Union Square Theatre Management

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Aug 17, 1998

326 N.L.R.B. 70 (N.L.R.B. 1998)

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 70
Union Square Theatre Management, Inc. and Theat-
rical Protective Union, Local One, I.A.T.S.E.,
AFL–CIO. Cases 2–CA–28430 and 2–RC–21540
August 17, 1998
DECISION AND ORDER
BY CHAIRMAN GOULD AND MEMBERS FOX
AND HURTGEN
On September 3, 1996, Administrative Law Judge Ste-
ven Davis issued the attached decision.1 The Respondent
filed exceptions and a supporting brief. The Charging
Party filed cross-exceptions, a supporting brief, and an
answering brief.
The National Labor Relations Board has delegated its
authority in this proceeding to a three-member panel.
The Board has considered the decision and the record
in light of the exceptions, cross-exceptions, and briefs
and has decided to affirm the judge’s rulings, findings,2
and conclusions only to the extent consistent with this
Decision and Order and to dismiss the complaint and the
representation petition.
1. In his Decision and Direction of Election in Case
2–RC–21540, the Regional Director found that the Re-
spondent’s technical directors were employees, and not
statutory supervisors, managerial employees, or guards,
as the Respondent contended. He also found, contrary to
the Respondent’s contention, that a bargaining unit made
up entirely of the technical directors at the four theaters
managed by the Respondent was an appropriate bargain-
ing unit. The Respondent filed a request for review of
those findings, which the Board denied.
At the hearing on unfair labor practices, the judge al-
lowed the Respondent to introduce the record from the
representation case hearing and also to introduce addi-
tional documents bearing on the technical directors’
status. In his decision, the judge found, in agreement
with the Regional Director, that the technical directors
were employees and that a multilocation unit of technical
directors was an appropriate unit.
The Charging Party Union, citing Section 102.67(f) of
the Board’s Rules and Regulations, has excepted to the
judge’s allowing the Respondent to relitigate those is-
sues, although it endorses his findings. Section 102.67(f)
provides that “[d]enial of a request for review shall con-
stitute an affirmance of the Regional Director’s action
which shall also preclude relitigating any such issues in
any related subsequent unfair labor practice proceeding.”
The Union argues that this unfair labor practice proceed-
ing is “related” to the earlier representation proceeding,
and therefore that the judge erred in reconsidering the
matters previously decided by the Regional Director.

1 The judge incorrectly stated in the fourth paragraph of the section
of his Opinion entitled “The Supervisory and Unit Issues,” that the
Respondent argued that the Regional Director had improperly certified
the Union. The Union lost the election and was never certified.
We also correct the judge’s citation to New Horizons for the Re-
tarded, 283 NLRB 1173 (1987)
2 The Respondent has excepted to some of the judge’s credibility
findings. The Board’s established policy is not to overrule an adminis-
trative law judge’s credibility resolutions unless the clear preponder-
ance of all the relevant evidence convinces us that they are incorrect.
Standard Dry Wall Products, 91 NLRB 544 (1950), enfd. 188 F.2d 362
(3d Cir. 1951). We have carefully examined the record and find no
basis for reversing the findings.
We reject the Union’s contention that the judge should
not have allowed the Respondent to challenge the Re-
gional Director’s determination that the technical direc-
tors are employees rather than statutory supervisors or
managerial employees.3 That determination is not bind-
ing on the Board when violations of Section 8(a)(1) and
(3) are alleged, as they are here, and the resolution of
those issues turns on the individuals’ status.4 We there-
fore find that the technical directors’ status was properly
relitigated.
Concerning the unit issue, we note that normally, when
an employer in an unfair labor practice case is resisting a
bargaining obligation, it is precluded by Section
102.67(f) from relitigating the appropriateness of a unit
that was found appropriate in the representation case.5
We therefore agree with the Union that the judge should
not have reconsidered whether a single, multilocation
unit, which the Regional Director found to be appropri-
ate, was in fact an appropriate unit.
The Respondent, however, also contends that the unit
is inappropriate because it consists entirely of technical
directors, who the Respondent alleges are statutory su-
pervisors or managerial employees. As we have found
above, the Respondent is entitled to relitigate the issue of
whether the technical directors are protected employees
or unprotected supervisors or managerial employees in
connection with the Section 8(a)(1) and (3) charges. Our
determination of that issue will unavoidably determine
whether the unit is appropriate. Accordingly, we find
that the judge correctly allowed the Respondent to reliti-
gate this aspect of the unit issue.
2. The Respondent has excepted to the judge’s finding
that the technical directors are statutory employees. The
Respondent contends, as it did before the Regional Di-
rector, that the technical directors are either supervisors
or managerial employees and thus are not protected by
3 The Respondent no longer argues that the technical directors are
guards.
4 Serv-U-Stores, Inc., 234 NLRB 1143, 1144 (1978); Clothing &
Textile Workers (Sagamore Shirt Co.) v. NLRB, 365 F.2d 898, 904–905
(D.C. Cir. 1966).
5 See, e.g., Saginaw Education Assn., 298 NLRB 259, 263 (1990);
Clothing & Textile Workers (Sagamore Shirt Co.) v. NLRB, 365 F.2d at
904. Although this principle usually is invoked in cases in which the
employer is challenging a union’s certification, it also applies in cases
like this, where the Respondent is resisting an order, issued pursuant to
NLRB v. Gissel Packing Co., 395 U.S. 575 (1969), to bargain with an
uncertified union as a remedy for egregious unfair labor practices. Cf.
Sahara Datsun, Inc. v. NLRB, 811 F.2d 1317 (9th Cir. 1987) (no reliti-
gation of union’s labor organization status in unfair labor practice
case).
326 NLRB No. 17
UNION SQUARE THEATRE MANAGEMENT 71
the Act. As the Regional Director correctly observed,
the Respondent has the burden of proof on this matter.6
On reflection, and contrary to our earlier denial of re-
view, we find that the Respondent has demonstrated that
the technical directors are supervisors under the Act.7
“Supervisor” is defined in Section 2(11) of the Act as

. . . any individual having authority, in the interest of
the employer, to hire, transfer, suspend, lay off, recall,
promote, discharge, assign, reward, or discipline other
employees, or responsibly to direct them, or to adjust
their grievances, or effectively to recommend such ac-
tion, if in connection with the foregoing the exercise of
such authority is not of a merely routine or clerical na-
ture, but requires the use of independent judgment.

