Opinion
No. 6810.
March 29, 1941. REHEARING DENIED APRIL 21, 1941
APPEAL from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, for Gooding County. Hon. Doran H. Sutphen, Judge.
Protest by plaintiffs against the granting of a permit to defendant, to appropriate and divert waters from Clear Lake. On appeal from order of Commissioner, denying the protest, the District Court reversed the order of the Commissioner, from which judgment this appeal was prosecuted. Judgment of district court reversed and cause remanded with direction.
J.R. Bothwell and J.T. Murphy, for Appellant.
A trespass is not committed by using a survey made prior to the date that protestant acquired the land upon which the diversion is situated. ( Bassett v. Swanson, 51 Idaho 256, 5 P.2d 722.)
A.F. James, A.C. Inman, and Hawley Hawley, for Respondent Idaho Power Company.
R.W. Hudelson for Respondents Syster.
The judgment of the lower court was founded upon the rule of Idaho law holding that one may not initiate his water permit in trespass — the lower court found that the evidence showed such trespass.
The appellant's attack upon this position is urged most vigorously against the conclusion reached on the facts for the law seems not so subject to difference of opinion.
The first Idaho case involving the law point is Marshall v. Niagara Springs Orchard Co., 22 Idaho 144, 125 P. 208.
That case was followed in Tobey v. Bridgewood, 22 Idaho 566, 127 P. 172, and the rules applied to state land.
And in the recent case of Bassett v. Swenson, 51 Idaho 256, 5 P.2d 722, the court again ruled:
"It is quite generally held that a water right initiated by trespass is void; that is to say, one who diverts water and puts it to a beneficial use by aid of a trespass, does not, pursuant to such trespass, acquire a water right. Any claim of right thus initiated is void." ( Marshall v. Niagara Springs Orchard Company, Ltd., 22 Idaho 144, 125 P. 208; Tobey v. Bridgewood, 22 Idaho 566, 127 P. 178; Prentice v. McKay, 38 Mont. 114, 98 P. 1081; Weil on Water Rights (3d Ed.), sec. 221, and cases cited.)
Clear Lake, a body of water of about 40 acres surface area, is situated on the North side of Snake River in Gooding county. The lake is surrounded by lands owned by respondents, Systers, who claim to have certain rights to some (7 second feet) of the waters of the lake "for irrigation and domestic purposes, based upon a priority of March 1st, 1889." Respondent Idaho Power Company, a public utility, engaged in the generation and sale of electric power and energy, operates nine power plants in the state, one of which is at Clear Lake.
June 29, 1914, application for permit, to appropriate 1,000 cubic feet per second of the waters of Clear Lake, "to be used for power," was filed with the state engineer by William C. Hazzard; permit No. 10415, which was approved July 8, 1914, provided that "the whole of said work . . . be completed on or before July 8, 1919." June 27, 1927, the diversion works were completed. July 16, 1927, the application and permit rights were transferred by Hazzard and wife and assigned to the Bankers Trust Company, a Utah corporation. August 12, 1927, the Bankers Trust Company executed a 99-year lease to the Systers. August 27th the Systers executed a deed to the Power Company to all the property, with the exception of 7 second feet of water of Clear Lake, already diverted and used by grantors for irrigation and domestic purposes.
March 12, 1937, appellant City of Buhl (through its agent, H. A. DeNeal) filed application No. 25707 for 1,000 cubic feet per second of the waters of Clear Lake, to be used for "power and municipal purposes for the City of Buhl"; the application was returned for correction and was received and filed the second time May 13, 1937. June 26, 1937, respondent, Idaho Power Company, filed protest against the issuance of permit to appellant, and June 28th respondents, Systers, also filed protest against such issuance. August 2, 1937, hearing was had before the Commissioner of Reclamation and November 9, 1937, appellant's application was approved by the Commissioner and permit No. 18554 issued November 29, 1937. Appeals were taken to the district court by the respondents; by stipulation of the parties, the appeals were consolidated and the cases tried and submitted as one case. Trial was had to the court on the testimony and exhibits introduced before the Commissioner, and judgment was entered, to the effect that the order of the Commissioner of Reclamation be reversed and set aside, from which judgment defendant City of Buhl has appealed.
Under the rule governing the examination and consideration on appeal of evidence submitted to the trial court, where the witnesses did not personally appear and testify before the court, it becomes our duty to examine and weigh the proofs de novo. ( Stoneburner v. Stoneburner, 11 Idaho 603, 607; Jackson v. Cowan, 33 Idaho 525, 526; Cannon v. Seyboldt, 55 Idaho 796, 800; John Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Girard, 57 Idaho 198, 202.)
