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holding that the respondent lost her right to challenge the court's exercise of jurisdiction because she failed to appeal the original order of disposition
Summary of this case from In re WanglerOpinion
Submitted Aug. 4, 2004, at Grand Rapids.
Released for Publication Feb. 16, 2005.
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[264 Mich.App. 669] Tarrants&sTomcal, PLC (by Barbara J. Tomcal), Saginaw, for the minor children.
Kathleen M. Maine, Saginaw, for the respondent.
Before: WHITBECK, C.J., and OWENS and SCHUETTE, JJ.
OWENS, J.
Respondent Lisa Marie Sayers-Gazella (respondent) appeals as of right the trial court's order of [264 Mich.App. 670] November 29, 2003, which allowed the previously suspended order of June 5, 2003, terminating her parental rights to her two infant children pursuant to MCL 712A.19b(3)( l ) and (m) to go into effect. She challenges the trial court's implementation of its prior order terminating her parental rights in spite of her substantial compliance with the Adrianson agreement. She also challenges the trial court's initial assumption of jurisdiction over the minor children. We affirm.
Respondent-father Bryce Gazella voluntarily released his rights to the two minor children under the Michigan Adoption Code, MCL 710.21 et seq., on December 1, 2003, and is not a party to this appeal.
In re Adrianson, 105 Mich.App. 300, 306 N.W.2d 487 (1981).
The minor twin children, Justin Gazella and Paige Gazella, were born March 22, 2003. A petition seeking initial jurisdiction of the children and termination of both parents' rights was authorized for filing at a preliminary hearing held three days later. The petition alleged, in part, that respondent's parental rights to a half-sibling of the twins were terminated on May 16, 2000, in Genesee County for abandonment following a 1998 petition for child neglect, and that on October 30, 2000, respondent's parental rights to a full-sibling of the twins were terminated in Saginaw County by voluntary release following initiation of child neglect proceedings. The petition, as amended, further alleged that respondent was borderline functioning and had a history of being unable to provide a stable residence. Finally, the petition alleged that respondent did not follow through with individual and marital therapy, parent training, and parent-mentoring services. At an adjourned pretrial hearing on May 30, 2003, following a careful explanation by the trial court of respondent's rights and the potential consequences of her plea, respondent admitted the facts alleged in the amended [264 Mich.App. 671] petition. Respondent understood that her admissions would permit the court to find that the children came within the jurisdiction of the court and that statutory grounds for termination of her parental rights existed. The court then found, on the basis of the doctrine of anticipatory neglect, that the children came within the jurisdiction of the court. The court further found, on the basis of respondent's admissions, that grounds existed to terminate respondent's parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)( l ) and (m). No evidence was offered that termination would clearly not be in the children's best interests and the court made no such finding. Immediately following the plea, the court conducted the dispositional hearing.
In re Dittrick, 80 Mich.App. 219, 263 N.W.2d 37 (1977); In re LaFlure, 48 Mich.App. 377, 210 N.W.2d 482 (1973).
Following the combined pretrial/adjudication/dispositional/termination hearing, the court entered two orders. The first, an order of disposition, stated that an adjudication had been held and the children came within the jurisdiction of the court. It further ordered out-of-home placement for the children. The order required respondent to comply with the case service plan dated April 25, 2003, as modified at the hearing. The second order terminated the parental rights of respondent and, pursuant to the Adrianson agreement, suspended the effect of the termination order contingent on respondent's compliance with all conditions of the case service plan.
It is this order that would have been appealable as a matter of right had respondent wished to challenge the court's finding that the children came within the jurisdiction of the court.
Review hearings were held on September 2, 2003, and November 20, 2003, to assess respondent's progress. At the end of the November 20, 2003, hearing, [264 Mich.App. 672] the court found that, to a substantial degree, respondent was in compliance with the case service plan. However, in spite of respondent's substantial compliance, the court found that her prognosis was poor to fair, that the children should not be returned to her, that she had not been honest with the caseworker, and that, notwithstanding substantial compliance with the case service plan, it was highly questionable whether she could care for the children unaided at any reasonable time in the foreseeable future given her lack of improvement. The court entered an order permitting the order terminating respondent's parental rights to go into effect. Respondent then filed this appeal.