The possession of even one of those attributes is enough to
convey supervisory status, provided the authority is exer-
cised with independent judgment, not in a merely routine or
clerical manner.
The Regional Director found that the technical direc-
tors sporadically hire casual employees to perform rou-
tine repairs and for brief 1- or 2-day projects, and that
they also hire people to substitute for themselves. He
found, however, that such hiring does not confer supervi-
sory status. The judge agreed with the Regional Direc-
tor. We disagree and reverse.
The principal duties of the technical directors include
performing physical tasks of a craft or technical nature
around the theaters. Much of that work consists of re-
pairs and maintenance performed by the technical direc-
tors themselves. At times, however, there are carpentry,
painting, and other types of maintenence jobs that require
more than one person to perform and for which the tech-
nical directors must obtain individual employees or even
crews on a temporary basis. The record establishes that a
significant, if irregular, part of the technical directors’
function is to find and hire those workers on the Respon-
dent’s behalf, set their pay rates, and determine their du-
ration of employment.8 Thus, in January 1994, then-
technical director Robert Easter hired a crew of employ-
ees to pick up, move, and install seats in the Minetta
Lane Theater. He also hired another crew to paint those
seats. When Mitch Christenson was technical director at
the Union Square Theater in 1994, he hired some 50 in-
dividuals to renovate the theater.9 Christenson also testi-

6 Biewer Wisconsin Sawmill, 312 NLRB 506, 507 (1993).
7 We agree that the Respondent has failed to demonstrate that the
technical directors are managerial employees, for the reasons discussed
in the Regional Director’s Decision and Direction of Election.
8 The record also reflects that the technical directors often hire indi-
viduals to substitute for them when they are absent and that they rec-
ommend individuals to succeed them when they are about to leave the
Respondent’s service. They also, at times, hire individuals as employ-
ees of the shows using the theaters. We do not rely on these facts in
determining that the technical directors are statutory supervisors.
9 The Regional Director found that those individuals were employ-
ees of the show, not of the Respondent, and therefore that Christenson’s
actions did not support the contention that he was a supervisor of the
fied that he hired other individuals on other occasions to
build a buffer to minimize sound coming from an adjoin-
ing building, to do painting, and to do maintenance work.
Patrick O’Hanlon hired an employee to help him paint
and repair the bathrooms in the Orpheum Theater.10 Pat-
rick Mann hired one individual to help him with restora-
tion and painting at the Minetta Lane Theater after a
show closed in 1994, and another to assist him in chang-
ing the marquee and covering the lobby of the theater in
March 1995. Even Timothy Hamilton, who had only
been employed as a technical director for 3 months at the
time of the hearing in May 1995, testified to having hired
someone to perform carpentry work at the Union Square
Theater. Thus, all of the individuals who were serving as
technical directors at or near the time of the hearing had
hired either single individuals or entire crews in either
1994 or 1995.
The record also establishes that the technical directors’
exercise of hiring authority is neither routine nor clerical
in nature, but involves the use of independent judgment.
In this regard, we note that once it is determined that
additional help will be hired, the technical directors have
complete discretion to decide whom to hire, based on
their own assessments of what skills are needed for the
particular job and whether the individuals they are con-
sidering hiring have the appropriate skills or qualifica-
tions.11 Significantly, the technical directors also deter-
mine the rates of pay for the temporary employees.12
Notwithstanding the authority to hire assigned to and
exercised by the technical directors, our dissenting col-
league contends that they are not statutory supervisors
because their hiring authority is exercised only sporadi-
cally, and because the employees whom they hire would
not be included in the bargaining unit with them. We
disagree.

Respondent. In this regard, the Regional Director erred. Payroll
documents introduced at the unfair labor practices hearing indicate that
those individuals were employed by the Respondent; indeed, there
seems to have been no show at the Union Square Theater when they
were hired.
10 The record does not clearly establish when this hiring took place,
but it appears to have been in either 1994 or early 1995. O’Hanlon was
employed by the Respondent in late 1993, and the show in question did
not enter the theater until February 1994.
11 Thus, for example, Christenson testified that in hiring the renova-
tion crew he relied on people with whom he had previously worked and
on recommendations from friends; he testified that he alone deter-
mined, from his past experience, how many people to hire for the crew.
Mann testified that he hired a particular individual because he felt that
individual was appropriate for the job, and Hamilton testified that he
hired a particular individual because he had previously worked with
him and he knew he did reliable work. Although at times the technical
directors obtained the approval of Alan Schuster, the Respondent’s
managing director, to engage in hiring, the record reflects that Schuster
did not review or approve their decisions to hire specific individuals.
12 Rates of pay are set normally within ranges corresponding to the
prevailing rates of pay in the area for similar work. However, that the
authority to set pay rates is disciplined by market forces does not mean
that it is not supervisory authority under Sec. 2(11).
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 72
The Board has held that an individual’s sporadic exer-
cise of supervisory authority over nonunit personnel does
not necessarily so ally the individual with management
as to warrant the individual’s exclusion from a bargain-
ing unit as a statutory supervisor. See Detroit College of
Business, 296 NLRB 318 (1989), and cases cited
therein.The Board has noted that this is particularly so
with regard to professional employees, who frequently
require the assistance of support personnel such as secre-
taries to enable them to perform their own professional
duties. New York University, 221 NLRB 1148, 1156
(1975). Thus, for example, in Adelphi University, 195
NLRB 639 (1972), the fact that the director of admis-
sions had authority to hire, fire, and direct his personal
secretary was found not to be sufficient in and of itself to
cause the director to be excluded as a supervisor from a
faculty member bargaining unit.
Where, however, the performance of supervisory func-
tions is “part and parcel of the individual’s ‘primary
work product’ rather than an ancillary part of their du-
ties,” Detroit College, supra at 321, the Board has con-
cluded that the individual is a 2(11) supervisor. Thus, in
Detroit College, the Board excluded as supervisors de-
partment coordinators who had been hired not just to
teach but also to evaluate and hire part-time nonunit fac-
ulty. Similarly, in Rite Aid Corp., 325 NLRB No. 134
(1998), pharmacy managers who were hired both to per-
form pharmaceutical work and to manage the pharmacy,
including hiring, firing, and disciplining pharmacy tech-
nicians, were found to be statutory supervisors.13
In this case, the record reflects that the technical direc-
tors were hired not just to do minor maintenance and
repair work themselves, but also with the specific under-
standing that they would be responsible, in the interest of
the employer, for recruiting and hiring casual employees
as needed to perform more extensive or more compli-
cated maintenance projects.14 The record further reflects

on.

