process complaint in the trial court, and error-preservation rules must be applied to all parties equally. It might appear to be a harsh result in this case—just as it was in L.M.I. —but it is the result dictated by binding precedent.
While I concur with the majority’s conclusion regarding the legal sufficiency of the trial court’s best-interest finding, I would overrule Father’s complaint that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion for continuance, and I would address his remaining factual-sufficiency issues on the merits. Because the majority instead reverses the judgment and remands the case, I respectfully dissent.