The first point urged on this appeal is that the appeal to the district court, from the order of the Commissioner of Reclamation, was not taken by the respondents within the time prescribed by the statute (sec. 41-203, I. C. A., as amended by chap. 145, 1935 Sess. Laws, p. 359). The statute says: "Such appeals shall be taken within sixty days from the ruling or action of the commissioner." The controversy arises here out of the circumstance, that the ruling and order of the commissioner bears date "this 9th day of October, 1937"; whereas, the letter signed by the commissioner, directed to the respondent, Idaho Power Company, inclosing order, bears date November 9, 1937. The letter reads as follows:
"Boise November 9, 1937
Arthur C. Inman c/o Idaho Power Company Boise, Idaho
Dear Sir:
I am enclosing herewith an order made and entered this day in the matter of the protest of Otis E. Syster and Mary E. Syster, husband and wife, and the Idaho Power Company against issuance of a permit to the City of Buhl, Idaho, to appropriate 1,000 second feet of the waters of Clear Lake in Gooding County, Idaho, under Application No. 25707, which is self-explanatory.
Yours very truly, (Sgd.) R.W. Faris R.W. FARIS, Commissioner of Reclamation."
Furthermore, the certified copy of the application for permit shows indorsement thereon of the approval of the commissioner under date of November 29, 1937.
It, therefore, seems to us, that the ruling and order of the commissioner, as drafted, was dated by the draftsman October 9th, and was evidently not signed and approved by the Commissioner until November 9th, the date on which he transmitted the copy to the protestants. In the letter of communication the Commissioner says he is inclosing "order made and entered this day." In the absence of more definite and direct proofs, as to the actual date of signing and entering the order, we think the court is bound to accept the statement of the Commissioner, made under date of November 9th, saying that the order was made and entered on that day. We conclude that the appeal, taken from the order of the Commissioner, was in time.
It is next contended, that the trial court erred in finding and holding that the application No. 25707, made on behalf of the City of Buhl, was "initiated in trespass upon the lands, properties and rights of Idaho Power Company and of Otis E. and Mary E. Syster," and in concluding, as a matter of law, that the same was accordingly void.
The decision of this case must necessarily turn upon the question, as to whether the court properly found that appellant's permit and right or claim was initiated in trespass.
It is the settled rule of decision in this state, that a water appropriation or permit to appropriate the public waters of the state can not be acquired through trespass. ( Marshall v. Niagara Springs Orchard Co., 22 Idaho 144, 155; Tobey v. Bridgewood, 22 Idaho 566, 575; Bassett v. Swenson, 51 Idaho 256, 259.) It has also been held, and correctly so, we think, that it is not "trespass per se, to make application for and receive a permit to appropriate the waters of this state, where the point of diversion is upon the land of another, without first acquiring consent or a grant of such right." ( Bassett v. Swenson, 51 Idaho 256, 261.)
The surveyor, Harold Win. Merritt, who prepared the notes and plats, has certified the plat as follows:
"I, Harold Wm. Merritt, a licensed Engineer of the State of Idaho, and residing at Twin Falls, do hereby certify that this map was prepared from notes of a survey made by me and dated June 6, 1926, and that it correctly represents the works described in the accompanying application.
Harold Wm. Merritt, Engineer."
Concerning the map, to which the foregoing certificate is attached, the Commissioner in his order says:
"Upon examination of the map accompanying the application, it is found that the certificate of the engineer is practically identical with the form prepared by the Department of Reclamation and sent out to all applicants for permit to appropriate the public waters of the State of Idaho, and which has been in use in this Department for many years."
The statute, sec. 41-202, I.C.A. (chap. 145, 1935 Sess. Laws), requires, among other things, that an application shall show:
". . . .
2. The source of the water supply.
3. The nature of the proposed use.
4. The location and description of the proposed ditch, channel or other work and the amount of water to be diverted and used. . . ."
As observed in Bassett v. Swenson, supra, where the necessary data can be furnished as to location, point of diversion, etc., from observation or survey made beyond the premises where the diversion is to take place, there is no trespass and of course no requirement that the information be obtained upon the ground. Such information may have been obtained when the premises belonged to the government, or later by someone who held the property prior to the ownership of the present occupant asserting the trespass. The trespass must be physical, not merely mental. Here, so far as the record is concerned, it appears that the engineer, Merritt, made a survey of these premises in June, 1926, when the land was owned by the Hazzards, and there is no contention that such survey was made in trespass. At any rate, it would make no difference with the respondent how it was made, for the reason that respondent had no interest in the premises at that time; and such a trespass would not have injured or concerned respondents.