13 Member Hurtgen notes that Rite Aid involves professionals. As to
such persons, the Board seeks to accommodate Sec. 2(12) of the Act
(professionals are employees). More particularly, the Board does not
necessarily view as supervisory the authority that professionals have
with respect to employees who perform “merely adjunct” services for
the professional. The persons involved herein are not professionals. In
Member Hurtgen’s view, because they are supervisors under the Rite
Aid test, it follows a fortiori that they are supervisors under the “nor-
mal” test for supervisory status.
14 In this regard, Clothing & Textile Workers, 210 NLRB 928
(1974), relied on by our dissenting colleague, is distinguishable. The
employees whose status was at issue in that case were members of the
staff of a national union whose duties were to coordinate local boycotts
of nonunion products and who on occasion hired individuals to picket
at targeted stores. As explained in the decision, pickets were hired only
on those occasions when sufficient volunteers could not be recruited
from the ranks of striking union members, retired workers, relatives of
union members, and local community groups, and the hiring was just as
often done by local union officials as it was by the national union staff
members. There is no indication that it made any difference whatso-
ever to the national union whether the staff members involved them-
selves in the recruitment and hiring of pickets or whether they left those
that casual employees are hired not just to do work that is
“adjunct to” that of the technical directors, but to work
on projects which are separate from and in addition to
those performed by the technical directors themselves.
Thus, we do not agree that the cases cited by our col-
league support his position.
3. Because we have found that the technical directors
are statutory supervisors, it follows that the Respondent
did not violate Section 8(a)(1) by making allegedly coer-
cive statements to Timothy Hamilton and Patrick Mann,
and did not violate Section 8(a)(3) by discharging Hamil-
ton. Therefore, we shall dismiss the complaint. And
because the unit petitioned for in Case 2–RC–21540
comprises only the technical directors and no statutory
employees, we find that no question concerning
representation exists, and we shall dismiss the petiti
ORDER
The complaint in Case 2–CA–28430 is dismissed.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the petition in Case 2–
RC–21540 is dismissed.

CHAIRMAN GOULD, dissenting.
Contrary to the majority, I would find that the techni-
cal directors (TDs) are statutory employees, not supervi-
sors, and in agreement with the administrative law judge
I would impose a Gissel1 bargaining order based on the
Respondent’s multiple 8(a)(1) violations directed at TDs
and the discharge of one of them in violation of Section
8(a)(3).
In making determinations of supervisory status under
Section 2(11) of the Act, “the Board has a duty not to
construe the statutory language too broadly because the
individual found to be a supervisor is denied the em-
ployee rights protected under the Act.” St. Francis
Medical Center-West, 323 NLRB (1997). In my view,
the majority has violated this obligation and thereby have
denied the TDs their organizational rights.
The Respondent provides theatrical management ser-
vices to four theatres in New York City. In this capacity,
it negotiates license agreements with shows that perform
in the theatres, performs bookkeeping and payroll func-
tions, and provides box office personnel, house manage-
ment, and janitorial services. The Respondent’s manag-
ing director is in charge of these duties and responsible
for supervising the TDs whom he hired at each of the
four theatres.
The duties of the TDs include attending preproduction
meetings with representatives of the touring show, inter-
acting with show personnel regarding technical concerns
in theatre production (e.g., advising on weight limits for
hanging equipment and suggesting methods for set in-

matters to the local officials. Here, in contrast, it is clear that the hiring
of casuals was one of the specific duties of the technical directors
which they were required to perform in order to properly perform their
jobs.
1 NLRB v. Gissel Packing Co., 395 U.S. 575 (1969).
UNION SQUARE THEATRE MANAGEMENT 73
stallations), ensuring that fire and safety rules are ad-
hered to by show personnel, and performing maintenance
and repair services such as painting theatre seats, chang-
ing marquee signs, and replacing burned out stage light-
ing. None of these functions are cited by the majority as
evidence of the TDs’ supervisory authority. Rather, it is
their occasional hiring of outside assistance to complete
certain maintenance tasks which the majority finds trans-
forms the TDs into supervisors. I do not subscribe to this
view.
I agree with the Regional Director that the exercise of
hiring authority by the TDs is too sporadic to find them
supervisors. The Board, including one member of the
instant majority, held recently that where, as here, indi-
viduals exercise sporadic supervisory authority over
nonunit personnel, they will not be considered statutory
supervisors. Legal Aid Society of Alameda County, 324
NLRB No. 135, slip op. at 3 (Attorney Dwight Dicker-
son) (1997). I concurred with the majority in that case,
but went further to state that regardless of how often su-
pervisory authority was exercised by any of the attorneys
at issue therein, including by Attorney Carolyn Leftridge,
the fact that such duties were exercised over nonunit
support personnel eliminated the potential for “divided
loyalty” or conflict of interest within the unit and, there-
fore, no basis existed for excluding them, as supervisors,
from the professional unit of attorneys.2
Indeed, in a nonprofessional setting like the instant
case, the Board has emphasized this conflict of interest
theme as the proper focus in determining whether part-
time exercise of supervisory powers over nonunit em-
ployees requires a finding of statutory supervisory status.
In Clothing & Textile Workers,3 the petitioned-for unit
were “union label staff” members whose duties on behalf
of their employer, a labor organization, consisted of co-
ordinating consumer boycott and organizational activities
throughout the country. In connection with these duties,
they occasionally hired individuals on a temporary or
casual basis to picket or handbill, set their pay within
certain monetary limits established by the employer, and
terminated them when funding ran out or the union cam-
paign ended. The Board rejected the contention that the
staff members were supervisors because (1) as casual
employees, the pickets/handbillers did not belong in the
unit with staff members who hired them and thus no
danger of intraunit conflict of interest was presented; and
(2) the staff members’ occasional hiring was too infre-
quent to align them with management as to create the

2 My only disagreement with the majority, which was the basis of
my partial dissent in Legal Aid, was their decision to affirm and apply
the test set forth in Detroit College of Business, 296 NLRB 318 (1989)
to exclude Attorney Leftridge from the attorney unit. I stated that I
would overrule Detroit College, but our disagreement in this regard
does not, I submit, affect the supervisory question in this case.
3 210 NLRB 928 (1974).
more generalized type of conflict of interest envisioned
by Congress in adopting Section 2(11) of the Act.4
In this case, there exists no generalized conflict of in-
terest between the Respondent and the TDs because their
hiring authority is exercised with minimal frequency.
Nor is there any danger of intraunit conflict of interest
because those whom the TDs hire are casuals whose
short-term tenure with the Respondent, lasting no longer
than a few days (or even hours as was the case with
Timothy Hamilton, who hired only one individual to do
6-8 hours of carpentry work), precludes their inclusion in
the same unit with the TDs. Accordingly, consistent
with Clothing & Textile Workers and Legal Aid, I would
find that the TDs are not supervisors and I would adopt
the judge’s order that the Respondent bargain with Union
as the collective-bargaining representative of the TDs.5

