Opinion
681 OP 20-01405
11-12-2021
In the Matter of COALITION OF CONCERNED CITIZENS and Dennis Gaffin, as Its President, Petitioners, v. NEW YORK STATE BOARD ON ELECTRIC GENERATION SITING AND THE ENVIRONMENT and Alle-Catt Wind Energy, LLC, Respondents. (Proceeding No. 1.)
LAW OFFICE OF GARY A. ABRAHAM, GREAT VALLEY (GARY A. ABRAHAM OF COUNSEL), FOR PETITIONERS. ROBERT A. ROSENTHAL, GENERAL COUNSEL, ALBANY (JOHN C. GRAHAM OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT NEW YORK STATE BOARD ON ELECTRIC GENERATION SITING AND THE ENVIRONMENT. THE DAX LAW FIRM, P.C., ALBANY (JOHN W. DAX OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT ALLE-CATT WIND ENERGY, LLC.
LAW OFFICE OF GARY A. ABRAHAM, GREAT VALLEY (GARY A. ABRAHAM OF COUNSEL), FOR PETITIONERS.
ROBERT A. ROSENTHAL, GENERAL COUNSEL, ALBANY (JOHN C. GRAHAM OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT NEW YORK STATE BOARD ON ELECTRIC GENERATION SITING AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
THE DAX LAW FIRM, P.C., ALBANY (JOHN W. DAX OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT ALLE-CATT WIND ENERGY, LLC.
PRESENT: WHALEN, P.J., SMITH, LINDLEY, TROUTMAN, AND WINSLOW, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
Proceeding pursuant to Public Service Law § 170 (1) (initiated in the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in the Fourth Judicial Department) to annul a determination granting a Certificate of Environmental Compatibility and Public Need, and for other relief.
It is hereby ORDERED that the determination is unanimously confirmed without costs and the petition is dismissed.
Memorandum: Alle-Catt Wind Energy, LLC (Alle-Catt), a respondent in both of these proceedings, submitted a proposal to the New York State Board on Electric Generation Siting and the Environment (Board), also a respondent in both proceedings, seeking approval of a project involving the construction of a wind-powered electric generating facility consisting of numerous wind turbines in several Western New York counties. In response to the proposal, the Board issued a "Certificate of Environmental Compatibility and Public Need" (Certificate) that permitted the project to go forward. The Coalition of Concerned Citizens (Coalition) and Dennis Gaffin, as its president (collectively, Coalition petitioners), commenced the first of these two CPLR article 78 proceedings (proceeding No. 1), initiated in this Court pursuant to Public Service Law § 170 (1), seeking to annul the Board's determination to grant the Certificate. The Town of Farmersville (Farmersville) commenced the second CPLR article 78 proceeding (proceeding No. 2), also initiated in this Court pursuant to Public Service Law § 170 (1), seeking to annul the same determination. We confirm the determination, and therefore we dismiss both petitions.
In proceeding No. 1, the Coalition petitioners contend that the Board exceeded its authority by applying Town of Freedom (Freedom) Local Law No. 1 of 2019 (Freedom's 2019 Law), because Supreme Court had determined in a separate proceeding and action that Freedom Local Law No. 3 of 2007 (Freedom's 2007 Law) was in effect at the time of the proceedings before the Board. We reject that contention.
As the Board correctly noted concerning that issue, "[t]he situation is complicated" ( Application of Alle-Catt Wind Energy LLC , 2020 WL 3036287, *45, 2020 N.Y. PUC. LEXIS 653, *100 [N.Y. St. Bd. on Elec. Generation Siting & Envt., Case 17-F-0282, June 3, 2020] ). Before this project began, Freedom's 2007 Law governed applications for wind energy projects such as this one within that town. While the project was in its infancy, the Freedom Town Board enacted Local Law No. 1 of 2018 (Freedom's 2018 Law), which changed several provisions related to wind energy projects, including the maximum height permitted for wind turbines and the required setbacks from residences, churches and other facilities. Freedom's 2018 Law was challenged in a hybrid CPLR article 78 proceeding and declaratory judgment action (separate action) in which Supreme Court eventually annulled that local law and declared that Freedom's 2007 Law remained in effect ( Matter of Freedom United v. Town of Freedom Town Bd. , Sup. Ct., Cattaraugus County, Oct. 25, 2019, Parker, A.J., index No. 87572/2019, 2019 WL 8223254, appeal dismissed 2020 N.Y. Slip Op. 61184[U], 2020 WL 358809 [4th Dept. 2020] ). While that litigation was pending, however, the Freedom Town Board enacted Freedom's 2019 Law, which the parties agree concerns the same subjects as Freedom's 2018 Law. Consequently, inasmuch as Freedom's 2018 Law had been superseded by Freedom's 2019 Law, the litigation in the separate action was rendered moot (see generally Lasky v. Town Bd. of Town of Amherst , 57 A.D.3d 1392, 1392-1393, 871 N.Y.S.2d 564 [4th Dept. 2008] ; Matter of Group for S. Fork v. Town Bd. of Town of Southampton , 285 A.D.2d 506, 508, 729 N.Y.S.2d 148 [2d Dept. 2001] ). Because the Freedom Town Board enacted Freedom's 2019 Law and it was not at issue in the separate action, that was the operative local law for purposes of the proceedings before the Board, and the Board was required to apply it (see Public Service Law § 168 [3] [e] ), regardless of Supreme Court's declaration in the separate action.
