World SS, Inc.

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Sep 20, 2001

335 N.L.R.B. 1203 (N.L.R.B. 2001)

WORLD SS, INC. 1203
World SS, Inc. and Teamsters, Local 43 and Christine
L. Holloway. Cases 30–CA–13549 and 30–CA–
13622
September 20, 2001
DECISION AND ORDER
BY MEMBERS LIEBMAN, TRUESDALE, AND
WALSH
On September 21, 1998, Administrative Law Judge C.
Richard Miserendino issued the attached decision. The
General Counsel and the Respondent each filed exceptions
and a supporting brief, and the Respondent filed a reply
brief in opposition to the General Counsel’s exceptions.
The National Labor Relations Board has delegated its
authority in this proceeding to a three-member panel.
The Board has considered the decision and the record in
light of the exceptions and briefs, and has decided to af-
firm the judge’s rulings, findings,1 and conclusions2 only
to the extent consistent with this Decision and Order.3
For the reasons set forth in the judge’s decision, we
adopt his findings that the Respondent violated Section
8(a)(1) of the Act by informing employee Christine Hol-
loway that it had transferred employees from another
facility in order to defeat the Union in a Board election
and that the Respondent violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1)
of the Act by discharging Holloway because of her union
activities. The judge further concluded that the Respon-
dent did not violate Section 8(a)(1) and (3) by discharg-
ing employees John Catalanello and Floyd Matthews for
conduct that occurred while they were on unlawful sus-
pension. For the reasons stated below, we find merit in
the General Counsel’s exceptions to the judge’s dis-
missal of the 8(a)(3) and (1) allegations regarding Cata-
lanello’s and Matthews’ discharges.4

1 The Respondent has excepted to some of the judge’s credibility
findings. The Board’s established policy is not to overrule an adminis-
trative law judge’s credibility resolutions unless the clear preponder-
ance of all the relevant evidence convinces us that they are incorrect.
Standard Dry Wall Products, 91 NLRB 544 (1950), enfd. 188 F.2d 362
(3d Cir. 1951). We have carefully examined the record and find no
basis for reversing the findings.
2 No exceptions were filed to the following findings by the judge: (1)
Dock Supervisor Arthur Harding is a statutory supervisor; (2) the Re-
spondent violated Sec. 8(a)(1) of the Act by interrogating employees,
by warning employees that they could “leave” if they were unhappy on
the job, by implying to employees that it would be futile for them to
organize the Respondent, and by suspending employees John Cata-
lanello and Floyd Matthews; and (3) the Respondent, by Harding, did
not unlawfully interrogate Matthews by questioning him about wanting
to go union, and the Respondent did not violate Sec. 8(a)(3) and (1) of
the Act by suspending Catalanello and Matthews.
3 We shall modify the recommended Order and notice to reflect
more clearly the judge’s findings of violations, and to reflect our rever-
sal of the judge’s dismissal of two unlawful discharge allegations, and
to reflect our recent decision in Ferguson Electric Co., 335 NLRB 142
(2001).
SuperValu, Inc. operates a food distribution service in
Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin, where truckdrivers deliver
products provided by outside vendors. Before August
1996,5 the truckdrivers hired and paid independent con-
tractors called “lumpers” to unload their trucks at Super-
Valu’s facility. In late August or early September, the
Respondent entered into an agreement with SuperValu to
provide lumping services at this distribution center.
SuperValu, which was seeking to eliminate the need for
independent contractors by creating an exclusive lump-
ing company, informed the current lumpers that they
would have to work for the Respondent if they wanted to
continue unloading trucks at the site. However, for the
relevant period here, SuperValu permitted truckdrivers to
hire their own lumpers as they had done before.
Both Catalanello and Matthews were experienced
lumpers who had worked for 2-1/2 and 5 years, respec-
tively, as independent contractors at the SuperValu facil-
ity. About September 22, the Respondent hired Cata-
lanello and Matthews to work as lumpers there. The new
employees immediately became dissatisfied with their
working conditions because the Respondent paid them
about half of what they had earned as independent con-
tractors and they received no overtime pay. After only 1
day on the job, Catalanello, Matthews, and three other
new employees went to the Union and signed authoriza-
tion cards.
On October 7, a union official went to the Pleasant
Prairie site and presented Supervisor Harding with the
signed union cards, including those of Catalanello and
Matthews. Harding informed higher management of the
organizing activity. The next morning, October 8, the
Respondent’s branch manager, Jeffrey Jones, commented
to Catalanello and Matthews: “What’s the matter with
you guys? [W]e give you everything. Why aren’t you
happy? [W]hat do you want the Union for?” Catalanello
replied that he was worried about job security.
After work on October 8, Harding joined Catalanello
and Matthews for breakfast. Harding asked them, “So
you guys want to turn Union, huh?” The two employees
replied that they did. Harding later informed them that
“this Company will never turn Union.” He explained
that the Respondent, as a nonunion employer, had the
capacity to operate the entire warehouse if SuperValu’s
unionized employees ever went on strike. After Mat-
4 We find it unnecessary to decide, however, whether the discharges
independently violated Sec. 8(a)(1) of the Act since the remedy would
not differ materially.
5 All dates are in 1996, unless otherwise noted.
335 NLRB No. 95
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 1204
thews complained, Harding responded, “If you don’t like
it you can leave.”
On October 10, Branch Manager Jones handed Cata-
lanello a piece of paper with a name and phone number
on it and said that a man named Tim Athey wanted to
speak with Catalanello. After Catalanello arrived home,
he called the phone number and left a message on an
answering machine. Athey returned Catalanello’s phone
call later that day. Athey, who identified himself as a
part owner of the Respondent, asked about Catalanello’s
organizing activities and then informed him that it would
not be in Catalanello’s best interest to continue the orga-
nizing effort.
About October 24, Harding directed Catalanello to
unload a truck near quitting time. Catalanello asked
Matthews to help him as they had driven to work to-
gether. Because their shift was almost over and the
SuperValu forklift drivers were about to begin their
lunchbreak, Matthews was not eager to start unloading
another truck. Matthews, who had previously told Hard-
ing that he did not intend to stay late that morning, knew
that the work would last well beyond the end of his and
Catalanello’s workday and that they would not receive
any overtime pay for performing it.
Although SuperValu usually does not permit lumpers
to stay on the dock and work during its employees’ lunch
hour, Harding had persuaded a SuperValu supervisor to
have a forklift driver pull the grocery pallets off the truck
before lunch and to allow the lumpers to unload the pal-
lets during lunchbreak. When the forklift driver did not
pull the pallets, Harding complained loudly about it and
demanded to know the name of the driver. The forklift
driver heard Harding’s remarks, dropped the pallet he
was working on, and began unloading a different truck.
It was now past the end of Catalanello’s and Matthews’
shift. They knew it would take at least 4 more hours to
unload the truck. The employees, who were upset with
Harding’s handling of the situation, told him that they
were going home. Harding replied, “Fine, whatever.”
On Catalanello’s and Matthews’ return to work that
night, Jones told them that he had received a phone call
from his boss complaining about a truck they had failed
to unload and stating that the Respondent would have to
hold someone accountable. The employees explained
that they had told Harding several times that they were
leaving because their shift had ended. Catalanello and
Matthews were off work the following day. Two days
later, when they returned to the SuperValu warehouse to
pick up their paychecks, Jones suspended them for 3
days for walking off an uncompleted job without permis-
sion. Matthews angrily accused Harding, who was pre-
sent, of lying to Jones to conceal his own mistakes. Both
employees refused to sign their suspension notices, and
walked out of the room together.
On the first day of the employees’ suspension, about
October 27, Catalanello received a phone call from a
truckdriver en route to the SuperValu warehouse who
needed help unloading the truck. The truckdriver appar-
ently did not know that the Respondent was now per-
forming most of these services for SuperValu. After
Catalanello agreed to unload the truck and arranged for
Matthews to help him, they met the driver at the Super-
Valu guard shack and rode into the facility with him.
They began unloading the truck before Jones approached
them and asked if they were working as independent
contractors. When Catalanello and Matthews replied that
they were, Jones told them that they were competing
directly with the Respondent for lumping work and ter-
minated their employment. He asked for their badges -
Matthews was wearing his—which the lumpers refused
to return until they received their final paychecks. After
the Respondent discharged them, Catalanello and Mat-
thews continued to unload trucks as independent contrac-
tors until November 8, when the Respondent gained ex-
clusive lumping privileges at the SuperValu warehouse.
The judge found, and the Respondent has not excepted
to his finding, that the Respondent violated Section
8(a)(1) by suspending Catalanello and Matthews for 3
days because of their protected concerted activities.6 He
concluded that:

[T]he evidence supports a reasonable inference that
the decision to leave work at the end of their 8-hour
shift was a logical outgrowth of a concern expressed
by Matthews and shared by Catalanello about the Re-
spondent’s failure to pay lumpers an overtime rate for
work performed beyond 8 hours a day. The fact that
they were suspended at the same time for the same
reason, and the fact that they walked out of the sus-
pension meeting together after refusing to sign their
suspension notices, also supports the inference that
they were engaged in protected concerted activity.
[Citation omitted.]7
The amended consolidated complaint further alleged
that the Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act
by discharging Catalanello and Matthews because of
their protected concerted activities. While noting that
Catalanello and Matthews had engaged in such activities
the previous day when they complained about the Re-
spondent’s pay practices and left work, the judge found
that the two men were working as independent contrac-

6 The General Counsel has not excepted to the judge’s failure to find
8(a)(3) violations in these suspensions.
7 JD, sec. III,A,6,a, par. 3.
WORLD SS, INC. 1205
tors, not employees, when they performed lumping ser-
vices while on suspension. Because he found that these
individuals had lost their employee status while working
as independent contractors and thus had no ability to
engage in protected concerted activities under the Act at
the time of their discharges, the judge concluded that the
Respondent did not violate Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by
terminating Catalanello and Matthews.8
Regarding the additional issue of whether the Respon-
dent violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act by dis-
charging Catalanello and Matthews for their union activi-
ties,9 the judge found that the employees’ union activity,
the Respondent’s knowledge of it, its animus towards the
Union, and the timing of the discharges “tends to support
a reasonable inference that the protected union activity
was a motivating factor in the decisions to discharge.”10
Nonetheless, the judge concluded, citing Crystal Linen
Service, 274 NLRB 946, 948–949 (1985); and Associ-
ated Advertising Specialists, 232 NLRB 50, 54 (1977),
that the Respondent sustained its burden to show that
Catalanello and Matthews would have been discharged
in any event for performing lumping services as inde-
pendent contractors, since the Respondent would have
sought this work if given the opportunity. The judge
therefore found that the Respondent did not discharge
these employees in violation of Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of
the Act.

8 Under Sec. 2(3) of the Act:
The term “employee” shall include any employee, and shall
not be limited to the employees of a particular employer, unless
the Act [this subchapter] explicitly states otherwise, and shall in-
clude any individual whose work has ceased as a consequence of,
or in connection with, any current labor dispute or because of any
unfair labor practice, and who has not obtained any other regular
and substantially equivalent employment, but shall not include
any individual employed as an agricultural laborer, or in the do-
mestic service of any family or person at his home, or any indi-
vidual employed by his parent or spouse, or any individual having
the status of an independent contractor, or any individual em-
ployed as a supervisor, or any individual employed by an em-
ployer subject to the Railway Labor Act [45 U.S.C. § 151 et seq.],
as amended from time to time, or by any other person who is not
an employer as herein defined. [Emphasis added.]
9 The judge noted that the amended consolidated complaint did not
allege this violation, but he considered it on the merits because the
General Counsel had argued in his posttrial brief that the discharges
also violated Sec. 8(a)(3). In its exceptions, the Respondent does not
argue that the judge erred in considering this issue. The underlying
charge itself alleged that the discharges violated Sec. 8(a)(3). Based on
the record evidence, we find that the matter of whether the discharges
violated Sec. 8(a)(3) was fully litigated at the hearing. Thus, we con-
clude that the judge properly considered the 8(a)(3) allegations that the
General Counsel raised in his posttrial brief. See Pergament United
Sales, 296 NLRB 333, 334 (1989), enfd. 920 F.2d 130 (2d Cir. 1990).
10 See Wright Line, 251 NLRB 1083, 1089 (1980), enfd. 662 F.2d
899 (1st Cir. 1981), cert. denied 455 U.S. 989 (1982).
For the reasons stated below, we reverse the judge and
find that the Respondent violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1)
by discharging Catalanello and Matthews because of
their union activities.
In Wright Line,11 the Board set forth a test of causation
for all cases alleging violations of Section 8(a)(3) and (1)
turning on employer motivation. Under the Wright Line
test, to establish that an employer unlawfully discharged
an alleged discriminatee, the General Counsel must show
by a preponderance of the evidence that the protected ac-
tivity was a motivating factor in the employer’s decision to
discharge.12 Once the General Counsel has made the re-
quired showing, the burden shifts to the Respondent to
demonstrate that it would have taken the same action even
in the absence of the protected union activity.13
We agree with the judge that the General Counsel sat-
isfied his evidentiary burden of establishing that Cata-
lanello’s and Matthews’ union activities were a motivat-
ing factor in their discharges. The evidence shows that
Catalanello and Matthews were among the employees
who initiated contact with the Union and who immedi-
ately signed authorization cards. It is also clear that the
Respondent was aware of their activities because the
Union showed the Respondent cards signed by Cata-
lanello and Matthews on October 7. On learning of the
employees’ union activities, the Respondent’s response
was swift. As detailed infra, the next day, Branch Man-
ager Jones coercively interrogated these employees; Su-
pervisor Harding informed them that it would be futile to
organize a union of the Respondent’s employees; and
Harding told Matthews, in Catalanello’s presence, that he
should quit if he was unhappy working for the Respon-
dent. The Respondent’s executive vice president, Athey,
also coercively interrogated Catalanello by phone on
October 10, and advised Catalanello that it would not be
in his best interest to continue the organizing effort. Ad-
ditionally, we have adopted the judge’s findings that the
Respondent unlawfully told employee Holloway that it
had transferred employees from another facility in order
to defeat the organizing campaign and later violated Sec-
tion 8(a)(3) of the Act by discharging her, giving a pre-
textual reason. Finally, the Respondent does not except
to the finding that it unlawfully suspended Catalanello
and Matthews only the day before. Thus, the evidence is
overwhelming that the Respondent had animus towards
its employees’ union activities. The timing of events
supports a finding that the discharges violated Section
8(a)(3) because they occurred roughly 2 weeks after the
Respondent learned of the union activity and only 1 day
11 Id.
12 Id.
13 Id.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 1206
after the Respondent unlawfully suspended these em-
ployees for engaging in protected concerted activity.14
For these reasons, we find, as did the judge, that the
General Counsel has established under Wright Line that
Catalanello’s and Matthews’ union activities were a mo-
tivating factor in their discharges.
Because the General Counsel has satisfied his initial
evidentiary requirements, the burden shifts to the Re-
spondent to establish that it would have discharged these
two employees even in the absence of their union activi-
ties. We disagree with the judge that the Respondent has
met that burden.
We reject the judge’s finding that the Respondent
would have discharged Catalanello and Matthews in any
event because of their purported disloyalty in performing
unloading work for one of the truckers. Although the
Respondent claims that it discharged Catalanello and
Matthews for performing lumping work that the Respon-
dent could have done, the Respondent submitted no evi-
dence establishing that the Respondent would have per-
formed this work for the trucker if the suspended em-
ployees had declined to assist him. At this time truckers
could use whomever they wanted to unload their trucks.
As far as the record shows, the Respondent’s only oppor-
tunity to perform all unloading work was to obtain an
exclusive concession covering the work from SuperValu.
There is certainly nothing to suggest that Catalanello and
Matthews, by working for the trucker on this occasion,
would interfere in any way with the Respondent’s efforts
to obtain that exclusive concession. In fact, shortly after
their discharges the Respondent was able to secure the
exclusive concession. Thus, we reject the judge’s find-
ing that the Respondent lawfully discharged Catalanello
and Matthews because they were acting as its business
competitors; they could not reasonably have been viewed
as such based on the single incident involved here.
Rather, the weight of the evidence establishes that the
Respondent seized on the employees’ performance of
lumping work as a pretext for discharging them. In the
absence of any other proffered reason for their discharge,
the Respondent has failed to rebut the General Counsel’s
initial showing that the discharges were unlawful, and we
conclude that the Respondent discharged Catalanello and
Matthews in violation of Section 8(a)(3).

14 NLRB v. Rain Ware, Inc., 732 F.2d 1349, 1354 (7th Cir. 1984)
(timing alone may be sufficient to establish that antiunion animus was a
motivating factor in a discharge decision); see Standard Sheet Metal,
Inc., 326 NLRB 411, 421 (1998) (employee unlawfully suspended 1
day after having a verbal disagreement with his foreman regarding the
union); Trader Horn of New Jersey, Inc., 316 NLRB 194, 199 (1995)
(three employees unlawfully discharged on the same day the employer
identified them as being involved with the union).
The cases that the judge relies on for dismissing the
8(a)(3) allegation are inapposite here. In Crystal Linen
Service, supra, the Board found no 8(a)(1) violation
where the employer discharged striking employees after
sending them a letter warning them that they were acting
disloyally by soliciting their former customers to switch
permanently to a competitor that had employed them
during the strike. The Board held in Associated Advertis-
ing Specialists, supra, that the employer lawfully dis-
charged a laid-off employee who had formed a compet-
ing enterprise and attempted to permanently solicit busi-
ness from the employer’s principal customer, apparently
using information received during the course of his em-
ployment, resulting in the employer losing that customer
to a third party. In contrast, there is no record evidence
establishing that Catalanello’s and Matthews’ actions
took any business from the Respondent or interfered with
the Respondent’s effort to obtain future business.
In any event, it was the Respondent that temporarily
caused these employees to lose their livelihood by
unlawfully suspending them for 3 days. Catalanello and
Matthews, as discriminatees, had the obligation to miti-
gate their loss of earnings during the backpay period.
Both employees did this the best way they knew how by
working as lumpers at the SuperValu site. Their pre-
dicament was analogous to that faced by the discrimina-
tees in Marshall Maintenance Corp., 149 NLRB 735
(1964), in which the employer sought to deny the dis-
criminatees reinstatement because they had attempted to
form a competitive business following their discharges.
The Board adopted the findings of the judge who stated:

Respondent should not be permitted to rely upon
its own unlawful conduct to defeat reinstatement
merely because the discharged employees sought—
albeit not successfully—to earn a livelihood after they
were discriminatorily discharged. Not only were they
free to utilize the talents they possessed in the field of
their greatest experience, but the law required them to
do so in order to minimize, to the fullest extent possi-
ble, Respondent’s backpay liability.

