Sacramento Theatrical Lighting

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Feb 14, 2001

333 N.L.R.B. 326 (N.L.R.B. 2001)

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 326
Sacramento Theatrical Lighting and Local 50, Inter-
national Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees,
AFL–CIO. Case 20–CA–28347–2
February 14, 2001
DECISION AND ORDER
BY CHAIRMAN TRUESDALE AND MEMBERS HURTGEN
AND WALSH
On June 10, 1999, Administrative Law Judge James
M. Kennedy issued the attached decision. The General
Counsel filed exceptions and a supporting brief and the
Respondent filed an answering brief.
The National Labor Relations Board has delegated its
authority in this proceeding to a three-member panel.
The Board has considered the decision and the record
in light of the exceptions and briefs and has decided to
affirm the judge’s rulings, findings, and conclusions and
to adopt the recommended Order.1
ORDER
The recommended Order of the administrative law
judge is adopted and the complaint is dismissed.

Jonathan J. Seagle, for the General Counsel.
Dennis R. Murphy and John A. Bachman (Diepenbrock, Wulff,
Plant & Hannegan), of Sacramento, California, for the Re-
spondent.
DECISION
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
JAMES M. KENNEDY, Administrative Law Judge. This case
was tried in Sacramento, California, on August 18, 1998. The
charge was filed on March 3, 1998, by Local 50, International
Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees, AFL–CIO (the Union
or IATSE). The complaint was issued on June 16, 1998, by the
Acting Regional Director for Region 20 of the National Labor
Relations Board, and amended at the hearing. As amended it
alleges that the Respondent, Sacramento Theatrical Lighting,
violated Section 8(a)(1) of the National Labor Relations Act
(the Act or the NLRA) in the manner in which it treated a sym-
pathy striker, Michael Pulskamp, after a strike was over. Re-
spondent denies the commission of any unfair labor practices.
The Issue
The principal issue is whether Respondent had any duty to
offer reinstatement to Michael Pulskamp after the Union ended
its strike on January 16, 1998. There is no evidence that Pul-
skamp, or anyone authorized by him, unconditionally asked for
his reinstatement. Indeed, the parties are in virtual agreement
over that fact. Counsel for the General Counsel argues, how-
ever, that the fact pattern leads to the conclusion that an offer
was unnecessary; Respondent disagrees, asserting that neither it
nor Pulskamp said or did anything to warrant departure from
the standard rule. Moreover, it asserts that Pulskamp, at the
time he became a sympathy striker, was a Section 2(11) super-
visor and not subject to the protection of the Act. Based on the
entire record, including my observation of the demeanor of the
witnesses, and after considering the briefs filed by the General
Counsel and Respondent, I make the following