Nancy Reibstein, Esq., for the General Counsel.
Joseph Turzi (Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, L.L.P.), of
New York, New York, for the Respondent.
James Murphy, Esq. (Spivak, Lipton, Watanabe, Spivak &
Moss, Esqs.), of New York, New York, for the Union.
DECISION
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
STEVEN DAVIS, Administrative Law Judge. Based upon a
charge filed by Theatrical Protective Union, Local One,
I.A.T.S.E., AFL–CIO (the Union) on May 19, 1995, a com-
plaint was issued by the Regional Office of the National Labor
Relations Board on February 23, 1996, against Minetta Lane
Management, Inc. At the hearing, the Respondent’s name was
changed to Union Square Theatre Management (Respondent) to
reflect its correct name.
The complaint alleges that during an organizational cam-
paign by the Union, Respondent violated the Act by having (a)
created the impression that it was surveilling employees’ union
activity; (b) warned and advised employees that it would be
4 Although the absence of a conflict of interest problem was the
touchstone of the Board’s finding in Clothing & Textile Workers, that
the union staff members were not supervisors, the Board also held,
relying on Adelphi University, 195 NLRB 639 (1972), that the staff
members could not be deemed supervisors in any event because there
was no evidence that they spent more than 50 percent of their time
exercising supervisory duties with respect to the pickets/handbillers.
Detroit College reversed Adelphi to the extent it was interpreted as
establishing a per se rule that any individual who supervises nonunit
employees less than 50 percent of his time is not supervisor. Although,
in Legal Aid, I advocated overruling Adelphi as well as Detroit College,
I specifically endorsed the underlying premise of both cases that “pro-
fessionals who only supervise nonunit employees may nevertheless be
included in a professional bargaining unit.” Legal Aid, supra, 324
NLRB No. 135, slip op. at 4. See also my concurring and dissenting
opinion in Rite Aid Corp., 325 NLRB No. 134, slip op. at 3 (1998).
That rationale is equally applicable here in a nonprofessional setting
and warrants the conclusion that the TDs are not statutory supervisors
and may be represented for purposes of collective bargaining.
5 I find unpersuasive my colleagues’ attempt to distinguish Clothing
& Textile Workers on the basis that there was “no indication” that it
mattered to the employer whether the staff members, as opposed to
local union officials, hired the pickets. The Board placed no relevance
on this point in concluding that the staff members were not supervisors
and it is irrelevant to the issue here.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 74
futile for them to select the Union as their bargaining represen-
tative; (c) interrogated employees about their union activity;
and (d) discharged employee Timothy Hamilton.
The complaint further seeks a bargaining order as a remedy
for the above conduct, inasmuch as a majority of Respondent’s
employees had selected the Union as their collective-bargaining
representative, and a fair election could not be held.
On April 29, 1996, a notice of hearing on objections and or-
der consolidating cases was issued, consolidating for hearing
the unfair labor practice case, noted above, with objections to
the election, filed by the Union which essentially parallel the
alleged unfair labor practices.
Respondent denied the material allegations of the complaint,
and asserted certain affirmative defenses, and on May 22 and
23, 1996, a hearing was held before me in New York City.
Upon the evidence presented in this proceeding, and my ob-
servation of the demeanor of the witnesses and after considera-
tion of the briefs filed by all parties, I make the following
FINDINGS OF FACT
I. JURISDICTION
Respondent, a corporation, having its principal office and
place of business at 100 East 17 Street, New York City, is en-
gaged in the business of providing theatrical management ser-
vices, and managed four off-Broadway theaters, including the
Cherry Lane Theater, Minetta Lane Theater, Orpheum Theater,
and the Union Square Theater.
Annually, Respondent, in conducting its business operations,
provides services valued in excess of $50,000 to theaters lo-
cated within New York State which meet a direct test for the
assertion of jurisdiction by the Board. Respondent admits and I
find that it is an employer engaged in commerce within the
meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
Respondent admits and I find that the Union is a labor or-
ganization within the meaning of Section 2(5) of the Act.
II. THE ALLEGED UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
A. The Organizational Campaign
Respondent manages four off-Broadway theaters, as set forth
above. It employs a technical director at each theater.
The duties of the technical director include the upkeep and
maintenance of the facility; providing services to the produc-
tions or shows which rent the theater; assisting in the installa-
tion of the show, its run, and its removal from the theater; and
ensuring that the theater facility is not damaged by the produc-
tion company, and that the city fire codes concerning scenery
are adhered to by it.
During the running of the production, the technical director
acts as a member of the crew, performing stagehand and pro-
phand duties, and operating the light or sound board.
In early April 1995, the Union began an organizing cam-
paign in which it sought to represent the technical directors of
Respondent at each of its four locations. Meetings were held, at
which or shortly after which three of the four technical direc-
tors signed cards authorizing the Union to represent them as
their collective-bargaining representative. By April 10, cards
were signed by Timothy Hamilton, Patrick Mann, and Patrick
O’Hanlon, who served as the technical directors at the Union
Square Theatre, Minetta Lane Theatre, and the Orpheum Thea-
tre, respectively.
On May 4, the Union filed a representation petition with the
Board. The alleged unfair labor practices occurred between
May 4 and 12.
The representation hearing opened on May 30, and on July
20, a Decision and Direction of Election was issued, in which
the Regional Director found, inter alia, that a unit of technical
directors employed by Respondent at the four theaters was
appropriate. The Regional Director specifically found, after
considering evidence on the issues, that those employees were
not managerial employees or supervisors as defined by the Act.
Respondent filed a request for review with the Board, and on
September 14, the Board denied the request as it raised “no
substantial issues warranting review.”
The election results were that of approximately three eligible
voters, one cast a vote against the Union, there were no votes
cast for the Union, one ballot was void, and one ballot was
challenged.
On September 28, the Union filed objections to the conduct
of the election, alleging the matters set forth in its charge filed
in the instant case.
B. Respondent’s Knowledge of the Union
Hamilton testified that in mid-February he was interviewed
and hired as a technical director by Alan Schuster, the manag-
ing director and top management official of Respondent. Pre-
sent was Mitch Christenson, the technical director Hamilton
was replacing.
Hamilton stated that Schuster told him that Christenson was
leaving to take an apprenticeship with the Union for a position
with ABC-TV. Schuster then “jokingly” said that Christenson
was a “traitor” and that he did not like unions. Hamilton re-
sponded that he had nothing to do with them.1 Schuster testi-
fied, denying the remarks attributed to him by Hamilton.
Hamilton worked in the Union Square Theater, the same
theater in which Schuster had his office. As set forth above, the
Union filed its petition on May 4. Hamilton testified that on
May 4 or 5, he was present in Schuster’s office when Schuster
opened the envelope which contained the petition. Schuster
announced that he received a petition from the Board for a vote
for unionization, and that “it looks like you are the only one
that gets a vote.” Hamilton questioned this, and Schuster noted
that “it says employees of Minetta Lane Management.” Hamil-
ton asked if that would mean that the employees of all his thea-
ters were included. Schuster said that he thought so.
The body of the petition reads, “Minetta Lane Management”
as the name of the employer, and lists the Union Square Thea-
ter as the address of the establishment involved. It should also
be noted that the petition stated that four employees were in the
unit. The unit sought refers the reader to a rider, which states
that employees at all four theaters were included in the unit.
Hamilton testified that about 1 hour later, Schuster sum-
moned him to his office in which Doreen Chila, Schuster’s
assistant, was present. Schuster told him that he wished that
Hamilton had not “lied” to him when he asked about the Union
earlier. Hamilton replied that he did not believe that he had lied,
adding that Schuster did not ask him a question about the Un-
ion. Schuster responded that Hamilton had lied by “omission.”
Hamilton again answered that he did not lie since Schuster had