Accordingly, we find that the Respondent violated
Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act by discharging Cata-
lanello and Matthews because of their union activities.
We shall order that the Respondent reinstate these em-
ployees and make them whole for any loss of earnings
and other benefits they suffered by virtue of the Respon-
dent’s discrimination against them.
AMENDED CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
Substitute the following for Conclusion of Law 5.
“5. The Respondent violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the
Act by discharging employees Catalanello and Matthews on
WORLD SS, INC. 1207
or about October 27, 1996, and by discharging employee
Christine Holloway on or about October 29, 1996.”
ORDER
The National Labor Relations Board orders that the
Respondent, World SS, Inc., Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin,
its officers, agents, successors, and assigns, shall
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Coercively interrogating employees about their un-
ion activity or union support.
(b) Threatening employees that they could leave their
jobs if they were unhappy and wanted union representation.
(c) Implying to employees that it would be futile to at-
tempt to organize a union and that it would be futile to
attempt to obtain a fair Board-run election.
(d) Suspending employees because they engaged in
protected concerted activity.
(e) Discharging employees because of their member-
ship in and/or support of Teamsters, Local 43, or any
other labor organization.
(f) In any like or related manner interfering with, re-
straining, or coercing employees in the exercise of the
rights guaranteed them by Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to
effectuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, offer
employees John Catalanello, Christine Holloway, and
Floyd Matthews full reinstatement to their former jobs
or, if those jobs no longer exist, to substantially equiva-
lent positions, without prejudice to their seniority or any
other rights or privileges previously enjoyed.
(b) Make John Catalanello, Christine Holloway, and
Floyd Matthews whole for any loss of earnings and other
benefits they suffered as a result of the unlawful dis-
crimination against them, in the manner set forth in the
remedy section of the decision.
(c) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, remove
from its files any references to the unlawful discharge of
employee Christine Holloway, and the unlawful suspen-
sion and discharges of employees John Catalanello and
Floyd Matthews and, within 3 days thereafter, notify the
employees in writing that this has been done and that
these unlawful actions will not be used against them in
any way.
(d) Preserve and, within 14 days of a request, or such
additional time as the Regional Director may allow for
good cause shown, provide at a reasonable place desig-
nated by the Board or its agents, all payroll records, so-
cial security payment records, timecards, personnel re-
cords and reports, and all other records, including an
electronic copy of such records if stored in electronic
form, necessary to analyze the amount of backpay due
under the terms of this Order.
(e) Within 14 days after service by Region 30, post at
its various facilities copies of the attached notice marked
“Appendix.”15 Copies of the notice, on forms provided
by the Regional Director for Region 30, after being
signed by the Respondent’s authorized representative,
shall be posted by the Respondent immediately upon
receipt and maintained for 60 consecutive days in con-
spicuous places including all places where notices to
employees are customarily posted. Reasonable steps
shall be taken by the Respondent to ensure that the no-
tices are not altered, defaced, or covered by any other
material. In the event that, during the pendency of these
proceedings, the Respondent has gone out of business or
closed the facility involved in these proceedings, the Re-
spondent shall duplicate and mail, at its own expense, a
copy of the notice to all current employees and former
employees employed by the Respondent at any time
since October 8, 1996.
(f) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file with
the Regional Director a sworn certification of a responsi-
ble official on a form provided by the Region attesting to
the steps that the Respondent has taken to comply.
APPENDIX
NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES
POSTED BY ORDER OF THE
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
An Agency of the United States Government

The National Labor Relations Board has found that we vio-
lated the National Labor Relations Act and has ordered us to
post and abide by this notice.

Section 7 of the Act gives employees these rights.
To organize
To form, join, or assist any union
To bargain collectively through representatives
of their own choice
To act together for other mutual aid or protection
To choose not to engage in any of these protected
concerted activities.

WE WILL NOT coercively interrogate our employees
about their union activity or union support.
WE WILL NOT threaten our employees that they
could leave their jobs if they were unhappy and wanted
union representation.

15 If this Order is enforced by a judgment of a United States court of
appeals, the words in the notice reading “Posted by Order of the Na-
tional Labor Relations Board” shall read “Posted Pursuant to a Judg-
ment of the United States Court of Appeals Enforcing an Order of the
National Labor Relations Board.”
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 1208
WE WILL NOT imply to our employees that it would
be futile to attempt to organize a union and that it would
be futile to attempt to obtain a fair Board-run election.
WE WILL NOT suspend our employees because they
engaged in protected concerted activity.
WE WILL NOT discharge our employees because of
their membership in and/or support of Teamsters, Local
43, or any other labor organization.
WE WILL NOT in any like or related manner interfere
with, restrain, or coerce our employees in the exercise of
the rights guaranteed them by Section 7 of the Act.
WE WILL offer John Catalanello, Christine Holloway,
and Floyd Matthews full reinstatement to their former
jobs or, if those jobs no longer exist, to substantially
equivalent positions, without prejudice to their seniority
or any other rights or privileges previously enjoyed.
WE WILL make John Catalanello, Christine Holloway,
and Floyd Matthews whole for any loss of earnings and
other benefits they suffered as a result of discrimination
against them in the manner set forth in the remedy sec-
tion of the decision.
WE WILL, within 14 days from the date of this Order,
remove from our files any references to the unlawful
discharge of employee Christine Holloway, and the
unlawful suspensions and discharges of employees John
Catalanello and Floyd Matthews, and WE WILL, within
3 days thereafter, notify them in writing that this has
been done and that these unlawful actions will not be
used against them in any way.

WORLD SS, INC.

Rocky L. Coe, Esq. and J. Edward Castillo, Esq., for the Gen-
eral Counsel.
Raymond Causey, Esq., of Pasadena, California, for the Re-
spondent.
DECISION
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
C. RICHARD MISERENDINO, Administrative Law Judge.
This case was tried in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on December 2–
3, 1997. The charge in Case 30–CA–13549 was filed on Octo-
ber 23, 1996. The charge in Case 30–CA–13622 was filed on
December 11, 1996. An order consolidating cases, amended
consolidated complaint, and notice of hearing issued on July
18, 1997. The amended consolidated complaint alleges that the
Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by informing
employees on October 8 that their organizing efforts were fu-
tile; by interrogating and threatening an employee on October
10 with unspecified reprisals, if he did not abandon his union
activities; and by informing an employee on October 22, 1996,
that the employees would not receive a fair election nor could
the Union ultimately prevail in a Board-run election. It further
alleges that the Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act
on October 26 by suspending employees John Catalanello and
Floyd Matthews and by terminating their employment on Octo-
ber 27, 1996, because they engaged in union and protected
concerted activities. Lastly, the amended consolidated com-
plaint alleges that the Respondent violated Section 8(a)(3) and
(1) of the Act on October 22 by attempting to constructively
discharge employee Christine Holloway, and by terminating
her on October 29, 1996, because she engaged in union and
protected concerted activities.
The Respondent’s answer denied the material allegations of
the amended consolidated complaint and also denied that the
charges were properly served and that the Board has jurisdic-
tion. In response, the General Counsel filed a motion to strike1
those paragraphs of the answer denying proper service and
jurisdiction. The General Counsel also moved to strike the
Respondent’s affirmative defenses.
With respect to the allegations concerning proper service and
jurisdiction, the Respondent’s counsel stipulated at the hearing
that the charges were properly served and in a timely manner.
He also stipulated that the Respondent maintains an office
trailer at the SuperValu, Inc. warehouse in Pleasant Prairie,
Wisconsin, and that between September 1 and December 31,
1996, the Respondent derived gross revenues in the amount of
$59,689.34 from providing lumping services at that facility.
Respondent’s counsel also stipulated that between January 1
and November 7, 1997, the Respondent derived gross revenues
in the amount of $212,406.05 from providing these same ser-
vices at the same location. Finally, the Respondent’s counsel
stipulated that these revenues were derived from unloading
products that were transported across State lines by truck. Ac-
cordingly, I grant the motion to strike the Respondent’s an-
swers to paragraphs 1 and 2(a), (b), and (c).2 The allegations in
the amended consolidated complaint concerning proper service
and jurisdiction are deemed admitted.
The Respondent also denied that the Union was a labor or-
ganization within the meaning of the Act as alleged in para-
graph 3 of the amended consolidated complaint. However, it
offered no reasonable explanation for doing so nor any evi-
dence to support its position. The Respondent’s counsel con-
ceded that he did not make a reasonable effort to ascertain
whether the allegations of the complaint were true. Accord-
ingly, I granted the motion to strike the answer to paragraph 3
of the complaint. The allegation in the amended consolidated
complaint is deemed admitted.
Respondent’s affirmative defenses 1–2, 4–6 assert that the
Board unreasonably delayed processing the charges and that the
complaint is time barred by Section 10(b) of the Act. The Re-
spondent has not argued nor shown that its affirmative defenses
have any merit. Nor does the evidence support affirmative
defense 3, which asserts that paragraphs 9 and 10 of the com-
plaint do not state facts sufficient to constitute a violation of the
Act. Accordingly, the Respondent’s affirmative defenses 1–6
are stricken.

