Opinion
Docket No. 66486.
Decided September 28, 1983. Leave to appeal denied, 419 Mich ___.
Smolenski Quinn (by Michael R. Smolenski), for plaintiffs.
Cholette, Perkins Buchanan (by Robert J. Riley), for defendant.
Plaintiffs appeal as of right from the trial court's order granting summary judgment in favor of defendant Forest Hills Public Schools on the basis of governmental immunity. MCL 691.1407; MSA 3.996(107).
The complaint alleges that on the morning of March 5, 1980, Ngoc Dinh, at the time a ten-year-old Vietnamese boy who had been in the United States approximately two months, was walking in an excited and unpredictable manner westbound on the north side of Ada Drive in Kent County. The boy was enroute to his school bus stop located on the south side of Ada Drive. It is alleged that Ngoc Dinh was walking on or very near the edge of the road surface when he was struck and severely injured by a westbound automobile driven by Gail Lyonnais. Count II of the complaint alleges that, at the time and in the vicinity of the accident, three Forest Hills School District buses were proceeding, in line, eastbound on Ada Drive. The last of the three buses was allegedly assigned to pick up Ngoc Dinh. Count II alleges that the drivers of the school buses, all employees of defendant school district, were negligent in (1) failing to pull off to the side of the road in order to allow more space for approaching vehicles to avoid striking Ngoc Dinh, and (2) failing to stop their buses and turn on their alternating flashing lights in order to stop traffic and thereby eliminate a dangerous situation. The complaint also alleges that defendant school district was negligent in failing to provide proper safety instructions to Ngoc Dinh regarding highway safety, pedestrian safety, and procedures for crossing streets and boarding school buses. According to the complaint, the negligence of the bus drivers and the school district was a proximate cause of Ngoc Dinh's injuries.
The suit against defendant Gail A. Lyonnais and Richard A. Lyonnais was settled for the insurance policy limit of $100,000.
Defendant school district's motion for summary judgment on the basis of governmental immunity was granted. Plaintiffs appeal.
In order to state a valid claim against a governmental agency such as a school district, the plaintiffs must plead facts in avoidance of governmental immunity. McCann v Michigan, 398 Mich. 65, 77; 247 N.W.2d 521 (1976). This means that plaintiffs must plead either that the defendant's activity comes within one of the statutory exceptions to governmental immunity or that the activity did not constitute the exercise or discharge of a governmental function. Grames v King, 123 Mich. App. 573; 332 N.W.2d 615 (1983). Failure to plead facts in avoidance of immunity may result in the granting of a motion for summary judgment under GCR 1963, 117.2(1). See Williamson v Jones, 125 Mich. App. 433; 336 N.W.2d 489 (1983).
In the present case, defendant moved for summary judgment on the basis of the governmental immunity statute, but failed to state whether the motion was brought under GCR 1963, 117.2(1) or 117.2(3). Although subrule 117.2(1) was not specifically cited in the trial court, the motion for summary judgment essentially alleged that plaintiffs had failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted by pleading specific facts in avoidance of governmental immunity. We therefore treat the motion as having been brought under subrule 117.2(1).
Treating the motion as one brought under GCR 1963, 117.2(1) does not prejudice plaintiffs. Plaintiffs argued in the trial court that the complaint alleged sufficient facts to come within an exception to governmental immunity. No additional arguments would have advanced plaintiffs' position had the motion specifically cited subrule 117.2(1).
A motion under GCR 1963, 117.2(1) tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint and is to be evaluated on the pleadings alone. The court must accept as true all of the factual allegations in the complaint as well as any conclusions which can reasonably be drawn therefrom. Unless the claim is so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify recovery, the motion should be denied. Williamson v Jones, supra; Romeo v Van Otterloo, 117 Mich. App. 333; 323 N.W.2d 693 (1982). In the present case, plaintiffs' claim against the school district is barred by the governmental immunity statute unless plaintiffs have alleged facts which bring the claim within one of the statutory exceptions to the defense of governmental immunity. Cobb v Fox, 113 Mich. App. 249; 317 N.W.2d 583 (1982).