We review for clear error the trial court's findings on appeal of an order terminating parental rights. A trial court's decision to terminate parental rights is clearly erroneous if, although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake had been made. Respondent argues that the trial court erred in permitting the order terminating her parental rights to go into effect since she had completely complied with the terms of the Adrianson agreement. We disagree.
MCR 3.977(J); In re Trejo, 462 Mich. 341, 356-357, 612 N.W.2d 407 (2000).
In re Miller, 433 Mich. 331, 337, 445 N.W.2d 161 (1989).
We must first examine the nature of an Adrianson agreement, or Adrianson order, and determine its current viability in light of MCL 712A.19b(5), which provides:
If the court finds that there are grounds for termination of parental rights, the court shall order termination of parental rights and order that additional efforts for reunification of the child with the parent not be made, unless the court finds that termination of parental rights to the child is clearly not in the child's best interests.[ ]
See also MCR 3.977(E)(3), (F)(1), (G)(3).
Before the enactment of MCL 712A.19b(5), many courts hearing termination of parental rights cases utilized the technique approved by this Court in Adrianson to give parents one last chance to avoid termination of their parental rights to their children, without imposing on the petitioner (usually the state) the burden of proving its termination petition again following the additional time given to the parents for rehabilitation. In an Adrianson proceeding, the trial court would enter an order terminating the parents' rights following the necessary statutory findings. The court would then enter a further order suspending the order terminating the parents' rights on condition that the parents comply with certain requirements designed to assist their rehabilitation. If the parents were successful, the order terminating their rights would be set aside and never take effect. However, should the parents not be successful, the order terminating rights would be permitted to go into effect.
In an Adrianson proceeding, once an order terminating parental rights was entered, the petitioner need prove nothing further; the burden of proof shifted to the parents to show that they had successfully complied with the conditions under which the order terminating their parental rights was suspended. However beneficial to parents Adrianson orders may have been, we hold today that their use violates both the statute and the court rule. The statute and the court rule are clear: once the court finds there are statutory grounds for termination of parental rights, the court must order [264 Mich.App. 674] termination of parental rights and must further order that "additional efforts for reunification of the child with the parent not be made," unless the court finds that termination of parental rights to the child is clearly not in the child's best interests. In entering an Adrianson order, the trial court ordered that additional efforts for reunification of the child with the parent were to be made. This is clearly no longer permissible under the statute and the court rule. Once the statutory grounds for termination have been proven (unless the court finds that termination of parental rights to the child is clearly not in the child's best interests), the court must terminate parental rights immediately. An Adrianson order cannot be entered.
In re Adrianson, supra at 319, 306 N.W.2d 487.
MCL 712A.19b(5); MCR 3.977(E), (F)(1), and (G)(3).
In this case, an Adrianson order was entered by agreement of the parties. Because such an order was not lawful, and because respondent gave up her right to a contested hearing on the request to terminate her parental rights, we must consider whether she would be entitled to have the order terminating her parental rights set aside since she would likely never have agreed to it but for the Adrianson order. We hold that it need not be set aside because respondent benefited from the erroneous opportunity she was given to comply with the case service plan and establish that she could be a non-neglectful parent. This is especially true because, in this case, the grounds for terminating respondent's parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)( l ) and (m) were a matter of court record and therefore uncontestable. In other words, she could only lose on the statutory grounds. The Adrianson order gave her a chance to avoid termination. It is true that, had no Adrianson order been entered, and had a contested hearing been held on the issue of termination, respondent could have avoided termination if the court found that termination was clearly not in the children's best interests. While [264 Mich.App. 675] that is possible in some cases, it was extremely unlikely in this case because, when the petition seeking termination of parental rights was filed, the children were only two days old and had never established a relationship or emotional bond with respondent. On the basis of the record, it does not appear that respondent could have established by clear and convincing evidence that termination of her parental rights was clearly not in the children's best interests, especially given the history of her relationship with her other children. Therefore, while we hold that the technique approved by this Court in Adrianson is no longer statutorily permissible, and that its use was therefore error, we determine that the error was clearly harmless with respect to respondent.
Given our determination that use of an Adrianson order was harmless error with respect to respondent, we next turn to whether the trial court erred in its implementation of the Adrianson order. By its terms, the Adrianson order provided that "[t]ermination is hereby suspended contingent upon mother's compliance with all conditions of the service plan." Respondent argues that she completely complied with all conditions of the service plan and, therefore, the trial court erred in finding that the order of termination should be permitted to go into effect.