1 Sec. 102.21 of the Board’s Rules and Regulations.
2 The Respondent was granted leave to address the jurisdictional
question in its posthearing brief, but failed to do so. Based on the evi-
dence in the record, I therefore reconsider my prior ruling regarding
par. 2(c) of the answer and grant the motion to strike that paragraph.
WORLD SS, INC. 1209
In the course of the hearing, the parties were afforded a full
opportunity to appear, present evidence, examine and cross-
examine witnesses, and afterwards to file posthearing briefs.
On the entire record, including my observation of the de-
meanor of the witnesses, and after considering the posthearing
briefs filed by the General Counsel and Respondent, I make the
following
FINDINGS OF FACT
I. JURISDICTION
The Respondent, World SS, Inc., is a Texas corporation en-
gaged in the business of providing lumping services at a distri-
bution center owned and operated by SuperValu Inc. in Pleas-
ant Prairie, Wisconsin. The evidence discloses that between the
period of September 1, 1996, to November 7, 1997, the Re-
spondent derived gross revenues from its lumping services at
Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin, in excess of $250,000 by unload-
ing products that were transported from points outside the State
of Wisconsin and delivered to SuperValu by truck. I find that
the Respondent is an employer engaged in commerce within the
meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.3
I find that the Union is a labor organization within the mean-
ing of Section 2(5) of the Act.
II. ALLEGED UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
A. Facts
SuperValu Inc. operates a food distribution center (i.e., ware-
house) in Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin, where it receives
products delivered by truck from outside vendors. Prior to
August 1996, it engaged independent contractors called “lump-
ers” to unload the products from the trucks. The truckdrivers
paid the lumpers a fee that was negotiated by the truckdriver
and individual lumper. SuperValu therefore did not incur any
expense for unloading the trucks.
In late August-early September 1996, Respondent World SS
Inc. (World or WSS) contracted with SuperValu to provide
lumping services at the Pleasant Prairie facility using lumpers
employed by World. The truckdrivers paid World a fee, nego-
tiated by World’s dock supervisor and the truckdriver, for
unloading the products.
In an effort to adequately staff the Pleasant Prairie facility,
and with the hope of becoming the exclusive provider of lump-
ing services at that location, World sought to employ the best
qualified independent contractor lumpers, who were working at
Pleasant Prairie. It also advertised for lumpers in local newspa-
pers.4 The newly hired lumpers were paid a salary of $400 per
week, which was approximately half of what the independent
contractors earned. World’s lumpers also were not paid over-
time for working more than 8 hours a day or 40 hours a week.

3 I also take judicial notice of World SS, Inc., 310 NLRB No. 194
(1993) (not reported in Board volumes), where the Board asserted
jurisdiction over the Respondent.
4 World also brought in small crews of lumpers, who it employed at
warehouses in other parts of the country. World provided these indi-
viduals with transportation to and from Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin,
hotel accommodations, and a meal stipend.
1. The attempt to organize the Pleasant Prairie facility
John Catalanello and Floyd Matthews were independent con-
tractor lumpers, who had worked for several years at the Pleas-
ant Prairie facility. On or about September 22, 1996, they were
interviewed, hired, and began working for World. From the
outset, Catalanello and Matthews were unhappy with their new
employment arrangement. They were earning about half of
what they had earned while working as independent contrac-
tors, they were not receiving overtime pay, and they were con-
cerned about job security. After 1 day on the job, Catalanello,
Matthews, and three other former independent contractor lump-
ers went to the Teamsters Local 43 union hall and signed au-
thorization cards.
On October 7, Ray DeHahn, secretary-treasurer of Team-
sters, Local 43, visited the SuperValu distribution center. He
introduced himself to Arthur Harding, World’s dock supervisor,
and presented to him the signed authorization cards. DeHahn
asked Harding if the Respondent would voluntarily recognize
the Union. Harding examined the cards, but told DeHahn that
he did not have the authority to recognize the Union. After
DeHahn left, Harding notified his supervisor, Jeffrey Jones, the
Respondent’s branch manager at the Pleasant Prairie facility,
that he had been approached by a union official seeking to rec-
ognize the lumpers. Jones called Assistant District Manager
Zachary Price and District Manager Patrick Beck to tell them
what occurred.5
2. Questioning Catalanello and Matthews
about their union activities
The next morning, October 8, 1996, Catalanello and Mat-
thews entered the World office trailer before going home at
which time Branch Manager Jones began to question them
about their decision to seek union representation. According to
Matthews’ uncontroverted testimony, Jones asked them:
“What’s the matter with you guys? Why aren’t—we give you
everything. Why aren’t you happy? What do you want? Try-
ing to Union—what do you want the Union for?” (Tr. 221.)
Catalanello responded by telling Jones that they were con-
cerned about their jobs and the conversation ended.
As Matthews and Catalanello left the trailer, they were
joined by Harding, who occasionally rode to and from work
with them. On the way home, the three men decided to stop for
breakfast. Catalanello and Matthews testified that on route to
the restaurant Harding stated, “So you guys want to turn union,
huh?” (Tr. 84, 219.) Matthews and Catalanello responded
affirmatively and nothing more was said.
At the restaurant, however, Harding again brought up the is-
sue of the organizing campaign. He told them that “this com-
pany will never turn union.” (Tr. 84.) Harding stated that it
was not in World’s best interest to have its lumpers unionize
because if SuperValu’s unionized employees6 ever went on
strike, World had the capability to operate the entire Pleasant
Prairie facility. If World’s lumpers were organized, the Union
5 A few days later, DeHahn received a letter, dated October 9, from
Tim Athey, World’s executive vice president, declining recognition.
6 Teamsters, Local 43 also represented SuperValu’s warehouse em-
ployees.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 1210
would prohibit the lumpers from crossing a picket line and thus
deprive World of a potentially big business opportunity. When
Matthews told Harding “that’s pretty chicken shit,” Harding
replied, “If you don’t like it you can leave.” (Tr. 220.)
Two days later, October 10, as Catalanello was preparing to
go home, Jones handed him a piece of paper with a name and
telephone number on it. He told Catalanello that a man named
Tim Athey wanted to speak with him. Catalanello took the
paper and left without asking any questions. When he arrived
home, he called the phone number and left a message on an
answering machine. Athey called back later that day and iden-
tified himself as part owner of World SS, Inc. He asked Cata-
lanello about his union activities and warned him that it would
not be in his best interest to continue with the organizing drive.
3. The suspension of Catalanello and Matthews
On or about October 24, Harding asked Catalanello to
unload another truck before going home. Catalanello agreed
and asked Matthews to help. Matthews, however, was reluctant
to start unloading another truck. It was close to the end of their
regular shift and the SuperValu forklift drivers were about to
take their lunchbreak, which normally meant that none of the
Respondent’s lumpers were allowed on the dock to unload.
Matthews already had told Harding that he did not plan to stay
late and knew that they would have to work well beyond the
end of their regular shift.
In an effort to facilitate the unloading, Harding had made ar-
rangements with a SuperValu supervisor to have a forklift
driver pull the grocery pallets off the truck just before the
SuperValu lunchbreak, so that the lumpers could remain on the
dock to unload the pallet during the lunchbreak. Unfortunately,
the forklift driver did not pull the pallets as planned, which
meant that the truck could not be unloaded. When Harding
noticed that nothing was getting done, he demanded in a loud
voice to know the name of the forklift driver. Catalanello was
reluctant to say anything for fear that the forklift driver might
retaliate by refusing to pull the load. The forklift driver, how-
ever, overheard Harding. He dropped the pallet he was pulling
and left to unload another truck.
At that point, Catalanello and Matthews became upset with
Harding for delaying the job further by angering the forklift
operator. By now, it was past the end of their regular shift and
they had not even begun unloading a truck that would take at
least 4 hours under normal conditions. Thus, they told Harding
that they were going home to which Harding responded, “Fine,
whatever.”
When they returned to work that night, Jones asked them
what had happened that morning. He said that he had received
a phone call from his boss complaining about a truck that was
left unloaded and someone was going to have to be held ac-
countable. Matthews tried to explain that he and Catalanello
had told Harding they were leaving several times, but Jones
told them he would have to talk to Harding again, since their
version of the story differed from Harding’s.7

