Opinion
524078
03-08-2018
FRONTIER INSURANCE COMPANY, in Liquidation, Appellant, v. MERRITT & MCKENZIE, INC., Respondent.
The Copeland Law Firm, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia (James W. Copeland, admitted pro hac vice) and Victor J. D'Angelo, New York Liquidation Bureau, New York City, for appellant. HoganWillig, PLLC, Amherst (Robert W. Michalak of counsel), for respondent.
The Copeland Law Firm, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia (James W. Copeland, admitted pro hac vice) and Victor J. D'Angelo, New York Liquidation Bureau, New York City, for appellant.
HoganWillig, PLLC, Amherst (Robert W. Michalak of counsel), for respondent.
Before: Garry, P.J., Clark, Mulvey, Aarons and Pritzker, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
Mulvey, J.
Appeal from a judgment of the Supreme Court
(Meddaugh, J.), entered January 26, 2016 in Sullivan County, upon a decision of the court in favor of defendant.Plaintiff, an insurance company, entered into an agency agreement with defendant in 1994 whereby defendant agreed to act as plaintiff's agent for the purpose of procuring clients to whom plaintiff could furnish surety bonds. The following year, defendant submitted two bond applications to plaintiff requesting that plaintiff authorize the execution of performance and payment bonds for construction of a Days Inn and a Holiday Inn by Norwest Contracting, Inc. Plaintiff thereafter authorized defendant to execute, on its behalf, performance and payment bonds for both projects, and such bonds were executed in March 1995.
In 1996, after suffering bond losses in connection with the two hotel projects, plaintiff commenced the instant action sounding in breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, negligence, constructive fraud and indemnification. Following joinder of issue and extensive discovery, Supreme Court denied plaintiff's motion for partial summary judgment in its favor and defendant's cross motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint. At the ensuing bench trial, plaintiff propounded two distinct theories of liability upon which its various claims rested. First, plaintiff asserted that defendant violated its obligations under the agency agreement by failing to provide any financial background information pertaining to Charles Shepherd, Norwest's vice-president of business development, in its bond applications (hereinafter the Shepherd theory). Second, plaintiff claimed that defendant failed to disclose certain information that it learned from Michael Berguin, Norwest's vice-president, about Norwest's alleged questionable business practices (hereinafter the Berguin theory). Following the completion of trial, Supreme Court issued a decision and order dismissing plaintiff's claims in their entirety. In so doing, the court declined to consider the evidence submitted by plaintiff in support of the Shepherd theory, reasoning that its previous determination, at the summary judgment stage, that such theory rested upon "new and fundamentally different claims" than those pleaded in the complaint constituted law of the case. To the extent that plaintiff's claims were grounded upon the Berguin theory, the court found that they were subject to dismissal due to a failure of proof. This appeal by plaintiff ensued.
Plaintiff subsequently withdrew its actual fraud and punitive damages causes of action.
Plaintiff, as limited by its brief, challenges only that part of the verdict as found defendant not liable under the Shepherd theory. In that regard, the parties first debate whether Supreme Court correctly applied the doctrine of law of the case to preclude consideration of the Shepherd theory as a basis for liability. That issue need not detain us, however, as "this Court is neither bound nor restricted by that doctrine" ( People v. Laughing, 113 A.D.3d 956, 957, 979 N.Y.S.2d 416 [2014] ; see Matter of Joy v. Kutzuk, 99 A.D.3d 1049, 1050, 952 N.Y.S.2d 644 [2012], lv denied 20 N.Y.3d 856, 2013 WL 105460 [2013] ; Matter of Jonathan M., 61 A.D.3d 1374, 1375, 877 N.Y.S.2d 575 [2009] ). We therefore begin by addressing the merits of the underlying substantive issue—that is, whether the Shepherd theory, as presented at trial, falls within the scope of the complaint.
To the extent that plaintiff's constructive fraud claim relates to the Shepherd theory, plaintiff has likewise failed to raise any issue in its brief with respect thereto. Accordingly, we deem any arguments pertaining to this claim, as well as the Berguin theory as a whole, to be abandoned (see Pearce v. Joint Bd. of Directors of Erie–Wyoming County Soil Conservation Dist., 153 A.D.3d 1635, 1636, 62 N.Y.S.3d 240 [2017] ; Ivory v. International Bus. Machines Corp., 116 A.D.3d 121, 126 n. 2, 983 N.Y.S.2d 110 [2014], lv denied 23 N.Y.3d 903, 2014 WL 1884900 [2014] ).