1 It should be noted that in his pretrial affidavit, Hamilton only
quoted Schuster as saying that he did not like unions, and had no use
for unions. The affidavit did not mention Christenson, or Schuster’s
alleged statement that he was a traitor.
UNION SQUARE THEATRE MANAGEMENT 75
not asked a specific question, and he had not volunteered any
information. Hamilton added, that if he was being asked now,
he knew about the Union, but did not think it was going to go
“very far.”
Schuster responded that “apparently pledge cards were
signed and you’ve had meetings with Union officials.” Hamil-
ton replied that Schuster would have to ask the Union whether
pledge cards were signed or meetings held because he did not
have to answer that question, and he believed that the inquiry
was illegal.
Schuster answered that he had to speak to a labor attorney,
because he would “fight it tooth and claw and the Union will
ask for something and we won’t budge, and so you’ll be paying
union dues and your paychecks will get smaller and then they’ll
ask for something and you won’t get it and you’ll be asked to
go out on strike — and you’ll be on a picket line and somebody
else will be in here taking your job.” Hamilton responded that
he believed that “this is a good thing for me personally and I
[don’t] think that it should bother our working, professional
relationship.”
Schuster flatly denied that either conversation had taken
place. Chila testified that she could not recall that conversation,
and did not believe that she was in the office on May 5.
Patrick Mann, the technical director at the Minetta Lane
Theatre, testified that sometime in May, Schuster came to the
theater and told him that he had “received information that Tim
and P. J. had been approached and had expressed interest in
being represented by Local 1, and had signed pledge cards.”
Schuster added that he could not ask Mann that question. Mann
replied that if Schuster had been told that those two had been
approached, then he was sure that they had been approached.
Mann further stated that Schuster said that it “would not be
in the best interests of off-Broadway if we became unionized”
because it would “escalate costs,” and noted that the directors
would be paid the same amount of money, but they would take
home less money because they would have to pay union dues.
Mann stated that he could have initiated the above conversation
with Schuster by asking him if any one Mann knew was at the
hearing, and noted that Schuster did not pressure or threaten
him in any way.
Schuster denied saying this to Mann. He conceded speaking
to Mann, however, at about that time, and related being told at
the hearing by Alan Myers, a union official, that if Schuster
permitted the Union to represent the men, he (the official)
would make sure that the employees did not make any more
money than they earned now. Schuster observed that the em-
ployees would actually be making less money since they had to
pay union dues. The union official told him not to worry about
such matters. Myers testified, denying he made such a comment
to Schuster.
C. Hamilton’s Employment and Discharge
In early February 1995, Hamilton began his employment at
the Union Square Theatre as a technical director. He testified
that his duties included photocopying timesheets, fire code
laws, invoices, and copies of receipts, and stated that he copied
documents for Schuster at his specific request. Schuster denied
ever asking Hamilton to copy documents for him.
Hamilton testified that on May 12, he went to the copy ma-
chine in order to copy an invoice for an order of lamps. He
noticed fax paper, one or several pages, face down, on top of
the machine. He picked them up, lifted the machine’s lid, and
saw a page on the glass face down, and also noticed that two or
three copies, face up in the copy tray, had already been made.
Hamilton picked up the copy that was on the glass, noticed
that it was not the same page that was face up in the tray, and
then determined that it had not been copied. He put it back on
the glass and made a copy of it. In deciding to make copies of
these pages, Hamilton stated that he believed that he was help-
ing a coworker, Chila, who may have inadvertently left the
papers in the machine or forgotten to finish copying them.
He took the next page that was in his hand and began to read
it: It said, “what are the duties of the technical director?” He
then realized that these papers were related to the union situa-
tion.
At that moment, Chila entered the room and told him she
needed the document. Hamilton said that he was going to copy
it but it looked like it was none of his business. He gave her the
documents and left. Hamilton denied making a copy of the
pages for himself, or keeping any copies he made.
Chila testified that she was told by phone by Respondent’s
attorney that he was sending an important and confidential fax
concerning the union situation and the hearing, and that she
should watch for it, remove it from the fax machine and give it
to Schuster as soon as he arrived at work. She received the fax.
As she was preparing to copy it she was called away to take a
phone call. Before leaving the room, she put the documents
face down on a counter next to the fax machine, and turned on
the copy machine.
When Chila returned to the room after only about 5 minutes,
she saw Hamilton looking at, and “thumbing through” the
documents, while copying them. She saw him copy only one
page. Chila asked Hamilton for the document and he said he
was “just going to copy it for you. They’re asking . . . the same
questions they’re asking us.” Hamilton then gave Chila the
documents. Chila did not see Hamilton take or keep any of the
papers.
Chila phoned Schuster and told him that he saw Hamilton
making photocopies of a confidential document that she had
received from Respondent’s attorneys.
Hamilton testified that he was called into Schuster’s office.
Schuster asked him if he was making copies of the document.
Hamilton admitted that he had, “but not in the way that you
mean to be asking me,” explaining that he believed that he was
helping Chila, stating that he assumed that she left the docu-
ment and that he was helping her complete its copying. Schus-
ter told him that the paper stated that it was a confidential
document between him and his attorney. Hamilton replied that
he had not seen that page. Schuster asked him why he copied it,
and Hamilton repeated that he believed that he was doing Chila
a favor. Schuster then told Hamilton that he could not tolerate
such behavior and fired him. Hamilton said that he did not do
“what you are accusing me of.” Schuster then said that he could
not trust Hamilton and discharged him.2
Schuster testified that he did not discharge Hamilton for
simply looking at the document. He fired him for taking, copy-

