Opinion
No. 04 C 2349.
July 28, 2004
MEMORANDUM, OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff DirecTV, Inc. ("DirecTV") has filed a five-count complaint against Erik Tuftedal alleging violations of provisions of the Federal Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. § 605, and the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, 18 U.S.C. § 2510-2521, as well as conversion under Illinois law. Tuftedal has moved to dismiss Count III of the complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). For the following reasons, we grant the motion to dismiss.
BACKGROUND
For purposes of this motion, the following facts are taken as true. DirecTV is one of the nation's leading direct satellite broadcast systems distributing digitalized audio and video signals to approximately 11 million subscribers nationwide. DirecTV's satellite transmissions are encrypted to prevent unauthorized viewing of its programming. These transmissions may be lawfully viewed only by subscribers who have purchased specialized receiving equipment from DirecTV or on a pay-per-view basis. DirecTV's satellite receivers contain an access card developed specifically for the DirecTV satellite system. This access card stores information and permits DirecTV's customers to view the programming for which they have paid.
In its complaint, DirecTV alleges that various companies and individuals have engaged in the sale and manufacture of devices designed to unscramble DirecTV's encryption measures allowing purchasers to view DirecTV's programming without paying subscription or pay-per-view fees. In Count III of its complaint, DirecTV claims that it is entitled to civil remedies for Tuftedal's alleged possession of such an unscrambling device in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2512 of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act. Tuftedal has moved to dismiss this claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).
STANDARD OF REVIEW
In ruling on a motion to dismiss, the Court must accept all factual allegations in the complaint as true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. Szumny v. Am. Gen. Fin., Inc., 246 F.3d 1065, 1067 (7th Cir. 2001). The purpose of a motion to dismiss is not to decide the merits of the challenged claims but to test the sufficiency of the complaint. Weiler v. Household Fin. Corp., 101 F.3d 519, 524 n. 1 (7th Cir. 1996). A court will grant a motion to dismiss only if it is impossible for the plaintiff to prevail under any set of facts that could be proven consistent with the allegations. Forseth v. Village of Sussex, 199 F.3d 363, 368 (7th Cir. 2000).
DISCUSSION
In his motion to dismiss, Tuftedal has asserted that Count III of DirecTV's complaint should be dismissed because there is no civil cause of action for possession of equipment under 18 U.S.C. § 2512 of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act. This section provides that a person commits a federal crime if he intentionally "manufactures, assembles, possesses, or sells any electronic, mechanical, or other device, knowing or having reason to know that the design of such device renders it primarily useful for the purpose of the surreptitious interception of wire, oral, or electronic communications. . . ." 18 U.S.C. § 2512(1)(b). DirecTV asserts that it may seek damages for Tuftedal's alleged violation of § 2512 pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 2520, which provides that, "any person whose wire, oral, or electronic communication is intercepted, disclosed, or intentionally used in violation of this chapter may in a civil action recover from the person or entity, other than the United States, which engaged in that violation. . . ." 18 U.S.C. § 2520(a).
Although the Seventh Circuit has not yet considered this issue, numerous courts in this District have addressed it. The majority position is that § 2520 of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act does not create a private cause of action based on mere possession of an unscrambling device in violation of § 2512 because liability under § 2520 only arises if a defendant intentionally intercepts, discloses, or uses a wire, oral or electronic communication in violation of § 2511 of the Act, which punishes wrongful use of communications. See, e.g., Directv, Inc. v. Kamba, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8937, No. 03 C 8402 (N.D. Ill. May 13, 2004) (Manning, J.); Directv, Inc., v. Delaney, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24262, No. 03 3444 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 21, 2003) (Kocoras, J.); Directv, Inc. v. Castillo, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8525, No. 03 C 3456 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 2, 2004) (St. Eve, J.); Directv, Inc. v. Bazzoli, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 801, No. 03 C 3485 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 23, 2004) (Lefkow, J.); Directv, Inc. v. Hinton, 2004 U.S. LEXIS 6850, No. 03 C 8477 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 21, 2004) (Darrah, J.); Directv, Inc. v. Frey, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6366, No. 03 C 3476 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 14, 2004) (Zagel, J.); Directv, Inc. v. Hauser, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6360, No. 03 C 8396 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 13, 2004) (Moran, J.); Directv, Inc. v. Rath, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6151, No. 03 C 50299 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 12, 2004) (Reinhard, J.); Directv, Inc. v. Horn, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8225, No. 03 C 7803 (N.D. Ill. May 6, 2004) (Der-Yeghiayan, J.).
In contrast, however, other courts have found that § 2520 does allow a private right of action for mere possession under § 2512 because of the language in § 2520 allowing a civil remedy for use of a communication "in violation of this chapter." See, e.g., Directv, Inc. v. Dillon, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7229, No. 03 C 8578 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 27, 2004) (Aspen, J.); Directv, Inc. v. Dyrhaug, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5008, No. 03 C 8389 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 26, 2004) (Shadur, J.); Directv, Inc. v. Perez, 279 F. Supp.2d 962 (N.D. Ill. 2003) (Coar, J.).
We are more persuaded by the majority's interpretation of § 2520. The plain language of § 2520 indicates that a private cause of action may only be had after interception, disclosure or use in violation of the Act. Section 2512 criminalizes only the production, sale or possession of equipment primarily useful for unscrambling protected communications. These acts occur separately from interception and persons who engage in them may never engage in violations of § 2520. Directv, Inc. v. Delaney, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24262, at *10. Therefore, we conclude that there is no private right of action based on allegations of mere possession of an unscrambling device in violation of § 2512.
Moreover, DirecTV has alleged that Tuftedal violated 18 U.S.C. § 2511 in Count II. Section 2511 criminalizes any intentional attempted interception or use of protected communications. Thus, DirecTV may obtain relief under § 2511 if it establishes that Tuftedal used the unscrambling device to intercept DirecTV's signals. This provides further support for the court's conclusion that there is no private right of action for mere possession in violation of § 2512. Accordingly, we grant the motion to dismiss Count III of DirecTV's complaint.