Also in proceeding No. 1, the Coalition petitioners contend that the Board gave insufficient weight to the character of the community, that the Board failed to balance the severe adverse impact on that character against the project's modest and theoretical benefits, and that the Board's determination that the project would have beneficial effects on the climate was impermissibly based on speculation. We reject those contentions.
Pursuant to its enabling statute, the Board must determine, inter alia, whether a proposed electric generating facility "is a beneficial addition to or substitution for the electric generation capacity of the state" and whether "the adverse environmental effects of the construction and operation of the facility will be minimized or avoided to the maximum extent practicable" ( Public Service Law § 168 [3] [a], [c] ), and the Board must consider, inter alia, "the impact on community character" and any additional "social, economic, visual or other aesthetic, environmental and other conditions" deemed pertinent by the Board ( § 168 [4] [f], [g] ). "[T]he Board was created to provide for an expeditious review process and ‘to balance, in a single proceeding, the people's need for electricity and their environmental concerns’ " ( Matter of TransGas Energy Sys., LLC v. New York State Bd. on Elec. Generation Siting & Envt. , 65 A.D.3d 1247, 1252, 887 N.Y.S.2d 99 [2d Dept. 2009], lv denied 13 N.Y.3d 715, 2010 WL 90041 [2010] ; see generally Matter of Citizens for Hudson Val. v. New York State Bd. on Elec. Generation Siting & Envt. , 281 A.D.2d 89, 92, 723 N.Y.S.2d 532 [3d Dept. 2001] ). Furthermore, it is settled that "[t]his [C]ourt's scope of review is limited to whether the decision and opinion of the [B]oard, inter alia , are ... supported by substantial evidence in the record and matters of judicial notice properly considered and applied in the opinion ..., are made in accordance with proper procedure ... and are not arbitrary, capricious or an abuse of discretion" ( Koch v. Dyson , 85 A.D.2d 346, 364, 448 N.Y.S.2d 698 [2d Dept. 1982] [internal quotation marks omitted]). "The task of weighing conflicting evidence ... is properly left to the ... Board" ( id. at 373, 448 N.Y.S.2d 698 ).
Here, assuming, arguendo, that the Coalition petitioners have standing to challenge the climate effects of the project (see generally Society of Plastics Indus. v. County of Suffolk , 77 N.Y.2d 761, 774-776, 570 N.Y.S.2d 778, 573 N.E.2d 1034 [1991] ), we conclude that the Board's determination is supported by substantial evidence and is not arbitrary or capricious. In support of its application, Alle-Catt introduced evidence regarding the amount of energy to be generated by the project; the proposed transmission facilities and the ability to connect energy generated by the project with New York City, where it is most needed; noise; setbacks; turbine heights and other configurations; and the purported benefits of the project. The Board also considered the project's impacts with respect to, among other things, carbon emissions; the collision risks to bats and birds, including bald eagles and upland sandpipers; streams, forests, and wetlands; agricultural lands; seismic risks; and planetary climate change. The Coalition petitioners, and others who opposed the project, submitted evidence regarding, among other things, the local opposition to the project; the project's non-conformity with local land use plans; the purported inability of the New York State electrical grid to ensure the proposed use of the energy generated by the project; and the environmental impact of the project. The Board reviewed all of those factors in making its determination (see Application of Alle-Catt Wind Energy LLC , 2020 WL 3036287, *6-52, 2020 N.Y. PUC. LEXIS 653, *11-116 ). Here, although the record contains some conflicting evidence "and room for choice exists[,] there is a rational basis for the [Board's] determination" ( Matter of County of Erie v. New York State Div. of Human Rights , 121 A.D.3d 1564, 1565, 993 N.Y.S.2d 849 [4th Dept. 2014] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see Matter of New York State Div. of Human Rights v. Hawk , 195 A.D.3d 1395, 1397, 150 N.Y.S.3d 186 [4th Dept. 2021] ; see generally 300 Gramatan Ave. Assoc. v. State Div. of Human Rights , 45 N.Y.2d 176, 180, 408 N.Y.S.2d 54, 379 N.E.2d 1183 [1978] ).