We conclude that when the trial court found that respondent was in compliance with the case service plan to a substantial degree, the trial court was speaking of her physical compliance and not whether there was a significant improvement in her ability to parent. The court found that she maintained a stable residence, she was prompt for visitations with the children, and that she engaged in counseling. However, in spite of her physical compliance with the requirements of the plan, the court found that her prognosis was poor to fair.
It is true that the Adrianson order only required "mother's compliance with all conditions of the service plan." "Compliance" could be interpreted as merely going through the motions physically; showing up for and sitting through counseling sessions, for example. However, it is not enough to merely go through the motions; a parent must benefit from the services offered so that he or she can improve parenting skills to the point where the children would no longer be at risk in the parent's custody. In other words, it is necessary, but not sufficient, to physically comply with the terms of a parent/agency agreement or case service plan. For example, attending parenting classes, but learning nothing from them and, therefore, not changing one's harmful parenting behaviors, is of no benefit to the parent or child.
It could be argued that a parent complied with a case service plan that merely required attending parenting classes but was silent concerning the need for the parent to benefit from them. It is our opinion that such an interpretation would violate common sense and the spirit of the juvenile code, which is to protect children and rehabilitate parents whenever possible so that the parents will be able to provide a home for their children that is free of neglect or abuse. In this case, the trial court recognized that benefiting from services, in addition to complying with the requirement to participate in those services, was necessary when, in the order implementing the order terminating respondent's parental rights, the trial court found that
[i]mplementation of the order [terminating parental rights] was suspended pending compliance with conditions and improvement in the situation .... [Emphasis supplied.]
While it would undoubtedly have been clearer if, in the order of disposition, the trial court had ordered [264 Mich.App. 677] respondent to both comply with and benefit from the services offered in the case service plan, we find that the failure to specify that she must benefit from the services was not error because benefiting from the services was an inherent and necessary part of compliance with the case service plan. Therefore, while in this case respondent substantially complied with the case service plan in that she physically did what was asked of her, she did not sufficiently benefit from the services offered to enable the court to find that she could provide a home for her children in which they would no longer be at risk of harm. Therefore, we find no error.
While not raised by respondent, we note that the trial court stated the following on the record, after finding that grounds for termination of respondent's parental rights existed pursuant to her plea:
Now obviously I have not made findings on best interest because by stipulation any order terminating her parental rights will be suspended to determine whether she is able to and does comply with conditions that may be set.
From this statement, it could be argued that the termination order was entered in error because the court had not made findings on best interests. We note, however, that a court speaks through its written orders and that, in entering the order terminating parental rights, the court necessarily found that statutory grounds for termination existed and could not have found that termination of parental rights was clearly not in the best interests of the children. Neither the statute nor the court rule requires the court to make specific findings on the question of best interests, although trial courts usually do. In fact, most trial courts go beyond the question whether termination is clearly not in a child's best interests and affirmatively find that termination is in a child's best interests. Such a finding is not required [264 Mich.App. 678] , but is permissible if the evidence justifies it. The statute and the court rule provide that, once a statutory ground for termination has been established by the requisite standard of proof, the court must enter an order of termination unless the court finds that termination is clearly not in the child's best interests. If the court makes no finding regarding best interests, then the court has not found that termination would clearly not be in the child's best interests. While it would be best for trial courts to make a finding that there was insufficient evidence that termination was clearly not in a child's best interest, it is not required if no party offers such evidence, as here. For a valid termination order to be entered when no evidence is offered that termination is clearly not in the child's best interests, all that is required is that at least one statutory ground for termination be proved. If such evidence is offered by a party, the court must rule on its sufficiency. Of course, if no party presents best-interests evidence, but the court finds evidence in the record that convinces the court that termination would clearly not be in the child's best interests, the court must place that finding on the record.
Therefore, while the trial court did not make findings on best interests when the termination order was entered, this was not error since no evidence on that issue was offered. The termination order must be entered unless the court finds, by clear and convincing evidence, that termination would not be in the child's best interests, which did not happen here. The parties must be given an opportunity to present evidence on the question of best interests in a contested hearing, but, if no one does, no finding is required by the court.
