Opinion
A01A0667. A01A0377.
DECIDED: JULY 9, 2001.
Breach of contract, etc. Fulton Superior Court. Before Judge Etheridge.
Rubin Hoyt, Robert P. Hoyt, for appellants (case no. A01A0377).
Pursley, Howell, Lowery Meeks, Paul A. Howell, Jr., John C. Amabile, Wood Grant, Wayne Grant, or appellant (case no. A01A0667).
Womble, Carlyle, Sandridge Rice, R. Wayne Bond, Jonathan B. Mason, John A. Thomson, Jr., Jimmy E. White, Swift, Currie, McGhee Hiers, Stephen M. Schatz, Robert E. Jones, Kenneth M. Barre for appellees (case no. A01A0377).
Ellis, Funk, Golderg, Labovitz Dokson, Donald J. Ellis for appellee (case no. A01A0667)
Gary R. and Vicki Rae Gropper filed claims arising from the use of synthetic stucco in the construction of their home. The defendants are STO Corp., the manufacturer of the synthetic stucco product, or "Exterior Insulating Finishing System" (EIFS); Renaissance Building Corp, the builder; and Evans Plastering Company, a subcontractor. The Groppers' building contract specified the use of 1-inch insulation and a product called "Dryvit." But the Groppers assert that Renaissance substituted STO's EIFS product without informing them. The Groppers claim that this system repeatedly failed, allowing water to seep into the exterior insulation and framework of their house. They filed suit asserting claims for product defects (strict liability), breach of contract, breach of warranty, fraud and negligence. At issue is whether their claims are barred by the applicable statute of limitations.
The Certificate of Occupancy on the Groppers' home was issued on February 23, 1993. The Groppers' suit was filed on February 28, 1997 in Fulton Superior Court, four years and five days later. The defendants filed summary judgment motions, claiming that the Groppers' claims were barred by the four-year statute of limitation for damage to property, O.C.G.A. § 9-3-30, counting from the issuance of the Certificate. The Groppers' former counsel dismissed the first suit without prejudice on October 20, 1998 before these motions were decided.
The Groppers then obtained new counsel and filed a renewal complaint on February 19, 1999, within the six-month renewal period, and more importantly, the Groppers assert, within six years after the issuance of the Certificate. The second complaint added claims for personal injury due to the effects of mold contamination and water leakage on behalf of the Groppers and claims of property damage and personal injury on behalf of their minor children.
The timeliness of the personal injury claims is not before the Court in this appeal.
In the second action, STO, Evans, and Renaissance asserted cross-claims against one another. STO and Renaissance also asserted third-party indemnity and contribution claims against a number of subcontractors and vendors, including Kolbe Kolbe Millwork Co., Inc., Bowman Building Supply, Inc., Unique Paving Systems, Inc., DeKalb Steel, Inc., Southern Standard Design and Construction, Inc. and Fashion Floors by Chris.
All defendants sought partial summary judgment based upon the four-year statute of limitations applicable to damage to real property, as it existed prior to the March 29, 2000 amendment, and the trial court granted summary judgment on the Groppers' defective product, contract, warranty, negligence and fraud claims as to the real property. The trial court's order held that because the Groppers' real property claims against the principal defendants were barred, the comparable third-party and indemnification claims were also barred.
In 2000, the legislature amended O.C.G.A. § 9-3-30 to include subsection (b) specifically directed to actions such as this one, arising out of the "negligent design or installation of synthetic exterior siding." But that amendment applies only to causes of action that would not have expired under the former law before March 28, 2000, and thus has no application in this case. O.C.G.A. § 9-3-30 (b) (2).
The trial court did not specifically address any claims for damage to personal property. The parties disagree as to whether any such claims remain viable, but that is not specifically enumerated as an issue in this appeal. Thus, we do not address such claims.
Case No. A01A0377
1. The Groppers first assert that the trial court erred in applying the four-year statute of limitation under O.C.G.A. § 9-3-30 to its breach of contract and breach of warranty claims. They contend that the six-year statute of limitation for breach of a written contract applies instead. O.C.G.A. § 9-3-24. And, in fact, in a number of recent decisions, this Court has applied the six-year limitation period to contract claims arising out of the use of synthetic stucco. See e.g. Smith v. KLS Constr. Co., 247 Ga. App. 493 ( 544 S.E.2d 197) (2001); Mitchell v. Jones, 247 Ga. App. 113 ( 541 S.E.2d 103) (2000); Stimson v. George Laycock, Inc. 247 Ga. App. 1 ( 542 S.E.2d 121) (2000).