2 Hamilton testified that he made notes of his May 5 and 12 conver-
sations immediately after the conversations occurred. Copies of the
notes that he retained were received in evidence. He also testified that
he sent copies by fax to the Union. Upon a request by the Union at the
hearing, I directed that a search be made for those notes, and if an
agreement was reached concerning them, they should be submitted to
me for receipt in evidence. No agreement having been reached, I reject
their offer in evidence, and I have not considered them.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 76
ing, and reading it. Schuster noted that if Hamilton had simply
come across a document left by accident and read it, that
probably would not be grounds for discharge. He further con-
ceded that it would not have been unusual for Hamilton to have
seen a document “lying around,” pick it up, and see who it
belonged to. But such were not the extent of Hamilton’s ac-
tions.
Chila testified that Hamilton told Schuster that he was trying
to do Chila a favor by completing the copying of papers, but
denied that she had begun the copying process when she left the
room to take the call.
Schuster testified that Chila phoned him, telling him that she
“just caught Tim Hamilton taking a document and photocopy-
ing it.” Schuster stated that he discharged Hamilton for taking,
reading and photocopying a confidential document. When he
asked Hamilton why he copied the document, Hamilton replied
that he was curious. Schuster asked if he was aware that he was
copying a confidential document, and Hamilton replied that he
was not, adding that he was not a spy. Schuster noted that he
did not discharge Hamilton for simply looking at the docu-
ments. Further, Schuster conceded that he had no evidence that
Hamilton had copied and then taken the document with him.
Schuster further stated that part of the reason for the discharge
was that he believed that it was possible that he would take the
documents for his use or for the use of the Union.
At the representation hearing, Schuster testified that he dis-
charged Hamilton because he had “misappropriated” the docu-
ments, which Schuster defined as stealing. He testified here that
when requested, Hamilton gave Chila the document.
The fax itself consists of a fax transmittal page, a cover let-
ter, and a seven-page questionnaire. The transmittal page and
cover letter clearly state that the message is from Respondent’s
attorneys to Schuster. The transmittal page notes that the in-
formation contained in the message is privileged and confiden-
tial. The cover letter states that the message contains charts and
questions that must be answered in preparation for the represen-
tation hearing. The questionnaire requests information concern-
ing the ownership of the four theaters, the names and responsi-
bilities of management personnel, clerical employees, other
employees, the names and dates of employment of technical
directors of Respondent, and also requests detailed information
concerning the technical directors’ responsibilities. The docu-
ments contained no legal advice from Respondent’s attorneys
or information of a substantive nature.
The theater staff, as well as production company personnel
not employed by Respondent, have access to and use the fax
and copy machine, which are located in a well-traveled area of
the theater.
Mann testified that shortly after the termination, Hamilton
told him that the reason for the discharge was that he had been
“mistakenly” making some copies he later learned was
information between Schuster and his attorney, and that he had
“fucked up.”
There was testimony concerning two incidents involving
Hamilton’s work performance. However, Schuster did not con-
sider them in his decision to discharge him.
D. The Supervisory and Unit Issues
Respondent asserts as an affirmative defense that Hamilton
and the other technical directors are managerial employees and
supervisors within the meaning of the Act. It also denied that
the unit alleged in the complaint was an appropriate unit; that
Hamilton did not have the protection of the Act; and that the
alleged 8(a)(1) conduct was made to statutory supervisors.
I denied the General Counsel’s request to strike that affirma-
tive defense. In seeking to prove its affirmative defense, Re-
spondent relies on the same evidence as it presented at the rep-
resentation hearing. In its answer, and at the hearing, Respon-
dent sought to relitigate that issue. The General Counsel ob-
jected, and I permitted Respondent to submit evidence concern-
ing that matter. Accordingly, the record in the representation
case was received in evidence here.
As set forth above, based upon such evidence, and a request
for review filed on those issues, the Board denied the request
for review, finding that it raised no substantial issues warrant-
ing review, and upheld the Regional Director’s findings that the
unit was appropriate, and that the technical directors were not
managerial employees or supervisors.
I have carefully considered the record in the representation
case, and Respondent’s arguments, which it raised in the repre-
sentation hearing, that Hamilton and the other technical direc-
tors are managerial employees and statutory supervisors, that
the unit sought is inappropriate, and that the Regional Director
improperly certified the Union following the election.
Section 102.67(f) of the Board’s Rules and Regulations
states in relevant part that “denial of a request for review shall
constitute an affirmance of the Regional Director’s action
which shall also preclude relitigating any such issues in any
related subsequent unfair labor practice proceeding.”
I need not reach the question of whether this is a related un-
fair labor practice proceeding in view of my decision herein
that even assuming that such evidence was properly received
herein, the evidence, as set forth in the representation case hear-
ing supports the findings reached by the Regional Director,
who concluded that the technical directors are employees cov-
ered by the Act, and not managerial employees or supervisors
within the meaning of the Act.
Thus, I find, for the reasons set forth by the Regional Direc-
tor in the Decision and Direction of Election dated July 20,
1995, that the technical directors do not possess the authority,
in the interest of the Respondent, to hire, transfer, suspend, lay
off, recall, promote, discharge, assign, reward, or discipline
other employees of Respondent, or responsibly direct them, or
adjust their grievances, or effectively recommend such actions.
I also find that the technical directors do not formulate or effec-
tuate Respondent’s policies, or have routine discretion in the
performance of their jobs independent of Respondent’s estab-
lished policies.
I further find, for the reasons set forth in the Decision and
Direction of Election, that the unit set forth therein, and also
alleged in the complaint, as follows, is an appropriate collec-
tive-bargaining unit:

All full-time and regular part-time technical directors em-
ployed by Respondent at its Union Square Theater, 100 East
17th Street, New York, New York; Orpheum Theater, 126
Second Avenue, New York, New York; Minetta Lane Thea-
ter, 18 Minetta Lane, New York, New York; and Cherry Lane
Theater, 38 Commerce Street, New York, New York, exclud-
ing all other employees, including box office staff, porters,
ushers, concession staff, managers, and guards, professional
employees and supervisors as defined in the Act.
UNION SQUARE THEATRE MANAGEMENT 77
Analysis and Discussion
The Alleged Violations of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act
The complaint alleges that on about May 4 and 8, Schuster
created the impression that Respondent was surveilling its em-
ployees’ union activity, and warned and advised employees that
it would be futile for them to select the Union as their bargain-
ing representative.
I find, as set forth above, that on about May 4, when Schus-
ter received the Union’s petition, he told Hamilton that “appar-
ently pledge cards were signed and you’ve had meetings with
Union officials”, and that Respondent would fight its organiza-
tion “tooth and claw.” Schuster also gave a scenario as to what
Hamilton could expect from union representation: the payment
of union dues, smaller paychecks, the Union’s making a de-
mand, Respondent’s refusal to accede to the demand, a strike
and picketing, and his replacement.
I credit Hamilton’s version of this conversation. He gave a
forthright, detailed, credible version of Schuster’s reaction
when he received the Union’s petition. On the other hand,
Schuster’s flat denial that the conversation took place strains
credulity. In crediting Hamilton, I stress particularly that he
quoted Schuster saying that it appeared that Hamilton would be
the only employee who would vote. That Schuster would men-
tion that is supported by the body of the petition which lists the
Union Square Theater as the address of the establishment in-
volved. Further, Hamilton’s testimony that he corrected Schus-
ter’s misreading of the petition by noting that “employees of
Minetta Lane Management” might include all the employees at
all the theaters is quite believable.
The May 8 conversation apparently refers to employee
Mann’s testimony that he was told by Schuster that Schuster
had received information that Hamilton and O’Hanlon “had
been approached and had expressed interest in being repre-
sented by Local 1, and had signed pledge cards.” I credit
Mann’s testimony, which is believable in part because Schuster
made similar statements to Hamilton 1 week before.
“The test for determining whether an employer has created
an impression of surveillance is whether the employee would
reasonably assume from the statement that his union activities
had been placed under surveillance.” Flexsteel Industries, 311
NLRB 257 (1993). By telling Hamilton that he believed that
pledge cards were signed and Hamilton had meetings with un-
ion officials, Schuster clearly created the impression that Ham-
ilton’s union activities were monitored. That may not have
actually been the case. In fact, Schuster may just have assumed
from the petition’s filing that union activities had occurred. But
nevertheless, in order to find a violation, it is not necessary that
Schuster actually possessed knowledge of Hamilton’s union
activities, or that he was actively engaged in surveillance. Flex-
steel, supra.
I also find that Schuster’s remarks to Mann are equally
unlawful. Although Schuster did not say that he had informa-
tion that Mann had signed a card, that implication was clear
since Schuster said that he could not ask that question of Mann.
Clearly, if Schuster possessed information that Hamilton and
O’Hanlon had been approached, expressed interest in joining
the Union, and had signed cards, the impression being given
Mann was that Schuster knew that the same applied to him.
Schuster did not say that he had no information concerning
Mann’s union activities — only that he could not ask Mann
about it. Under the standard set forth above, I find that Schuster
created the impression that Mann’s union activities had been
monitored.
The complaint further alleges that these remarks to Mann
constitute unlawful interrogation. I find that by telling Mann
that his coworkers had expressed an interest in union represen-
tation and had signed cards, but that Schuster could not ask that
question of Mann, Schuster was thereby inviting Mann to dis-
close his own desire for representation, or causing him to
choose between lying to Schuster or revealing that he had, in
fact, signed a card for the Union. De Jana Industries, 305
NLRB 845, 848 (1991).
These comments to Mann are unlawful “not only because
[they] create the impression of surveillance, but also because
[they] solicit a reply regarding the employee’s union sympathy,
thus constituting an attempt to interrogate in violation of Sec-
tion 8(a)(1) of the Act.” Great Dane Trailers, 293 NLRB 384,
385 fn. 8 (1989). An employer cannot put an employee in such
a position without violating the Act. I find that Schuster’s
comment reasonably tended to restrain, coerce, or interfere with
Mann in the exercise of the rights guaranteed by the Act. Ross-
more House, 269 NLRB 1176 (1984).
I accordingly find that Schuster’s remarks to Hamilton and
Mann created the impression of surveillance of their union
activities, and that he interrogated Mann by his remarks to him.
Schuster’s statements to Hamilton concerning the predicted
course of bargaining clearly presented a picture that union rep-
resentation would be futile, as alleged in the complaint. Thus,
Schuster spoke in absolute terms concerning the consequences
of unionization and the bargaining process. He said that the
Union would make a demand and Respondent “won’t budge”
and the employees “won’t get it” and then they would strike
and replacements would be hired. Thus, Respondent told Ham-
ilton in effect that the Union’s selection would result in his
going on strike and losing his job.3
Respondent, thus, unlawfully anticipated a refusal to bargain
in good faith with the Union. The implication of Schuster’s
remarks was that Respondent would not bargain in good faith
with the Union, thereby foreclosing agreement. I accordingly
find that Respondent violated the Act by advising Hamilton that
it would be futile for him to select the Union as his bargaining
representative. Forrest City Grocery Co., 306 NLRB 723, 729
(1992).
III. THE DISCHARGE
Schuster discharged Hamilton for, inter alia, “taking” the
document. He stated that Chila told him that Hamilton took it.
Chila did not so testify. It is clear the Hamilton did not take the
document, he only looked at it and copied it. There is no evi-
dence that he retained a copy.
Hamilton’s testimony at hearing was consistent with the ex-
planation he gave Schuster immediately when confronted, as
testified by Chila: that he believed he was doing Chila a favor
by copying a document whose pages had been partly copied,
and was left at the copy machine.