7 In the course of the hearing, the Respondent’s counsel sought to in-
troduce an unsigned, undated, handwritten document that Harding
allegedly prepared and gave to Jones which purportedly contained
Harding’s account of the events leading up the suspension of Cata-
The following day Catalanello and Matthews were off from
work. When they went to pick up their paychecks 2 days later,
Jones told them they both were suspended for 3 days for walk-
ing off an uncompleted job, without permission. Matthews
reacted by calling Harding, who was also present, a “lying son
of a bitch” and accused him of trying to make them the scape-
goats for his own mistakes. When Jones asked them to sign
their suspension notices, they refused and walked out the room.
4. The discharge of Catalanello and Matthews
The next day—the first day of his suspension—Catalanello
received a phone call from a truckdriver heading for the
SuperValu distribution center, who needed help unloading his
truck. The truckdriver apparently was unaware that World had
taken over the lumping service. Catalanello arranged for him
and Matthews to unload the truck. They met the driver at the
guard shack and rode into the facility with him. In the course of
unloading, they were approached by Jones, who asked if they
were working as independent contractors. When they replied,
“yes,” Jones told them that they were competing directly with
the Respondent and asked for their World SS, Inc. identifica-
tion badges, effectively terminating their employment. Neither
Catalanello or Matthews would return their badge until they
received final paychecks. After being discharged, they contin-
ued to unload trucks as independent contractors until November
8, at which time SuperValu made World the exclusive provider
of lumping services and posted a notice forbidding independent
contractor lumpers.
5. The events involving Christine Holloway
In late September 1996, Christine Holloway responded to a
newspaper ad for lumpers and was hired by World. She had
never worked as an independent contractor and therefore had
no prior lumping experience. Holloway became friendly with
Catalanello and Matthews, who persuaded her to support the
Union. She signed an authorization card the day after she be-
gan work, and frequently discussed the Union with them during
lunch and breaks.
In October, Holloway missed a few days of work because of
the flu. When she returned to work on October 22, she noticed
that some of the lumpers who had worked with her were absent.
When she asked Jones where everyone was, he told her that he
had brought in lumpers from other World facilities to replace
the lumpers who quit. Holloway testified that Jones also stated
that he had brought in the outside lumpers to “beat us out of our
union.” (Tr. 175.) According to Holloway, she questioned
Jones about the appropriateness of bringing in outside lumpers
in order to defeat the Union8 and told him it was unfair and
wrong. When Holloway told Jones that she thought only per-
manent employees would be allowed to vote in a union elec-

lanello and Matthews. The document was not admitted on the grounds
that it had not been properly authenticated and a proper basis was not
established for admitting it under the “business record” exception to the
hearsay rule. Respondent’s counsel request for reconsideration of my
ruling at p. 27, fn. 2 of his brief is denied for the same reasons the
document was not admitted in the first place.
8 Among the outside lumpers brought in by Jones were Jasper
Wooten, Jay Wooten, Roderie Harvey, and Dexter Parker, who had
been working for World at a distribution center in Landover, Maryland.
WORLD SS, INC. 1211
tion, Jones replied that he had his way of getting around these
kinds of things. Holloway left the office trailer and went to the
lunchroom.
A few minutes after Holloway entered the lunchroom, Hard-
ing walked in with three outside lumpers employed by World
from Landover, Maryland. One of them, Jasper Wooten, intro-
duced himself to Holloway and began making sexually offen-
sive remarks to her. He boasted of his sexual prowess, and of
his affair with Harding’s former girlfriend. He crudely asserted
that Holloway got her job as a lumper by having sexual rela-
tions with Jones and Harding. Although Holloway attempted to
ignore him, Wooten made sexually offensive gestures and in-
sisted that Holloway was going home with him that night and
that her husband was not man enough to stop him. As Hollo-
way looked toward Art Harding for assistance, he smirked and
laughed, but did nothing to curtail the inappropriate behavior.
Finally, Harding, Wooten, and the others were called back to
work and left the lunchroom. Visibly shaken, two SuperValu
employees tried to console Holloway, but she was too upset to
finish her shift and went home.
Later that evening, Holloway called the World’s office trailer
and left a message on the answering machine. She explained
that she had been sexually harassed by Jasper Wooten, and that
she was afraid to return to work. She also asked what discipli-
nary action was being taken against Jasper Wooten. World
management did not respond to Holloway’s call either that
night or the next day. Hearing no response from Jones or any-
one else, Holloway called again the next day and left another
message. Over the next 4 days, she proceeded to leave answer-
ing machine messages at the Pleasant Prairie office trailer and
at the apartment shared by Jones and Harding.
Finally, on October 27, Jones answered the office trailer
phone and spoke to Holloway. As she tried to explain her en-
counter with Jasper Wooten, Jones repeatedly interrupted her,
stating that Harding had told him about her “conversation” with
Jasper Wooten. (Tr. 185–186.) Jones told Holloway that there
was a problem with her being out sick with the flu. When Hol-
loway asked, “[W]hat am I fired?” (Tr. 186.) Jones at first
denied she was being let go, but then told her she was fired.
III. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
A. The 8(a)(1) Violations
Paragraph 1 of the amended consolidated complaint alleges
that the Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act on Oc-
tober 6, 1996, when Dock Supervisor Art Harding told Cata-
lanello and Matthews that the Respondent would not go union
and when he otherwise implied that it would be futile to attempt
to organize a union. The Respondent denies that Harding was
supervisor within the meaning of the Act. Thus, the threshold
issue is whether Harding was a Section 2(11) supervisor.9
1. Harding’s supervisory status
Section 2(11) of the Act defines a supervisor as follows:

The term “supervisor” means any individual having au-
thority, in the interest of the employer, to hire, transfer, sus-

9 According to Respondent’s counsel, Harding no longer worked for
Respondent at the time of the hearing.
pend, lay off, recall, promote, discharge, assign, reward, or
discipline other employees, or responsibly to direct them, or
to adjust their grievances, or effectively to recommend such
action, if in connection with the foregoing the exercise of
such authority is not of a merely routine or clerical nature,
but requires the use of independent judgment.

It is settled law that the enumerated criteria are to be read disjunc-
tively. Florence Printing Co., 145 NLRB 141, 144 (1994). The
possession of any one of the indicia specified in Section 2(11) of
the Act is sufficient to confer supervisory status on an employee
provided that the authority is exercised with independent judgment
on behalf of management and not in a routine manner. J. C. Brock
Corp., 314 NLRB 157, 158 (1994). The burden of proving super-
visory status rests on the party that makes the assertion. Browne of
Houston, 280 NLRB 1222 (1986).
The credible evidence shows that Art Harding was responsible
for directing the lumpers in their work assignments. He negoti-
ated unloading fees with truckdrivers, assigned the lumpers to
particular trucks, made sure that the lumpers completed their
work in a timely manner, collected the fees, and wrote receipts.10
He carried out these tasks without conferring or obtaining the
approval of his supervisor and without any express instructions
regarding how and when to carry out these duties. If extra help
was required to finish unloading a truck, he could, and often did,
ask lumpers to work beyond the end of their normal shift. The
evidence further establishes that if the lumpers wanted time off or
could not work because of illness, they would obtain permission
to be off work from Harding. Thus, the evidence supports a rea-
sonable inference that Harding used independent judgment in
performing his daily supervisory tasks.
The evidence also shows that Harding worked the same
hours as the lumpers, 8:45 p.m. to 4:45 a.m., which made him
the primary World SS supervisor on the dock for a majority of
the shift. The Respondent’s branch manager, Jeff Jones, spent
most of his worktime in the office trailer, and worked the 3
p.m. to 1 a.m. shift. The evidence therefore reflects that Hard-
ing usually was the only World SS supervisor at the facility
between 1 and 4 a.m., which means that if he was not a super-
visor within the meaning of the Act, the lumpers were unsuper-
vised for almost 4 hours a night. See Thurston Motor Lines,
258 NLRB 385, 386 fn. 4 (1981).
The Respondent nevertheless asserts that the lumpers did not
need supervision because they had worked as independent con-
tractor lumpers before working for World SS and therefore they
knew how to do their jobs. The argument ignores the fact that
not all the lumpers had previously worked as independent con-
tractors (e.g., Holloway) and that they all were working for a
new company under a new system. As such, it was necessary
for Harding to tell the lumpers what trucks to unload and when
to unload them.
The Respondent also argues that Harding was not perceived as
a supervisor by the employees because Catalanello and Matthews
10 The evidence discloses that at the end of the shift Harding was re-
sponsible for completing a section report showing which loads were
completed, the method of payment, how much money had been col-
lected, and how it was to be divided between the Respondent and the
employees.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 1212
called him a “lying son of bitch” in the presence of Branch Man-
ager Jeff Jones and because Jasper Wooten had openly bragged
in Harding’s presence about how he had championed Harding’s
girl friend. According to the Respondent, none of these employ-
ees would have conducted themselves in this manner if they truly
believed that Harding was vested with supervisory authority.
Legions of cases exist in which employees have cursed, threat-
ened, and even attacked supervisors, notwithstanding their super-
visory status under the Act. The comments directed at Harding
do not detract from the fact that he assigned and directed the
lumpers’ work using independent judgment.
Accordingly, I find that Art Harding is a supervisor within
the meaning of Section 2(11) of the Act.
2. The unlawful implication that the employees’
unionizing efforts were futile
Paragraph 5 of the complaint alleges that during a car ride
home on October 8, 1996, Harding told Catalanello and Mat-
thews that he “guaranteed that the Respondent would not go
union.” The unrebutted evidence establishes that while driving
to breakfast with Matthews and Catalanello that morning Hard-
ing stated in a nonconfrontational tone: “So you guys want us
to turn union, huh?” (Tr. 83.) Matthews testified that after he
responded, “Yes,” Harding dropped the subject. Thus, the
question as presented was more rhetorical than probing espe-
cially since Harding already knew that Matthews and Cata-
lanello had signed union cards. I find therefore that the inquiry
was noncoercive. Sunnyvale Medical Clinic, 277 NLRB 1217,
1218 (1985).
Later at breakfast, however, Harding reinitiated the conver-
sation by telling Catalanello and Matthews that “[T]his com-
pany will never turn union.” He also told them why World
wanted to remain nonunion. According to Matthews, when he
told Harding point blank “that’s pretty chicken shit,” Harding
replied, “If you don’t like it you can leave.” (Tr. 220.)11
I credit Catalanello and Matthews’ unrebutted account of the
conversation at the diner.12 The tone and intensity of this con-
versation, as gleaned from the witnesses’ testimony, was con-
frontational, coercive, and threatening. The implication of
Harding’s comments was that it was futile to attempt to organ-
ize a union at the Pleasant Prairie facility and therefore his
comments violate Section 8(a)(1) of the Act. I further find
Harding’s statement to Matthews that if he was unhappy he
could leave constitutes an unlawful threat, which also violates
Section 8(a)(1) of the Act. Tualatin Electric, 312 NLRB 129,
134 (1993).13