The defendants argue, however, that these recent decisions were wrongly decided, citing Daniel v. American Optical Corp., 251 Ga. 166 ( 304 S.E.2d 383) (1983). There, the plaintiff sought to recover under a theory of strict liability for an eye injury suffered when a piece of hot metal flew over his safety glasses. The Georgia Supreme Court applied the statute of limitations applicable to personal injury claims under O.C.G.A. § 9-3-33, rather than the time limitation applicable to strict liability claims under O.C.G.A. § 51-1-11 (b), to bar the plaintiff's claims. Id. at 168 (1). See also Smith, Miller and Patch v. Lorentzson, 254 Ga. 111 ( 327 S.E.2d 221) (1985). The defendants argue that the Daniels decision created a blanket rule that courts should look to the nature of the injury, not to the nature of the claim asserted, to determine the applicable statute of limitations.
But that argument fails upon a closer reading of Daniels. In reaching its conclusion in that case, the Supreme Court noted that strict liability claims were in derivation of the common law and that while the legislature had placed express time restrictions for bringing such a claim, the restrictions were not "a traditional statute of limitations." Id. at 167. Therefore, the court found that the time restrictions of O.C.G.A. § 51-1-11 (b) gave way to the provisions of O.C.G.A. § 9-3-33, which was a "traditional general statute of limitations." Id. at 168. And it further found that the language of that particular statute turned on the nature of the injury rather than the nature of the asserted claim: By its very language, the scope of application of this statute of limitations is determined by the nature of the injury sustained rather than the legal theory underlying the claim for relief. (Emphasis added.) Id. at 168.
Moreover, Georgia follows a specialized rule for determining the limitation period applicable to personal injury claims:
The more commonly accepted rule would seem to be that an action to recover for personal injuries is, in essence, a personal injury action, and regardless of whether it is based upon an alleged breach of an implied warranty or is based upon an alleged tort, the limitations statute governing actions for personal injury is controlling.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Adair v. Baker Bros., 185 Ga. App. 807, 808 ( 366 S.E.2d 164) (1988). It follows that because the claims before us do not include personal injury, Daniels and its progeny are not controlling. Stimson, 247 Ga. App. at 3 (1).
In addition we note that Kemp v. Bell-View, Inc., 179 Ga. App. 577, 578 ( 346 S.E.2d 923) (1986), relied upon by some of the parties in this appeal, does not affect this analysis. See Costrini v. Hansen Architects, 247 Ga. App. 135, 137 (1) ( 543 S.E.2d 760) (2000). Stimson, 247 Ga. App. at 3 (1) (n. 2).
Here, in contrast to Daniels, we are presented with two "traditional" statutes of limitation and claims for damage to real property. Under the language of O.C.G.A. § 9-3-30, the scope of the limitation period is determined by the nature of the injury sustained. But the scope of the limitation period under O.C.G.A. § 9-3-24 is determined by the legal theory underlying the claim for relief — breach of a written contract. To accept the defendants' argument that O.C.G.A. § 9-3-30 always controls would be to render O.C.G.A. § 9-3-24 meaningless. Therefore, we agree with the recent decisions of this court that the six-year limitation period of O.C.G.A. § 9-3-24 governs the Groppers' claim asserting the breach of a written contract. See also Fort Oglethorpe Assoc. II v. Hails Constr. Co. of Georgia, 196 Ga. App. 663 (1) ( 396 S.E.2d 585) (1990) (statute of limitations for breach of a written construction contract is six years after the work was substantially complete).
We are therefore in accord with the holding of this Court in another recent synthetic stucco case:
Thus, to the extent that the plaintiffs' complaint alleges breach of the written contract — including claims for breach of implied warranty stemming from that contract — such claims are governed by the six year statute of limitation. To the extent that the complaint alleges breach of an implied contract, such claim would be subject to the four year statute of limitation.
Rosenheimer v. Tidal Constr. Co., 250 Ga. App. 145, 147(2) ( 550 S.E.2d 698) (2001).
The only written contract in this case was between the Groppers and Renaissance, the builder. Therefore, the Groppers' claims for breach of contract and breach of warranty against Renaissance are subject to the six-year statute of limitation and are not time-barred. But the Groppers' claims against the remaining defendants are based on claims of implied contract and implied warranties not arising from a written contract. Accordingly, those claims are subject to the applicable four-year statutes of limitation and the trial court correctly granted the motions for summary judgment filed by STO and Evans.