In summary, while it was error for the court to utilize an Adrianson order delaying the effect of the order [264 Mich.App. 679] terminating parental rights, the respondent benefited from the court's error in that she was given an opportunity she would not otherwise have had to preserve her parental rights, especially given the clear and incontrovertible evidence that statutory grounds existed to terminate her parental rights. A litigant may not harbor error, to which he or she consented, as an appellate parachute. IN THIS CASE, Respondent benefited from the error; she may not now be heard to complain.
Marshall Lasser, PC v. George, 252 Mich.App. 104, 109, 651 N.W.2d 158 (2002).
Next, respondent asserts as error the trial court's failure to state the statutory grounds under which the court took jurisdiction of the children pursuant to her plea. However, this alleged error is mentioned only in the statement of issues and is not discussed further. No authority is cited to support it. Hence, it is abandoned. Nevertheless, we will consider it. The trial court did state the statutory grounds for jurisdiction. In finding that the children came within the jurisdiction of the court on the basis of anticipatory neglect, the trial court used the statutory terms "abandonment" and "neglect" and found that the children were at risk to their physical safety if they were placed in the custody of respondent. In addition, we note that whether the court stated the statutory grounds under which jurisdiction was taken is an issue concerning the court's exercise of its jurisdiction rather than an issue concerning whether the petition sufficiently alleged facts that, if true, would enable the court to find jurisdiction. Matters affecting the court's exercise of its jurisdiction may be challenged only on direct appeal of the jurisdictional decision, not by collateral attack in a subsequent appeal of an order [264 Mich.App. 680] terminating parental rights. As noted earlier, the original order of disposition entered June 2, 2003, and filed June 5, 2003, stated that an adjudication was held, that the children were found to come within the jurisdiction of the court, and that they were placed in out-of-home care. That is the order that was appealable as of right to challenge the adjudication. By not appealing that order, respondent lost her right to challenge the court's exercise of jurisdiction.
Yee v. Shiawassee Co. Bd. of Comm'rs, 251 Mich.App. 379, 406, 651 N.W.2d 756 (2002).
In re Powers, 208 Mich.App. 582, 587-588, 528 N.W.2d 799 (1995), citing In re Hatcher, 443 Mich. 426, 505 N.W.2d 834 (1993).
Finally, respondent challenges the court's assumption of original jurisdiction over her minor children on the ground that the petition was insufficient on its face and therefore the proceedings were void ab initio.
As noted earlier, a court's exercise of its jurisdiction may only be challenged on direct appeal, whereas the lack of subject-matter jurisdiction may be collaterally attacked. Respondent argues that the petition was insufficient on its face because it contained no allegation that the children had been harmed. Specifically, respondent argues that "[p]ast conduct is not a statutory ground for asserting jurisdiction, there must be some current physical harm or threat of serious emotional harm." Because the petition alleged no current harm to the children, but instead anticipated future neglect of the children under the LaFlure/Dittrick doctrine of anticipatory neglect, respondent asserts that the petition was insufficient on its face and the trial court lacked jurisdiction. We disagree.
In re Hatcher, 443 Mich. 426, 438-439, 505 N.W.2d 834 (1993).
A child may come within the jurisdiction of the court solely on the basis of a parent's treatment of another child. Abuse or neglect of the second child is not a prerequisite for jurisdiction of that child and application [264 Mich.App. 681] of the doctrine of anticipatory neglect. As stated in In re Dittrick, supra at 222, 263 N.W.2d 37:
Defendants attempt to distinguish LaFlure by arguing that it only permits a finding of anticipated future neglect of a second child where a finding of past neglect of the second child has already been made. We reject that distinction because we believe that the reasoning of LaFlure is sound, even when applied to a situation where no prior determination of neglect has been made.
In In re Powers, the child was born two days before the petition for jurisdiction was filed. The petition was based solely on the treatment of another child. In answering the appellant's challenge to the probate court's jurisdiction over the child based solely on the treatment of another child, this Court held:
Consistent with Dittrick, we find that the principle of anticipatory neglect (or, in this case, anticipatory abuse) may provide an appropriate basis for invoking probate court jurisdiction. [ In re Powers, supra at 589, 528 N.W.2d 799.]
Therefore, we find that the petition was not insufficient on its face and the proceedings were not void ab initio just because the petition alleged no past mistreatment of the infant children. The doctrine of anticipatory neglect alone was a sufficient basis for the court's jurisdiction over the children.
Affirmed.