11 Matthews testified that the conversation took place in the car on
the way to the diner, but was not asked if the issue came up at the diner.
To the extent that his testimony in this respect conflicts with Cata-
lanello, the conflict is inconsequential and I credit Catalanello’s recol-
lection.
12 The Respondent asserts that prior to the hearing Harding was ter-
minated for embezzlement and therefore was not called as a witness.
13 Although not specifically alleged in the amended consolidated
complaint, I find that the statement is closely related to the allegation
pled and was fully litigated.
3. The unlawful interrogation of Matthews
and Catalanello by Jeff Jones
In his brief, counsel for the General Counsel asserts that the
Respondent’s branch manager, Jeff Jones, violated Section
8(a)(1) of the Act on October 8 by unlawfully interrogating
Catalanello and Matthews shortly before they drove to break-
fast with Harding. The credible evidence shows that on Octo-
ber 8 Jones asked Matthews and Catalanello, “What’s the mat-
ter with you guys? Why aren’t—we give you everything. Why
aren’t you happy? What do you want? Trying to union—what
do you want the union for?” (Tr. 221.) According to Mat-
thews, Catalanello responded that they sought union representa-
tion because they were concerned about their jobs.
Even though the allegation was not asserted in the amended
consolidated complaint, it is appropriately before me for deci-
sion because it is closely related to the subject matter of the
complaint and has been fully litigated. Pergament United
Sales, 296 NLRB 333, 334 (1989), enfd. 920 F.2d 130 (2d Cir.
1990). The amended complaint specifically alleges that the
Respondent’s executive vice president, Tim Athey, unlawfully
interrogated Catalanello, and that Harding unlawfully implied
that it would be futile to attempt to organize a union. A close
connection therefore exists between the subject matter of the
amended complaint and the additional allegation that Jones
interrogated Catalanello and Matthews. In addition, the Re-
spondent did not object to the testimony of Matthews about this
conduct and did not object when its own witness, Jeff Jones,
was cross-examined about the conversation. I therefore find
that the issue was fully litigated.
Turning to the merits, I find that Jones’ questioning of Mat-
thews and Catalanello, reasonably tended to restrain, coerce,
and interfere with their right to organize. The questions were
unprompted and were initiated by a midlevel manager in the
confines of his office trailer less than 24 hours after Union Of-
ficial Ray DeHahn presented five authorization cards and de-
manded voluntary recognition. While not explicitly threaten-
ing, the manner in which the question was phrased, “What’s the
matter with you guys?” implies that in management’s eyes
Matthews and Catalanello had acted improperly in attempting
to organize a union. Accordingly, I find that the Respondent
violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act on October 8, 1996, when
Branch Manager Jeff Jones interrogated Catalanello and Mat-
thews about why they sought to organize a union.
4. The unlawful interrogation of Catalanello
by Tim Athey
Paragraph 6 of the amended consolidated complaint alleges
that on October 10, 1996, the Respondent’s executive vice
president, Tim Athey, unlawfully interrogated Catalanello by
phone about his union support and unlawfully threatened that
there would be negative consequences if he did not abandon his
union organizing effort. Catalanello was a credible witness. In
addition, his testimony on this issue was unrebutted. According
to the Respondent’s counsel, Athey was not called to testify
because he too is no longer employed by the Respondent. No-
tably, Jeff Jones, who did testify for the Respondent, did not
contradict or dispute Catalanello’s assertions that Jones gave
him Athey’s phone number and told him to call. The evidence
WORLD SS, INC. 1213
shows that as a result, Catalanello called Athey, left a message
on his answering machine, and Athey called back to question
and threaten him. I credit Catalanello’s testimony concerning
his phone conversation with Tim Athey.
Thus, the evidence establishes that Catalanello was called at
home by Athey, a high ranking management official of the
Respondent, who after identifying himself as a part owner of
World, proceeded to question Catalanello about his involve-
ment with the Union and warned him that his best interests
would not be served if he continued to support the Union. I
find that Athey’s conduct was coercive and that it restrained
and interfered with Catalanello’s Section 7 rights. Accord-
ingly, I find that the Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) when
Executive Vice President Tim Athey phoned, questioned, and
threatened Catalanello at his home on October 10, 1996.
5. The unlawful implication that it would be futile to
expect a fair electionor union victory in
a Board-conducted election.
In paragraph 7 of the amended consolidated complaint, it is
alleged that on October 22, 1996, Branch Manager Jeff Jones
told Holloway that the Respondent had brought in World SS
employees from another facility to defeat the union organizing
drive. At the hearing, Jones did not deny the remarks attributed
to him by Holloway or rebut her testimony. For these, and de-
meanor reasons, I credit her testimony.
The evidence does not establish that the outside lumpers ac-
tually were brought in to defeat the Union. Whether or not that
is true is immaterial. The real question is whether Jones’
statements could have reasonably caused an employee to be-
lieve that it was futile to obtain a fair election. The unmistaka-
bly implication of his remarks is that the Respondent was capa-
ble of thwarting the Union’s organizing efforts, even if it had to
undermine the fairness of a Board-conducted election. Accord-
ingly, I find that the Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) of the
Act on October 22, 1996, when Branch Manager Jeff Jones told
Holloway that he had brought in lumpers to defeat the Union.
6. The suspension of Catalanello and Matthews
a. The protected concerted activity
Paragraph 13 of the amended consolidated complaint alleges
that the Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act on Oc-
tober 26, 1996, by suspending Catalanello and Matthews be-
cause they engaged in protected concerted activity by com-
plaining about having to work extra hours without overtime pay
and by leaving work in protest after completing their regular 8-
hour shift.
The evidence establishes that lumpers were not paid over-
time for working more than 8 hours a day.14 Catalanello testi-
fied that by the end of their regular 8-hour shift he and Mat-
thews had not even started unpacking the extra truck that Hard-
ing had asked them to unload, because the SuperValu forklift
driver had not offloaded the pallets. Since they were not going
to be paid overtime for working more than 8 hours, there was
no incentive for them to stay. Matthews testified that the extra