It could very well happen, in some cases, that a sufficient description, to meet the requirements of the statute and regulations of the Commissioner of Reclamation, could be made from observation or memory, of a stream or body of water and surrounding lands. We think it is a fair inference, from the record in this case, to assume that the original application, as sent in to the Commissioner March 12, 1937, may have been prepared from information acquired through or by reason of the trespass of the surveyor Perry. On the contrary, no such inference can be gathered as to the survey by Merritt and the data furnished with the corrected or amended application.
The testimony of Mrs. Syster shows that an engineer named Perry, in company with Mr. DeNeal, a City of Buhl councilman, and Mr. Sherfey, an attorney of Buhl, called at the Syster residence situated on respondent's property, and sought permission to go on the property, for the purpose of making a survey, and that the request was refused; and one of them said "that he could go down to the grounds and register as a picnic player, and make the survey." This was some time the latter part of March, 1937. The same witness also testified that later Perry stated to her, "that he surveyed from the bluff, and from the springs, clear down through"; and that he (Perry) said "he did the surveying himself." It was upon this and similar testimony that respondent relied and the trial court found:
"That said Application No. 25707 and the resulting Permit No. 18554 were initiated in trespass upon the lands, properties and rights of Idaho Power Company and of Otis E. and Mary E. Syster."
On the other hand, the application and the permit, as they come to this court, show that such survey, as may have been made, was by the engineer, Merritt; and that the survey, upon which the descriptions contained in the application were given, was made in June, 1926. This certificate is not contradicted, except it be by inference drawn from these extraneous circumstances.
It appears that Merritt was present during the hearing before the Commissioner and could have been called for examination by either party. Since the burden of proof rested upon the party asserting the trespass, it was the privilege of respondents to call the engineer Merritt and examine him as to when, where, and how he obtained the information shown on the plat certified by him, and when he made the certificate thereon. If, as suggested by respondents, Merritt was present or available as a witness, his testimony was no more available to appellant than to respondent; and such testimony as he could have given was not evidence or knowledge peculiarly within the control of either party so as to raise an unfavorable presumption against either party for failure to call the witness and submit his testimony as suggested by respondents' authorities. ( Spaulding v. Coeur d'Alene Ry. N. Co., 5 Idaho 528, 533; Sullivan v. Idaho Wholesale Co., Inc., 43 Idaho 149, 155; Vollmer v. Vollmer, 46 Idaho 97, 108; Garrett v. Neitzel, 48 Idaho 727, 733; Federal Land Bank v. Union Central Life Ins. Co., 51 Idaho 490, 499; Weed v. Idaho Copper Co., 51 Idaho 737, 751; Bedke v. Bedke, 56 Idaho 235, 240; Dooley v. West American Commercial Ins. Co., (Cal.) 23 P.2d 766, 768; Western Atlantic R. Co. v. Morrison, (Ga.) 29 S.E. 105; 22 C. J., sec. 24, p. 81.)
It is true that sometimes it is unsafe and unwise to call an adverse or unfriendly witness, where the party calling him will be bound by his testimony, but there is nothing in this record to indicate that the engineer Merritt was unfriendly to respondent, nor that he was more friendly to appellant than to respondent; nor does it appear for whom he made survey of June 6, 1926.
It nowhere appears that the engineer Perry was authorized to speak or act for the applicant (appellant here) or that any statements made by him were binding upon the applicant. In the state of the record as we find it, we fail to see how the Commissioner could have been justified in sustaining the protest and denying the permit sought by the appellant; nor can we find any competent evidence on which to rest the findings and conclusion of the trial court, in reversing the action of the Commissioner and ordering the permit cancelled.
Judging from the condition of the exhibits before us, we are forced to the conclusion that the original application, filed with the Commissioner March 12, 1937, was returned to the applicant and was corrected by a change in description of "point of diversion" and "point of use and return." Evidently the correction was made on the same paper or document that was originally sent in. We find certain descriptions crossed out and others inserted, as shown by the following photostatic copy of the material part thereof:
We conclude that the trial court was not justified in reversing the order of the Commissioner of Reclamation, under the record made in this case.
The respective water rights, or relative priorities of the parties, are not involved herein and are not determined by this opinion.
The judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded, with direction to affirm the order of the Commissioner of Reclamation, denying the protests of respondents and approving appellant's application No. 25707. Costs awarded appellant.
Givens, Morgan and Holden, JJ., concur.
I am unable to concur in the majority opinion as it is written.