1 Since we are adopting the judge’s recommended Order and dis-
missing the complaint, we find it unnecessary to resolve the following
issues raised by the judge in his decision, but not “definitively an-
swer[ed]” by him: whether alleged discriminatee Michael Pulskamp
was a statutory supervisor or managerial employee; whether Steve
Lawrence permanently replaced Pulskamp when the Respondent ap-
pointed him head electrician; and whether the Respondent was obli-
gated to fill the position of second assistant electrical technician upon
its termination of assistant electrical technician Jesse Jimenez.
FINDINGS OF FACT
I. JURISDICTION
Respondent is a corporation engaged in the business of as-
sembling and installing props, stages, and lighting and other
equipment for stage shows, conventions, and trade shows (as
well as repairing and refurbishing that equipment) in and
around Sacramento, California. It has a headquarters and
warehouse facility in that city, although most of its work is
performed at other venues in the area, including the Cal Expo
state fairgrounds, the ARCO Arena, and the Sacramento Com-
munity Center. In the course of that business, it annually pur-
chases and receives goods directly from sources outside Cali-
fornia valued in excess of $50,000. Accordingly, it admits it is,
and I find it to be, an employer engaged in commerce within
the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act; it also ad-
mits that the Union is a labor organization within the meaning
of Section 2(5) of the Act.
II. THE ALLEGED UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
Respondent’s business is split into two departments, the the-
atrical department and the conventions and expositions depart-
ment. We are concerned only with the latter, run by Cheryl
Cox, the department manager and corporate secretary-treasurer.
This department is also split. It employs persons who work full
time in the warehouse, including one to three electricians.
None of these individuals is represented by IATSE. However,
it does have a collective-bargaining relationship with that Un-
ion allowing it to call for short-term employees who are to de-
liver equipment and to perform electrical work for the so-called
“shows” at Cal Expo, ARCO, and the Convention Center ven-
ues covered by the collective-bargaining contract. Both the
past and current collective-bargaining agreement specifically
allow(ed) Respondent to send up to five of its own employees
to the convention/show site to perform show work, including
the work of the head electrician. The contract specifically ex-
cludes those five persons from its coverage (and therefore from
the bargaining unit).
Pulskamp was hired as the head electrician for the warehouse
in December 1994. About 16 months later, Respondent hired
Steve Lawrence as the assistant head electrician in the ware-
house. Pulskamp trained Lawrence and by late 1997, the two
had become very good at the job; while Pulskamp was the head
electrician in the field, overseeing the union dispatchees at
about three-quarters of the shows, Lawrence served that capac-
ity for the remaining quarter.
333 NLRB No. 47
SACRAMENTO THEATRICAL LIGHTING 327
In the spring of 1997, the IATSE collective-bargaining con-
tract expired and was in the process of being renegotiated. On
April 30, 1997, the Union’s recording secretary wrote Respon-
dent’s president, John Cox, accusing him of bad-faith bargain-
ing and advising that beginning May 5, the Union would not
honor referral requests for employees from its hiring hall until a
new agreement was reached.
Respondent had foreseen that eventuality and had arranged
with some temporary agencies to supply the necessary labor.
These individuals were overseen by either Pulskamp or Law-
rence. One of the persons so dispatched was Jesse Jimenez,
who worked primarily as a warehouseman in the freight divi-
sion, but was called on to assist at the shows. On October 27,
1997, based on input from Pulskamp, Cheryl Cox decided to
hire Jimenez as one of Respondent’s own employees. He was
not really considered to be an electrician, but was expected to
do some of that type of work. He was also to do other things in
the warehouse, mostly connected to freight. Three days later,
on October 30, 1997, the Union established the first picket line
at Respondent’s offices and warehouse. On that day, Pulskamp
decided to honor the IATSE picket line and did not report for
work during the period of the picketing.
On October 31, 1997, Cheryl Cox wrote Pulskamp a letter
observing that he had refused to cross the picket line, recogniz-
ing that his refusal was protected by law. It went on to advise
Pulskamp that Lawrence was being given Pulskamp’s job on a
“full-time regular basis.” The letter further advised him that
Jimenez had been promoted to Lawrence’s previous job, “the
assistant electrical technician” (assistant head electrician). Cox
went on to say the Company did not feel it necessary to fill
Jimenez’ previous job, but if they decided to do so, Pulskamp
would be offered that job.1
On January 16, 1998, Respondent and the Union entered into
an Interim Collective-Bargaining Contract and Local 50 once
again began dispatching employees to Respondent’s convention
shows on appropriate requests. The picketing was discontinued
at the warehouse/office facility.
On January 25–29, 1998, the Union referred Pulskamp to
Respondent’s show for the California League of Food Proces-
sors convention, short-term employment.
On January 26 or 27, Cheryl Cox learned that Jimenez could
not read the layouts independently and notified him that he was
to be terminated on January 30. The termination took place as
scheduled. Respondent simultaneously determined that it
would not fill the assistant head electrician job. Cox testified
that Lawrence’s skills were so great, and with a seasonal slow-
down that lasted until late July, they were able to make do with
Lawrence alone, although on a few occasions they took a refer-
ral from the IATSE hiring hall to perform the assistant’s work.
In the meantime, Pulskamp continued to be referred to Re-
spondent’s shows on a short-term basis as an electrician. From
January 29-February he worked at the Northern California
Home and Landscape Expo; on March 7–8 he worked the Cali-
fornia Optometric Expo; on March 9, the Government Confer-
ence on the Environment; and on March 13–14, the Sacramento
Bee Travel Fair. It appears the Union referred him to other
employers as well.

1 There is no dispute that the “third” job held only by Jimenez and
for only 3 days is not substantially equivalent to either the “head” job
or the “assistant head” job. The duties were not skilled and the pay rate
was substantially less.
In the meantime, on February 27, 1998, the Union filed its
first unfair labor practice charge with Region 20 of the NLRB
alleging that Respondent had refused to rehire Pulskamp after
he had allegedly made an unconditional offer to return to work.
That charge was later withdrawn, and the instant charge substi-
tuted on March 3. On March 27, Respondent and the Union
entered into the current collective-bargaining contract.
Eventually, on July 20, Cheryl Cox decided to fill the assis-
tant’s job. She wrote a letter that day offering the job to Pul-
skamp. He accepted by letter delivered on July 28, arranged a
short delay in returning, and began work on August 3.
When Pulskamp was dispatched to various shows after the
strike ended, on at least one occasion he spoke to Company
President John Cox. That conversation was social in nature. At
no time did Pulskamp ask to return to his old job or to any full
time job in the warehouse. His testimony:

Q. [By Mr. Seagle] Did you have any discussion with
[John Cox] concerning returning to work for Respondent
on a regular basis?
A. No.