--------
While the facts underlying the Shepherd theory certainly could have been pleaded with more specificity, "a[ny] variance between the pleadings and the proof may be disregarded unless it can be said to have misled an adversary and occasioned prejudice" ( Hummel v. Vicaretti, 152 A.D.2d 779, 780, 543 N.Y.S.2d 560 [1989] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted], lv dismissed 75 N.Y.2d 809, 552 N.Y.S.2d 111, 551 N.E.2d 604 [1990] ; accord Anderson v. Dainack, 39 A.D.3d 1065, 1068, 834 N.Y.S.2d 564 [2007] ; see Fried v. Seippel, 80 N.Y.2d 32, 42, 587 N.Y.S.2d 247, 599 N.E.2d 651 [1992] ; LaForte v. Tiedemann, 41 A.D.3d 1191, 1192, 837 N.Y.S.2d 457 [2007] ). Here, the Shepherd theory "necessarily flows from the information conveyed in the pleadings" ( Boyer v. Kamthan, 130 A.D.3d 1176, 1178, 13 N.Y.S.3d 653 [2015] ; see Sherry v. North Colonie Cent. School Dist., 39 A.D.3d 986, 991, 833 N.Y.S.2d 746 [2007] ; Van Derzee v. Knight–Ridder Broadcasting, 185 A.D.2d 1011, 1011, 586 N.Y.S.2d 839 [1992] ) and was fully articulated and argued as a basis for a potential finding of liability in defendant's cross motion for summary judgment (see Fried v. Seippel, 80 N.Y.2d at 42, 587 N.Y.S.2d 247, 599 N.E.2d 651 ; Talcott v. Zurenda, 48 A.D.3d 989, 991, 853 N.Y.S.2d 192 [2008] ). Moreover, the case was tried, in part, on that very theory, leading to the inescapable conclusion that "[t]he [action] was conducted in the same manner as it would have been had the complaint been more specific" ( Hummel v. Vicaretti, 152 A.D.2d at 781, 543 N.Y.S.2d 560 ). Thus, it is readily apparent that defendant was neither prejudiced nor surprised by plaintiff's failure to plead the Shepherd theory with more specificity.
Nevertheless, we find that the various causes of action predicated upon the Shepherd theory fail for other reasons. " ‘A simple breach of contract claim is not to be considered a tort unless a legal duty independent of the contract itself has been violated ..., which legal duty must spring from circumstances extraneous to, and not constituting elements of, the contract’ " ( Torok v. Moore's Flatwork & Founds., LLC, 106 A.D.3d 1421, 1422, 966 N.Y.S.2d 572 [2013], quoting Clark–Fitzpatrick, Inc. v. Long Is. R.R. Co., 70 N.Y.2d 382, 389, 521 N.Y.S.2d 653, 516 N.E.2d 190 [1987] [brackets omitted] ). Here, plaintiff's negligence claim is based upon the same alleged wrongful conduct as the breach of contract claim. Absent any special relationship or legal duty aside from their contractual relationship, this cause of action was duplicative of the breach of contract cause of action (see Muncil v. Widmir Inn Rest. Corp., 155 A.D.3d 1402, 1404–1405, 65 N.Y.S.3d 267 [2017] ; Sutton v. Hafner Valuation Group, Inc., 115 A.D.3d 1039, 1042, 982 N.Y.S.2d 185 [2014] ; Torok v. Moore's Flatwork & Founds., LLC, 106 A.D.3d at 1422, 966 N.Y.S.2d 572 ). Plaintiff's breach of fiduciary duty and breach of contract causes of action, which are based upon the same facts and theories and seek identical damages, are likewise duplicative (see Muncil v. Widmir Inn Rest. Corp., 155 A.D.3d at 1405, 65 N.Y.S.3d 267 ; NYAHSA Servs., Inc., Self–Ins. Trust v. Recco Home Care Servs., Inc., 141 A.D.3d 792, 794, 36 N.Y.S.3d 270 [2016] ; Brooks v. Key Trust Co. N.A., 26 A.D.3d 628, 630, 809 N.Y.S.2d 270 [2006], lv dismissed 6 N.Y.3d 891, 817 N.Y.S.2d 625, 850 N.E.2d 672 [2006] ).