The Coalition petitioners next contend in proceeding No. 1 that the Board violated the First Amendment rights of a group of Amish residents that would be impacted by the project. Initially, we note that "[t]he standing of an organization such as [the Coalition] to maintain an action on behalf of its members requires that some or all of the members themselves have standing to sue, for standing which does not otherwise exist cannot be supplied by the mere multiplication of potential plaintiffs. Additionally, the interests which the organization seeks to protect must be germane to its purposes, the court should be satisfied that the organization is an appropriate one to act as the representative of the group whose rights it is asserting, and neither the relief requested nor the claims asserted must require participation of the individual members" ( Matter of Dental Socy. of State of N.Y. v. Carey , 61 N.Y.2d 330, 333-334, 474 N.Y.S.2d 262, 462 N.E.2d 362 [1984] ; see Matter of Niagara Preserv. Coalition, Inc. v. New York Power Auth. , 121 A.D.3d 1507, 1509-1510, 994 N.Y.S.2d 487 [4th Dept. 2014], lv denied 25 N.Y.3d 902, 2015 WL 1471786 [2015] ). Here, we conclude that the Coalition petitioners seek via that contention to protect rights or interests that are not germane to the Coalition's purpose, and thus they lack standing to raise that contention. In any event, the Coalition petitioners failed to raise that contention in their "brief on exceptions" to the hearing ( 16 NYCRR 4.10 [a]), which precluded them from raising that contention in their application for rehearing (see 16 NYCRR 4.10 [d] [2]). Therefore, even assuming, arguendo, that the Coalition petitioners had standing to raise that contention, their failure to raise it in their brief on exceptions "deprive[d] the administrative agency of the opportunity to prepare a record reflective of its expertise and judgment with regard to that issue and, as a result, [the Coalition petitioners have] failed to exhaust [their] administrative remedies with respect to that issue" ( Matter of Hill v. Zucker , 172 A.D.3d 1895, 1897, 97 N.Y.S.3d 902 [4th Dept. 2019] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see Matter of Yarbough v. Franco , 95 N.Y.2d 342, 347, 717 N.Y.S.2d 79, 740 N.E.2d 224 [2000] ). This Court has "no discretionary authority to review [the Coalition petitioners’] contention" ( Hill , 172 A.D.3d at 1897, 97 N.Y.S.3d 902 ).
For the same reasons, Farmersville's contentions in proceeding No. 2 concerning the Board's alleged violation of the First Amendment rights of Amish citizens are not properly before us.
Contrary to the further contention of Farmersville in proceeding No. 2, the Board did not err in failing to either apply or waive Farmersville Local Law Nos. 1 and 4 of 2020 (Farmersville's 2020 Laws), which were enacted in February 2020. Article 10 of the Public Service Law mandates, among other things, that the Board consider whether the proposed project "is designed to operate in compliance with applicable state and local laws and regulations," unless the Board determines that compliance with a law is "unreasonably burdensome in view of the existing technology or the needs of or costs to ratepayers" ( § 168 [3] [e] ). Thus, the enabling statute "requires certain specific findings to be made by the Board upon completing its review" of the proposed project, including its "ability to comply with State and local laws" ( TransGas Energy Sys., LLC , 65 A.D.3d at 1252, 887 N.Y.S.2d 99 ). The applicable local laws must be identified early in the process because they "will be used by parties to determine their positions in the issues conference and the remainder of the hearing phase of the proceeding" ( 16 NYCRR 1001.31 ). Here, Farmersville's 2020 Laws did not exist during the evidentiary phase of the process, and thus they were not raised at that time; therefore, the Board did not violate Public Service Law § 168 (3) (e) in refusing to consider them (see generally Matter of Broome County Concerned Residents v. New York State Bd. on Elec. Generation Siting & Envt. , 200 A.D.3d 26, 33-34, 157 N.Y.S.3d 166 [3d Dept. 2021] ). Furthermore, the Board did not abuse its discretion in declining to reopen the evidentiary phase of the proceedings based on local laws enacted after that part of the process was complete (see generally Matter of Incorporated Vil. of E. Williston v. Public Serv. Commn. of State of N.Y. , 153 A.D.2d 943, 946, 545 N.Y.S.2d 750 [2d Dept. 1989] ; Matter of Long Is. Lighting Co. v. Public Serv. Commn. of State of N.Y. , 134 A.D.2d 135, 146-147, 523 N.Y.S.2d 615 [3d Dept. 1987] ).
Finally, the Board did not abuse its discretion in rejecting Farmersville's interpretation of its Local Law No. 3 of 2019 (Farmersville's 2019 Law). During the proceedings before the Board, Farmersville contended that it interpreted that local law as including all Amish residences within the definition of churches for the purposes of setbacks for wind generation and electrical transmission facilities. "Where the language of a statute is clear and unambiguous, courts must give effect to its plain meaning" ( Matter of Tall Trees Constr. Corp. v. Zoning Bd. of Appeals of Town of Huntington , 97 N.Y.2d 86, 91, 735 N.Y.S.2d 873, 761 N.E.2d 565 [2001] ; see McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes § 94), and the term residence is defined in Farmersville's 2019 Law as "any dwelling suitable for habitation." Inasmuch as there is no evidence that Farmersville classified the dwellings at issue as churches in any other context, and their primary uses were agricultural and residential, the Board did not err in declining to classify those dwellings as churches (see generally Matter of Yeshivath Shearith Hapletah v. Assessor of Town of Fallsburg , 79 N.Y.2d 244, 250, 582 N.Y.S.2d 54, 590 N.E.2d 1182 [1992] ; Matter of Yeshiva & Mesivta Toras Chaim v. Rose , 136 A.D.2d 710, 711, 523 N.Y.S.2d 907 [2d Dept. 1988] ).