14 Nor is there any evidence that the lumpers were paid overtime for
working more than 40 hours per week.
truck would take 4 hours to unload if everything went right and
that he had told Harding several times earlier that evening that
he was not working beyond his regular 8-hour shift. He was
particularly upset about the Respondent’s failure to pay over-
time and had openly criticized World SS for its pay practices.
According to Matthews, the Respondent’s pay practice was one
of the reasons he and Catalanello wanted to organize a union.
Jones testified that he was aware that Matthews had openly
criticized World SS and that he was unhappy with his pay.
Thus, the evidence supports a reasonable inference that the
decision to leave work at the end of their 8-hour shift was a
logical outgrowth of a concern expressed by Matthews and
shared by Catalanello about the Respondent’s failure to pay
lumpers an overtime rate for work performed beyond 8 hours a
day. The fact that they were suspended at the same time for the
same reason, and the fact that they walked out of the suspen-
sion meeting together after refusing to sign their suspension
notices, also supports the inference that they were engaged in
protected concerted activity. Mike Yurosek & Son, Inc., 310
NLRB 831 (1993).
The Respondent, however, argues unpersuasively that the
walkout was not protected concerted activity because it did not
involve a “labor dispute,” which presented an articulated goal
to which the employer could respond. (citing Vemco, Inc. v.
NLRB, 79 F.3d 526 (6th Cir. 1996)). Section 2(9) of the Act
broadly defines a labor dispute as “any controversy concerning
terms, tenure or conditions of employment.” Working beyond
8 hours a day without receiving overtime pay is a term of em-
ployment which falls within the definition of the Act. In addi-
tion, the Respondent was aware that Matthews and Catalanello
were concerned about overtime pay because Jones testified that
Harding had previously told him that Matthews was openly
criticizing the Respondent’s pay practices. Thus, the Respon-
dent could have addressed the issue prior to October 23.
I find that Catalanello and Matthews were engaged in pro-
tected concerted activity when they left work on October 23.
Accordingly, I find that the Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1)
of the Act by suspending Catalanello and Matthews for 3 days.
b. The alleged unlawful union activity
Although there is no 8(a)(3) violation alleged in the amended
consolidated complaint in connection with the suspensions,
counsel for the General Counsel argues in his brief at pages 25–
28 that the Respondent’s conduct in suspending Catalanello and
Matthews also violates Section 8(a)(3) of the Act.15
The evidence demonstrates that Catalanello and Matthews
were engaged in protected activity, which was known to their
supervisors, and opposed by the Respondent. The timing of the
15 In pars. 13 and 14 of the amended consolidated complaint, it appears
that counsel for the General Counsel inadvertently omitted an allegation
that the Respondent violated Sec. 8(a)(3) by suspending and terminating
Catalanello and Matthews. Respondent’s counsel does not address the
oversight in his brief or anywhere else, but instead argues that the Re-
spondent’s conduct did not violate Sec. 8(a)(3) of the Act. Based on the
evidence and the argument of both counsels, I find that the intent was to
encompass such an allegation within the content of the amended consoli-
dated complaint and that the issue has been fully litigated. I therefore
shall decide the alleged violation of Sec. 8(a)(3) as well.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 1214
suspensions tends to support a reasonable inference that their
protected union activity was a motivating factor in the decisions
to suspend. Sufficient evidence therefore exists to find that the
General Counsel has satisfied his initial evidentiary burden.
Wright Line, 251 NLRB 1083 (1980), enfd. 662 F.2d 899 (1st
Cir. 1981), cert. denied 455 U.S. 989 (1982).
The Respondent asserts, however, that Catalanello and Mat-
thews were suspended for leaving work without permission and
before completing a job. Jones testified that he, not Harding,
made the decision to suspend and that his decision was based
on Harding’s version of what occurred. The General Counsel
does not dispute this testimony. Catalanello and Matthews
testified that Harding lied to Jones about what actually occurred
in order to protect himself. According to them, he made a bad
situation worse by overreacting when the SuperValu forklift
driver failed to unload the pallets. He was also untruthful when
he told Jones that they did not tell him they were going to leave
work. But even if Harding lied to Jones, which the evidence
suggests he did, the evidence does not establish that he was
motivated to lie because of Catalanello’s and Matthews’ pro-
tected activity. Rather, the evidence discloses that he lied to
protect his own job. Also, there is no evidence that Jones chose
to believe Harding’s version of what transpired, instead of
Catalanello and Matthews’ version, because of their protected
union activity. I therefore find that under the circumstances the
Respondent would have suspended Catalanello and Matthews
regardless of their union activity. Accordingly, Section 8(a)(3)
of the Act was not violated.
7. The discharges of Catalanello and Matthews
a. Alleged protected concerted activity
According to paragraph 13 of the amended consolidated
complaint, the Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act
by discharging Catalanello and Matthews on October 27 be-
cause they had engaged in protected concerted activity (i.e.,
complained about the Respondent’s pay practices and left work
on October 24 after completing their regular 8-hour shift). In
Meyers Industries, 281 NLRB 882, 885 (1986), the Board
stated that to find an employee’s activity to be protected con-
certed, the activity must be engaged “in and with or on the au-
thority of other employees, and not solely by and on behalf of
the employee himself.” The evidence shows that while sus-
pended Catalanello and Matthews were engaged in providing
lumping services as individual independent contractors, not
employees. At the time they were discharged, they were not
attempting to address or advance a term or condition of em-
ployment affecting the lumpers employed by Respondent.
Rather, the evidence discloses that they undertook to lump in
order to provide for themselves and their families. Thus, they
were not acting to improve their lot as employees, but rather as
individual independent contractors. Cf., Harrah’s Lake Tahoe
Resort, 307 NLRB 182, 187 (1992). I find that, contrary to the
General Counsel’s allegations, Catalanello and Matthews were
not engaged in protected concerted activity at the time of their
discharge, nor is there evidence linking the discharges to the
protected concerted activity surrounding their suspensions.
Accordingly, I shall recommend that the allegations of para-
graph 13 of the amended consolidated complaint be dismissed.
b. Alleged protected union activity
While not alleged in the amended consolidated complaint,
the General Counsel argues in his brief at pages 30–32 that the
discharges also violated Section 8(a)(3) of the Act. The evi-
dence demonstrates that after Catalanello and Matthews initi-
ated the Union’s organizing drive Harding was handed five
signed authorization cards by the union secretary-treasurer,
DeHahn, including two cards signed by Catalanello and Mat-
thews. The very next day, Branch Manager Jeff Jones ques-
tioned them about why they wanted a union. A few hours later,
Harding told them directly that the Respondent would never
allow a union at the Pleasant Prairie facility. Later, on October
10, Catanellano received a call at home from the Respondent’s
executive vice president, who questioned him about his union
activity and told him it would be in his best interest to stop
supporting the Union. On October 26, Catalanello and Mat-
thews received 3-day suspensions and on October 27 they were
discharged. The timing of the discharge, along with the Re-
spondent’s unequivocal opposition to the Union, tends to sup-
port a reasonable inference that the protected union activity was
a motivating factor in the decisions to discharge. I therefore
find that the General Counsel has satisfied his initial eviden-
tiary burden.
The Respondent argues that Catalanello and Matthews were
discharged because they acted against the Respondent’s eco-
nomic interests by unloading trucks at the Pleasant Prairie facil-
ity as independent contractors while on suspension. The undis-
puted evidence shows that when confronted by Jones on the
dock, Catalanello and Matthews acknowledged that they were
working as independent contractor lumpers. According to
Jones’ unrebutted testimony, he explained to Catalanello that he
was being terminated for working in direct competition with the
Respondent. When Jones also asked them to return their World
SS identification cards,16 they refused to do so until they re-
ceived their final paychecks. The implication is that they con-
tinued to use their World ID card in order to gain access to the
facility to provide lumping services as independent contractors.
The Board has affirmed the dismissal of complaints where an
employee has engaged in conduct detrimental to the employer’s
business interests. Associated Advertising Specialists, 232
NLRB 50, 54 (1977); Crystal Linen Service, 274 NLRB 946,
949 (1985), and cases cited therein. The evidence establishes
that although they were suspended Catalanello and Matthews
were still employed by Respondent, and that their conduct
placed them in direct competition with their employer. The
evidence establishes that World SS performed almost all the
lumping services for SuperValu at the time of the discharges.
Most of the independent contractor lumpers were gone and only
one other lumping company, Birchwood Transportation Com-
pany, was on the premises. The evidence also shows that the
Respondent was trying to obtain an exclusive contract with the
SuperValu to perform all of its lumping work at the Pleasant
Prairie facility, which it eventually was awarded 2 weeks after
the discharges.