Plaintiffs rely on the motor vehicle exception to governmental immunity, which provides:
"Governmental agencies shall be liable for bodily injury and property damage resulting from the negligent operation by any officer, agent, or employee of the governmental agency, of a motor vehicle of which the governmental agency is owner, as defined in Act No. 300 of the Public Acts of 1949, as amended, being sections 257.1 to 257.923 of the Compiled Laws of 1948." MCL 691.1405; MSA 3.996(105).
In McNees v Scholley, 46 Mich. App. 702; 208 N.W.2d 643 (1973), a nine-year-old boy was injured when he was struck by an automobile while standing across the highway from a school bus stop, awaiting the arrival of his bus. A panel of this Court rejected the plaintiff's contention that the claim against the defendant school district fell within the statutory exception for bodily injury and property damage resulting from the negligent operation of a motor vehicle. The McNees Court found that, in order to be in operation, the vehicle must be in a state of being at work or in the active exercise of some specific function by performing work or producing effects at the time and place the injury is inflicted. McNees, supra, p 706. The Court stated:
"We are constrained to rule that under the facts in the instant case the school bus not being in a `state of being at work * * * at the time and place of the injury is [was] inflicted', the plaintiffs do not have a cause of action under the terms of the subject statute." McNees, supra, pp 706-707.
In Cobb v Fox, supra, the plaintiff's eight-year-old son was struck and killed by an automobile after being discharged from a school bus operated by the defendant school district. It was undisputed that the school bus did not strike the boy and that there were no school buses within two blocks of the accident. The plaintiff alleged that the school district negligently failed to provide an adequate and safe bus route and bus stops for the students. Relying on McNees, supra, the Court ruled that plaintiff's complaint did not come within the motor vehicle exception:
"Under McNees, plaintiff's complaint does not satisfy the motor vehicle exception because the school bus was not present at the time and place of the accident.
"Moreover, while it has been held that the negligent operation of a motor vehicle may occur even though a vehicle is standing still, Wells v Dep't of Corrections, 79 Mich. App. 166; 261 N.W.2d 245 (1977), or where injury occurs because of improper loading, Lockaby v Wayne County, 406 Mich. 65; 276 N.W.2d 1 (1979), injury must still be caused by the operation of the motor vehicle before the exception will be applicable. Berger v City of Berkley, 87 Mich. App. 361, 370-371; 275 N.W.2d 2 (1978), Wells v Dep't of Corrections, supra. In the instant case, since the accident occurred more than a block from the bus stop and after the bus had left the scene, the motor vehicle exception is not applicable." Cobb v Fox, supra, pp 260-261.
While we accept the standard established in McNees and Cobb, we find that those cases should be factually distinguished from the instant case. The complaint, paragraphs 19A and 19B, alleges that the school bus drivers were negligent in failing to recognize that Ngoc Dinh was potentially in peril, in failing to pull off the road and allow more area for approaching vehicles to maneuver around the child, and in failing to stop and turn on their overhead alternating lights in order to stop traffic and thereby eliminate the dangerous situation. Paragraph 21 alleges that the drivers' negligence was the proximate cause of Ngoc Dinh's injuries. In contrast to McNees and Cobb, the complaint in the present case sufficiently alleges that the school buses were in the immediate vicinity and in operation at the time of the accident. The allegations and reasonable inferences therefrom are sufficient to bring the case within the motor vehicle exception. Summary judgment was improperly granted on paragraphs 19A and 19B.
Paragraph 20, however, alleges that the school district negligently failed to give Ngoc Dinh adequate safety instructions. Since paragraph 20 does not allege the negligent operation of a motor vehicle, the motor vehicle exception is inapplicable. Summary judgment in favor of the school district was properly granted as to the allegations in paragraph 20. Cobb v Fox, supra.
The judgment is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and the case is remanded for trial.