To prevail on each of its remaining causes of action, plaintiff was required to prove that defendant's conduct was the direct and proximate cause of its bond losses (see Stein v. Security Mut. Ins. Co., 38 A.D.3d 977, 979, 832 N.Y.S.2d 679 [2007] ; Edwards v. International Bus. Machs. Corp., 174 A.D.2d 863, 865, 571 N.Y.S.2d 155 [1991] ; Drummer v. Valeron Corp., 154 A.D.2d 897, 897, 546 N.Y.S.2d 52 [1989], lv denied 75 N.Y.2d 705, 552 N.Y.S.2d 927, 552 N.E.2d 175 [1990] ). "In this effort, plaintiff was not obligated to show that no other plausible causes existed, but [it] was required to prove that any alternative causes were sufficiently remote to permit the factfinder to base a determination in [its] favor on logical inferences from the evidence rather than speculation" ( Brightman v. Hackett, 81 A.D.3d 1200, 1201, 917 N.Y.S.2d 730 [2011] [citations omitted]; see Costello v. Pizzeria Uno of Albany, Inc., 139 A.D.3d 1336, 1338, 33 N.Y.S.3d 489 [2016] ). Upon our review of this nonjury trial verdict, we "independently review[ ] the probative weight of the evidence, together with the reasonable inferences that may be drawn therefrom, and grant[ ] the judgment warranted by the record while according due deference to the trial court's factual findings and credibility determinations" ( Latham Land I LLC v. TGI Friday's Inc., 124 A.D.3d 957, 958, 1 N.Y.S.3d 461 [2015] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]; see Davis v. CEC, Inc., 135 A.D.3d 1049, 1050, 22 N.Y.S.3d 687 [2016], lv denied 27 N.Y.3d 904, 2016 WL 1739430 [2016] ).
The Shepherd theory was predicated on defendant's failure to provide plaintiff with any financial background information pertaining to Shepherd—namely, the fact that he had prior surety losses, a prior bankruptcy and was involved in pending litigation—in connection with the bond applications submitted for the two Norwest projects. The evidence adduced at trial overwhelmingly establishes, however, that it was plaintiff's own actions—rather than any omissions on the part of defendant—that proximately caused the bond losses at issue in this action (see Stein v. Security Mut. Ins. Co., 38 A.D.3d at 979, 832 N.Y.S.2d 679 ; New Horizons Amusement Enters. v. Zullo, 301 A.D.2d 825, 827, 754 N.Y.S.2d 98 [2003] ). To be sure, the agency agreement imposed several duties upon defendant, including the obligation to follow any applicable underwriting guide and other instructions given by plaintiff and its employees. Plaintiff's underwriting guide, which was provided to defendant shortly after the execution of the agency agreement, set forth the documents that an agent was required to gather in order to provide plaintiff with a completed bond application, including financial statements, contractor questionnaires and work-on-hand reports. Yet, as Supreme Court aptly recognized in its analysis of the Berguin theory, it was plaintiff's underwriting department that was solely responsible for authorizing the execution of bonds on Norwest's behalf and, despite incomplete information from defendant in connection with the bond applications for the two hotel projects at issue, plaintiff nevertheless authorized the execution of those bonds. Notably, James Lambert, one of plaintiff's underwriters during the relevant time, admitted that he requested updated documents and financial information pertaining to Shepherd in October 1994—prior to the issuance of the subject bonds—and that he continued to authorize the execution of bonds to Norwest despite never receiving such information. Indeed, following a 1995 internal audit concerning its underwriting of the Norwest bonds, which took place prior to any bond claim activity and was based on the information that it had or did not have in its file, plaintiff determined that it should not have underwritten and approved surety bonds for Norwest.
Moreover, any conclusion that plaintiff's bond losses were caused by defendant's failure to disclose financial information pertaining to Shepherd would be based on pure speculation. Critically, Lambert testified that no policy or written document existed that instructed plaintiff's underwriters in their underwriting of bond applications submitted by agents. Rather, as Lambert explained, plaintiff's underwriting policy "changed month to month, day to day, week to week." To that end, Lambert described plaintiff's underwriting process as "a yellow light" policy that empowered each underwriter to make individualized determinations with regard to authorizing bond applications, including the authority to override any of plaintiff's policies. Reflective of this flexible policy, Lambert himself noted that he "gave no credit to the personal financial statement equities" of Norwest, instead considering only the corporation's financial documents as well as the fact that a larger contractor had taken it as a mentee. Under these circumstances, it simply cannot be said that defendant's conduct was the proximate cause of plaintiff's losses (see Schroeder v. State of New York, 145 A.D.3d 1204, 1206, 43 N.Y.S.3d 558 [2016], lv denied 29 N.Y.3d 914, 2017 WL 2752639 [2017] ; Stein v. Security Mut. Ins. Co., 38 A.D.3d at 979, 832 N.Y.S.2d 679 ; compare American Motorists Ins. Co. v. Keep Servs., Inc., 63 A.D.3d 865, 866–867, 881 N.Y.S.2d 477 [2009], lv denied 13 N.Y.3d 710, 2009 WL 3428629 [2009] ). In light of our determination, the parties' remaining contentions have been rendered academic.
ORDERED that the judgment is affirmed, with costs.
Garry, P.J., Clark, Aarons and Pritzker, JJ., concur.