2. The Groppers next assert that their claims for breach of warranty should run from the time they discovered the problems with the EIFS or from the date that the defendants breached their duty to repair under the warranty, and not from the date of substantial completion, as the trial court found. It is well-settled that, "[t]he period of limitation on a construction contract commences on the date the work was substantially complete." (Citations omitted.) Costrini v. Hansen Architects, 247 Ga. App. 135, 137 (1) ( 543 S.E.2d 760) (2000). See also Corporation of Mercer Univ. v. National Gypsum Co., 258 Ga. 365, 366 (1) ( 368 S.E.2d 732) (1988); Mitchell v. Contractors Specialty Supply, 247 Ga. App. 628, 629 ( 544 S.E.2d 533) (2001). See also O.C.G.A. § 9-3-51. And the Groppers breach of warranty claims are based upon either express or implied contracts arising in connection with the construction of their home. Accordingly, the limitations period began to run at the time the Certificate of Occupancy was issued, which the trial court ruled was the date of substantial completion. See generally, Bicknell v. Richard M. Hearn Roofing Remodeling, 171 Ga. App. 128, 130 ( 318 S.E.2d 729) (1984) (cause of action for negligent construction runs from the date construction completed, not from the discovery of the injury).
Although the Groppers rely upon Versico v. Engineered Fabrics Corp., 238 Ga. App. 837 ( 520 S.E.2d 505) (1999), that case was decided under the UCC provisions setting out the limitation period in connection with the sale of goods, and thus has no application here. O.C.G.A. § 11-2-725 (1). Unlike the general statutes of limitation applicable in this case, the U.C.C specifically sets forth a discovery rule where a warranty covers the future performance of the goods delivered. O.C.G.A. § 11-2-725 (2).
3. The Groppers also assert that the trial court erred in deciding as a matter of law that tolling did not apply to their fraud claim. To establish tolling, the Groppers must prove that the defendants engaged in fraud sufficient to have debarred or deterred them from discovering their cause of action. O.C.G.A. § 9-3-96. To establish such fraud, they must present evidence of the following three elements: (1) actual fraud on the part of the defendant involving moral turpitude, (2) which conceals the existence of the cause of action from the plaintiff, and (3) plaintiff's reasonable diligence in discovering his cause of action, despite his failure to do so within the time of the applicable statute of limitations. (Citation omitted.) McClung Surveying v. Worl, 247 Ga. App. 322, 324 (1) ( 541 S.E.2d 703) (2000). This proof requires something more that mere concealment. The Groppers must show that the defendants concealed the defects through "[s]ome trick or artifice . . . to prevent inquiry or elude investigation, or to mislead and hinder the party who has the cause of action from obtaining the information, and the acts relied on must be of an affirmative character and fraudulent." Mitchell v. Jones, 247 Ga. App. at 117 (3).
We agree with the trial court that the Groppers failed to meet this level of proof.
4. In their final enumeration of error, the Groppers assert that the trial court erred in applying O.C.G.A. § 9-3-30 rather than O.C.G.A. § 51-1-11 to determine the limitations period on their strict liability claim. This arguments raised by the Groppers in connection with this enumeration were previously considered and rejected by this Court in Mitchell v. Contractors Specialty Supply, 247 Ga. App. at 629-630. Accordingly, we find no error on this ground.
Case No. A01A0667
5. Renaissance cross-appeals the trial court's grant of summary judgment to the third-party defendant's in this action. Renaissance asserts that to the extent we reverse any portion of the trial court's grant of partial summary judgment as to Renaissance, we should reverse the trial court's order granting summary judgment to the third-party defendants to the same extent. We agree.
To summarize, therefore, we reverse the trial court's grant of summary judgment on the Groppers' claim that Renaissance breached its written contract and its claim for breach of warranty arising in connection with that written contract. Further, to the extent that Renaissance has asserted any third-party claims in connection with those breach of contract and breach of warranty claims, we reverse the trial court's grant of summary judgment as to such third-party claims. We affirm the trial court's grant of summary judgment on the remaining claims.
The trial court did not specifically rule on the cross-claims filed by the defendants against each other. Therefore, we do not address such claims.
Judgments reversed in part; affirmed in part. Blackburn, C. J., and Mikell, J., concur.
DECIDED JULY 9, 2001 — RECONSIDERATIONS DENIED JULY 31, 2001 — CERT. APPLIED FOR.