3 In her brief, the General Counsel asserts that Schuster’s comments
to Hamilton are also an unlawful interrogation and a threat of dis-
charge, and urges that I make findings to that effect. However, since
those statements were not so alleged in the complaint, and since such
findings would only be cumulative, I will not do so.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 78
A. The General Counsel’s Case
As set forth above, the evidence establishes that Hamilton
signed a card for the Union, and that he was the subject of a
hostile encounter with Schuster when he received the Union’s
petition. Thus, Schuster accused Hamilton of lying by not an-
swering fully Schuster’s question concerning the petition. In
addition, I have found that Hamilton was the subject of 8(a)(1)
violations of the Act committed by Schuster: the unlawful crea-
tion of the impression of surveillance, and a warning that it
would be futile for employees to select the Union as their bar-
gaining representative.
In addition, the timing of the discharge, coming only about 1
week after the violations of Section 8(a)(1), strongly supports a
finding of unlawful motivation in the discharge.
I accordingly find that the General Counsel has shown that
Hamilton’s union activities were a motivating factor in his dis-
charge. Wright Line, 251 NLRB 1083 (1980). The burden then
shifts to Respondent to prove that it would have discharged
Hamilton even in the absence of his union activities. Wright
Line, supra.
B. Respondent’s Defenses
Schuster testified that he discharged Hamilton, in part, be-
cause he “took” a confidential document. The evidence does
not support the claim that Hamilton took the faxed document.
Rather, the evidence which Respondent does not dispute, is that
Hamilton came upon the fax, looked at it, and made photocop-
ies of all or part of it. Hamilton’s defense is that he undertook
that action innocently, in an effort to help a coworker who had
left it, according to him, partly copied, in the copying machine.
Accordingly, Respondent’s claim that Hamilton took the
document is not supported by the evidence. Thus, the record
does not show that Respondent had a reasonable or honest be-
lief that Hamilton took a confidential document. Paper Mart,
319 NLRB 9, 10 (1995).
Respondent’s argument is that Hamilton deliberately looked
at it, and made a copy of it with an intent to use it or give it to
the Union.
The first question is whether the material viewed by Hamil-
ton was in fact confidential which he had no right to view. The
first pages of the fax set forth that it was confidential, and
clearly stated that it was a communication from Respondent’s
attorneys to its client. Hamilton stated that he did not see the
notice of confidentiality.
The document was clearly not intended for inspection by
anyone other than Schuster or his assistant, Chila, to whom it
was entrusted. However, it appears obvious that Hamilton did
not by surreptitious means seek to obtain the document. “He
did not sneak into the office and the office was not one where
he had no right to be.” His conduct was, “throughout the inci-
dent, open and frank.” Gray Flooring, 212 NLRB 668, 669
(1974). In addition, the document was located in a well-traveled
area at machines which are routinely used by employees and
visitors. Gray, supra. Rather, the information came to him in
the “normal course of work activity and association.” Ridgely
Mfg. Co., 207 NLRB 193, 197 (1973).
Most significantly, Schuster stated that he would not have
discharged Hamilton if he had simply looked at the document.
That is all that Hamilton did. He looked at the document and
was in the process of copying it for Chila. In addition, by stat-
ing that Hamilton’s viewing of the document would be permis-
sible, Schuster waived any claim of confidentiality he might
have had.
Schuster of course, claims that Hamilton did more than
merely looking at the document to determine who it belonged
to. Rather, according to Schuster, he made a copy of it in order
to supply it to the Union. As noted above, no evidence exists to
support this claim. I accept Hamilton’s statement, made imme-
diately when confronted by Schuster, and as corroborated at the
hearing by Chila, that he made the copy in order to help her.
Thus, this case is far different than those in which employees
were lawfully discharged for taking confidential documents. In
such cases, the employee entered private offices, searched
through private files and copied confidential documents. Road-
way Express, 271 NLRB 1238, 1239 (1984); Western Clinical
Laboratory, 225 NLRB 725, 750 (1976). The evidence here
supports a finding that Hamilton had photocopied documents as
part of his daily routine, and had copied documents for Schus-
ter. He did not enter any private office or open any files with a
purpose to take and copy the document. Rather, the document
came to his attention as he was performing his regular work
activities.
I accordingly find and conclude that Respondent has not
proven that it would have discharged Hamilton even in the
absence of his union activities. Wright Line, supra.
IV. THE BARGAINING ORDER
The appropriate collective-bargaining unit is set forth above.
On about April 10, 1995, the unit consisted of four employees.
As of that date, three, a majority, had signed cards authorizing
the Union to represent them for the purposes of collective bar-
gaining.
Based upon the violations found above, I find that the
Board’s traditional remedies would not be sufficient to ensure
that a fair election could be held. Thus, immediately upon his
receipt of the representation petition, Schuster engaged in a
hostile confrontation with Hamilton, accusing him of lying
concerning his knowledge of the Union. That same day, Schus-
ter created the impression of surveillance, and warned Hamilton
that it would be futile for him to seek representation by the
Union. A few days later, Schuster again created the impression
of surveillance with Mann and interrogated him about his union
activities. A few days after that Hamilton was discharged in
violation of the Act. That occurred only 1 week following Re-
spondent’s receipt of the petition.
It must be noted that all these violations were committed by
Schuster, Respondent’s top management official. The unit af-
fected was very small — only four individuals, 50 percent of
whom were the subject of direct violations by Schuster.
The swiftness of Respondent’s unlawful response to the un-
ion campaign, the extent of the violations, which included the
discharge of 25 percent of the unit, and the small size of the
unit “sent its employees the unequivocal message” that Re-
spondent would not tolerate union organization. That message
may be expected to have a “lasting effect on the unit employ-
ees’ exercise of their rights to organize. Electro-Voice, Inc., 320
NLRB 1094 (1996).
Respondent’s activities struck at the core of the Union’s or-
ganizational effort and served to destroy any opportunity of
union representation without a bargaining order. Accordingly a
bargaining order authorized in NLRB v. Gissel Packing Co.,
395 U.S. 575 (1969), is the only meaningfully appropriate rem-
edy.
UNION SQUARE THEATRE MANAGEMENT 79
V. THE REPRESENTATION CASE
The election results were that of approximately three eligible
voters, one cast a vote against the Union, there were no votes
cast for the Union, one ballot was void, and one ballot was
challenged.
On September 28, the Union filed objections to the conduct
of the election, alleging the violations set forth in its charge in
this case: that Respondent discharged Hamilton, interrogated
employees concerning their union membership and activities,
and threatened employees with reprisals because of such activi-
ties. The Union’s objections were substantially identical to the
conduct alleged as unfair labor practices.
Inasmuch as I have found that Respondent committed suffi-
ciently pervasive and extensive unfair labor practices to warrant
the issuance of a bargaining order, I shall recommend that the
election be set aside, that Case 2–RC–21540 be dismissed, and
that all proceedings in connection therewith be vacated.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. Respondent, Union Square Theatre Management, Inc., is
an employer engaged in commerce within the meaning of Sec-
tion 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
2. The Union, Theatrical Protective Union Local No. One,
I.A.T.S.E., AFL–CIO, is a labor organization within the mean-
ing of Section 2(5) of the Act.
3. By discharging Timothy Hamilton, Respondent violated
Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act.
4. By creating the impression that its employees’ union ac-
tivities had been placed under surveillance, Respondent vio-
lated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.
5. By interrogating employees about their union activities
and membership, Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) of the
Act.
6. By warning and advising its employees that it would be
futile for them to select the Union as their bargaining represen-
tative, Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.
7. The following unit is an appropriate unit for the purposes
of collective bargaining within the meaning of Section 9(b) of
the Act:

All full-time and regular part-time technical directors em-
ployed by Respondent at its Union Square Theater, 100 East
17th Street, New York, New York; Orpheum Theater, 126
Second Avenue, New York, New York; Minetta Lane Thea-
ter, 18 Minetta Lane, New York, New York; and Cherry Lane
Theater, 38 Commerce Street, New York, New York, exclud-
ing all other employees, including box office staff, porters,
ushers, concession staff, managers, and guards, professional
employees and supervisors as defined in the Act.

8. Since on about April 10, 1995, the Union has been the
exclusive collective-bargaining representative of the employees
set forth in the appropriate collective-bargaining unit, above.
9. By the conduct set forth in paragraphs 3 through 6, above,
Respondent has undermined the majority status of the Union,
and has precluded any likelihood that a fair election could be
held.
10. Respondent has violated Section 8(a)(5) and (1) of the
Act since April 10, 1995, by refusing to recognize and bargain
with the Union in the above-defined collective-bargaining unit.
11. The unfair labor practices found above constitute unfair
labor practices affecting commerce within the meaning of Sec-
tion 2(6) and (7) of the Act.
THE REMEDY
Having found that Respondent has engaged in certain unfair
labor practices, I shall recommend that it cease and desist there-
from, and take certain affirmative action which is necessary to
effectuate the policies of the Act.
Having found that Respondent unlawfully discharged Timo-
thy Hamilton, it is recommended that the Respondent offer him
immediate and full reinstatement to his former job, or, if that
job no longer exists, to a substantially equivalent position,
without prejudice to his seniority or any other rights or privi-
leges previously enjoyed, and make him whole for any loss of
earnings he may have suffered by reason of his unlawful dis-
charge, less any interim earnings, to be computed in the manner
established by the Board in F. W. Woolworth Co., 90 NLRB
289 (1950), with interest as computed in New Horizons for the
Retarded, 233 NLRB 1173 (1987).
It is further recommended that Respondent recognize and
bargain with the Union as its employees’ collective-bargaining
representative in the unit found appropriate.
[Recommended Order omitted from publication.]