16 The evidence shows that Matthews was wearing his World SS
identification card in plain view when Jones approached him.
WORLD SS, INC. 1215
The evidence therefore supports a reasonable inference that
the lumping services performed by Catalanello and Matthews
would have been performed by the Respondent and that their
conduct was detrimental to its business interests.17 The Re-
spondent has articulated a legitimate business reason for dis-
charging Catalanello and Matthews. I find that the evidence
supports a reasonable inference that they would have been dis-
charged even in the absence of their union activity. Accord-
ingly, I shall recommend that the allegations of paragraphs 12,
13, and 14, as related to paragraphs 11(c) and (d), and to the
extent that they allege that the discharges violated Section
8(a)(3) of the Act, should be dismissed.
B. The Unlawful Discharge of Christine Holloway
1. The General Counsel’s evidence
The General Counsel argues, and the amended consolidated
complaint alleges, that the Respondent constructively dis-
charged Christine Holloway in violation of Section 8(a)(3) of
the Act by allowing coworkers to sexually harass her (which
forced her to leave the jobsite), by refusing to allow her to re-
turn to work, and by eventually terminating her employment
because she supported the Union and had engaged in protected
union activity.
The evidence establishes that Holloway was a union supporter
and that her union support was known to the Respondent. She
signed a union authorization card and associated herself with
Catalanello and Matthews with whom she frequently took breaks.
The evidence also establishes that Jones was aware that Hollo-
way supported the Union based on their discussion on October
22. When Jones told Holloway that he had recruited lumpers
from other World SS facilities to defeat the Union, she told him
bluntly that his conduct was unfair and also questioned whether it
was legal. The undisputed evidence also shows that shortly
thereafter, while in the lunchroom, Holloway was subjected to
vulgar and sexually offensive language, as well as sexually of-
fensive gestures by one of the lumpers, Jasper Wooten, who
Jones had recruited from another World SS facility.18 The evi-
dence shows that Wooten solicited sex from Holloway, “humped
the air,” told her that her husband was no match for him, and
boasted that he had championed Harding’s girlfriend.
Holloway credibly testified that she was so unsettled by
Wooten’s offensive language and conduct, and Harding’s fail-
ure to take any action, that she immediately left work in fear of
her life and was afraid to return without the Respondent’s as-

17 The General Counsel argues, in part, that the Respondent’s reason
for discharging Catalanello and Matthews is pretextual because in
cross-examination Jones asserted that a prohibition against working as
an independent contractor lumper could be inferred from a written rule
that states: “All unloaders are to follow instructions from the supervisor
on their dock.” (G.C. Exh. 7.) While a plain reading of that rule does
not support that assertion, it does not change the fact that while still
employed by the Respondent the two lumpers engaged in direct compe-
tition with their employer, at a time when it was seeking the exclusive
right to provide lumping services at the Pleasant Prairie facility, which
constitutes a legitimate reason for discharge.
18 Contrary to counsel for the General Counsel’s assertions, the evi-
dence does not establish that the outside lumpers were recruited or
directed to sexually harass Holloway because of her union activity.
surance that she would not be harassed again. The unrebutted
evidence discloses that despite several phone messages left for
Jones explaining why she was not at work and requesting that
he call her, Jones never returned any of her phone calls. Hol-
loway nevertheless continued calling Jones until she finally
reached him on October 29, 1996, when he told her that she
was terminated for missing too many workdays, including the 2
sick days, which she took for the flu.
The Respondent’s failure to remedy Wooten’s inappropriate
conduct, Jones’ failure to return Holloway’s phone calls, and
the reason Jones gave for her termination, despite her several
phone messages explaining her absence, support a reasonable
inference that the Respondent was glad to get rid of her because
she supported the Union. I therefore find that the General
Counsel has satisfied his initial evidentiary burden.
2. The Respondent’s fabricated defense
The Respondent argues that Holloway abandoned her job
without cause. It asserts that after its managers, Zack Price and
Jeff Jones, were advised that Wooten sexually harassed Hollo-
way, they spoke with her, told her to go back to work, and as-
sured her they would take care of the matter. The Respondent
asserts that later that night Assistant District Manager Zack
Price terminated Jasper Wooten. It asserts that Holloway nev-
ertheless left work before her shift ended, without permission,
and without telling anyone. The Respondent contends that after
failing to report for several days, she called in asking to return,
but was told she was terminated for abandoning her job.
The Respondent’s defense is based heavily on the testimony
of Zack Price, which for demeanor, and other reasons, I find
was unconvincing. Price testified that he and Jones met with
Holloway shortly after she was sexually harassed to find out
what happened and to assure her he would take care of every-
thing. His testimony is contradicted by Holloway, who testified
that she did not see or speak to Price on the evening in question
nor did she see or speak to Jones that night after being harassed.
Holloway was a very sincere and credible witness and I credit
her testimony over Price and Jones.
Not only was Price’s testimony contradicted by Holloway, it
was not corroborated by Jones, who took the witness stand right
after Price. Jones did not confirm that he and Price met with
Holloway or that they met with Wooten and the other out-of-
state lumpers who were present in the breakroom when Hollo-
way was sexually harassed. He also did not confirm that
Wooten was terminated. When a party calls as part of its case-
in-chief a witness with particular knowledge of important facts,
who does not testify as to those facts, an adverse inference is
warranted that the witness’ testimony would not have supported
the party’s position. Woodland Health Center, 325 NLRB 251,
255 (1998).
In addition, Price’s testimony was misleading and internally
contradictory. In an attempt to foster the impression that he
acted quickly to address Wooten’s appalling behavior, he testi-
fied that he terminated Wooten from that facility and recom-
mended that he not be allowed to work for the Respondent at
any other facility. The evidence shows, however, that Wooten
was prescheduled to depart on the day after he sexually har-
assed Holloway as reflected by his airline ticket manifest (GC
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 1216
Exh. 8). It also shows that despite his representations to the
contrary, Price did not enter Wooten as terminated in the com-
puter. Rather, Wooten, and the other outside lumpers, simply
returned to the Respondent’s Landover, Maryland facility,
where they continued to be employed. Notwithstanding this
evidence, Price asserted again in cross-examination that he
terminated these employees, only to contradict himself:

Q .In fact Mr. Jasper Wooten was not fired at that
time, isn’t that correct?
A. No, I terminated him at that time.
Q. Mr. Jasper Wooten continued to work for World
SS, is that not correct?
A. That’s correct.
[Tr. 229.]

The argument that Holloway abandoned her job without cause is
implausible for other reasons. First, Holloway’s conduct reflects
that she was interested and wanted to continue working as a
lumper. According to her unrebutted testimony, she repeatedly
left messages on Jones’ answering machine explaining what
happened and why she was not coming to work. Her persever-
ance in contacting Jones therefore does not paint an image of
someone who abandoned her job. Next, the vulgarity of
Wooten’s conduct and language in the presence of her supervisor
justified her reluctance to return to a sexually hostile work envi-
ronment. Because Jones did not return her phone calls, she had
no way of knowing what to expect if she returned.
Finally, the credible unrebutted testimony of Holloway es-
tablishes that the Respondent’s reason for her termination
changed. Holloway testified that when she finally reached
Jones on the phone, he first told her that she was not termi-
nated, but then informed her she was terminated because of
absenteeism and alluded to the sick days that she took off. The
Respondent now asserts that she was terminated for walking off
the job without permission or explanation.
Under all of the circumstances, I find that the Respondent’s
proffered reason for termination is pretextual. The evidence
supports a reasonable inference that by failing to take appropri-
ate action, including returning Holloway’s phone calls, the
Respondent sought to use the sexual harassment as an opportu-
nity to get rid of a union supporter. Accordingly, I find that the
Respondent violated Section 8(a)(3) of the Act by terminating
Christine Holloway.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. The Respondent is an employer engaged in commerce
within the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
2. The Union is a labor organization within the meaning of
Section 2(5) of the Act.
3. Arthur Harding is a supervisor within the meaning of
Section 2(11) of the Act.
4. The Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by en-
gaging in the following conduct:
(a) Threatening John Catalanello and Floyd Matthews on
October 8, 1996, and implying that it was futile to organize a
union at the Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin facility.
(b) Interrogating John Catalanello and Floyd Matthews on
October 8, 1996.
(c) Interrogating and threatening John Catalanello on Octo-
ber 10, 1996.
(d) Implying to Christine Holloway on October 22, 1996,
that it would be futile to try to organize a union and obtain a
fair Board-run election.
(e) Suspending John Catalanello and Floyd Matthews on or
about October 26, 1996.
5. The Respondent violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act
by discharging Christine Holloway on or about October 29, 1996.
6. The aforesaid unfair labor practices affect commerce
within the meaning of Section 2(6) and (7) of the Act.
7. The Respondent did not otherwise engage in any other un-
fair labor practice alleged in the complaint in violation of the Act.
REMEDY
Having found that the Respondent has engaged in certain un-
fair labor practices, I find that it must be ordered to cease and
desist and to take certain affirmative action designed to effectu-
ate the policies of the Act.
Having found that the Respondent unlawfully suspended
John Catalanello and Floyd Matthews in violation of Section
8(a)(1) of the Act, it must make them whole for any loss of
earnings and other benefits, that they may have suffered as a
result of the unlawful conduct practiced against them, com-
puted on a quarterly basis from the date of their suspensions to
the date of their discharge, less any interim earnings, as pre-
scribed in F. W. Woolworth Co., 90 NLRB 289 (1950), with
interest thereon computed in accordance with New Horizons for
the Retarded, 283 NLRB 1173 (1987).
Having found that the Respondent unlawfully discharged
Christine Holloway, in violation of Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of
the Act, it must offer her reinstatement; if necessary, terminat-
ing the service of employees hired in her stead, and make her
whole for any loss of earnings and other benefits she may have
suffered as a result of the discrimination practiced against her,
computed on a quarterly basis from the date of discharge to
date of proper offer of reinstatement, less any interim earnings,
as prescribed in F. W. Woolworth Co., 90 NLRB 289 (1950),
with interest thereon computed in accordance with New Hori-
zons for the Retarded, 283 NLRB 1173 (1987).
[Recommended Order omitted from publication.]