Pulskamp also was discussed on at least two occasions dur-
ing the latter stages of negotiations. Union President Larry
Stanfill testified that in late January, at a negotiation session,
Pulskamp’s name was discussed in the context of a claim that
Pulskamp had been fired. He says Company attorney Dennis
Murphy asserted that was not so, that Pulskamp had been laid
off and had the potential of being recalled.2
On February 3, according to Stanfill, as the parties could see
an agreement coming, Murphy asked Stanfill if the unfair labor
practices would be dropped. Stanfill said that they would be
except for the one regarding Pulskamp. Stanfill saw no need
for the Union to ask for Pulskamp’s reinstatement. He said:

Q. [By Mr. Seagle] Did you say anything at that meet-
ing concerning Mr. Pulskamp's willingness to come back
to work?
A. Yes. Because I think Mr. Murphy was the one who
said that Mr. Pulskamp had not said that he was willing to
come back to work, had not called them. And I stated that
in the—that it was my feeling that since the Employer was
going to be the one to decide whether the position was
open or not it was incumbent upon them to offer the posi-
tion to Mr. Pulskamp, that we wasn't the one that needed
to contact them.

It is apparent that the Union did not understand that Pulskamp’s
return to work fell under the rules relating to strikers, not under
2 If Murphy said that Pulskamp had been laid off, a circumstance
which I tend to doubt, the remark referred to his payroll status, not his
having become disconnected to Respondent in a manner which would
implicate Sec. 8(a)(3). In fact Pulskamp was simply considered a
striker who had not yet informed the Company of his desire to return to
work. Layoff in that context simply means that he was not currently
working.

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 328
those concerning discharges. As a result of both Pulskamp’s own
testimony, and the Union’s belief that it had no responsibility to
Pulskamp as a striker, the conclusion is inescapable that Pulskamp
did not, after the IATSE strike ended, ever make a request of any
kind that he be reinstated, either to his old job or to any other job.

III. ANALYSIS
Since Pulskamp was a striker, albeit a sympathy striker, his
circumstances must be analyzed as those of a striker who wants
to return to work. It has long been a fundamental requirement
that a striker who wishes to return must somehow convey his
intentions to the employer, whether the strike is over or not.
That is true whether the striker is an economic striker, as Pul-
skamp was here, or whether the striker is an unfair labor prac-
tice striker, one who is protesting an employer’s unfair labor
practices or one whose economic strike has been caused or
prolonged by the employer’s unfair labor practices.
The striker must somehow advise the employer that he is
now ready to cease withholding labor and is ready to return to
work. It is at that point that the striker’s rights become defined,
no matter what type of striker he is. When the striker does so,
the employer must make a decision, either accept the striker’s
offer to return to work or whether to decline it for some reason.
It is the employer’s decision to decline to put the striker back to
work which triggers questions of discrimination under Section
8(a)(3), or in this case, Section 8(a)(1). Most cases do not con-
cern themselves with the issue of whether or not the striker has
asked to return. Usually the striking union does that for them,
and the vast majority of cases focus on what the employer’s
response was. The focal point of the leading case on the sub-
ject is the employer’s response, but nonetheless that case con-
tinued to impose the duty on the employee to advise the em-
ployer that he wants to return to work. See Laidlaw Corp., 171
NLRB 1366 (1968), enfd. 414 F.2d 99 (7th Cir. 1969), cert.
denied 397 U.S. 920 (1970), where the Board said:

economic strikers who unconditionally apply for reinstate-
ment when their positions are filled by permanent replace-
ments (1) remain employees; (2) are entitled to full reinstate-
ment upon departure of replacements or when jobs for which
they are qualified become available, unless they have in the
meantime acquired regular and substantially equivalent em-
ployment or the employer can sustain its burden of proof that
the failure to offer full reinstatement was for legitimate and
substantial business reasons. [171 NLRB at 1369–1370.]
[Emphasis added.]

The Italicized portion of the quotation is our concern here.
Indeed, that requirement was even part of the earlier rule gov-
erning the reinstatement of strikers. See the Supreme Court’s
decisions in NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co., 304 U.S.
333 (1938), and NLRB v. Fleetwood Trailer Co., 389 U.S. 375
(1967).3 When the Board adopted the Laidlaw rule with respect
to strikers’ rights, it did not modify the requirement that the
striker set the predicate for returning by asking to come back to
work. If such a request was not made, the employer could not
know of the striker’s desire to return and if he could not know,
both the Board and the courts felt the employer should not be
liable for backpay. Not everyone who goes on strike chooses to
return. Many abandon that job in favor of what they perceive
to be a better one; others have career changing events during
the strike which require that they go somewhere else or do
something else. For that reason, the struck employer is entitled
to accurate knowledge about a striker’s intentions.

3 “An employer may not retaliate against striking employees by re-
fusing to reinstate them upon their unconditional offers to return to
work; such retaliation would discourage employees from exercising
their guaranteed rights to organize and strike.” Fleetwood Trailer,
supra at 378. (Emphasis added.)
In fact, for a long time, and for the same reason, even strik-
ers who were discharged while on strike were obligated to ask
unconditionally for reinstatement, unlike nonstriking discrimi-
natees. See Valley Oil, 210 NLRB 370 (1974). That rule was
changed in 1979 when the Board decided Abilities & Good-
will.4 Of course, there is no claim here that Pulskamp is a dis-
charged striker. I mention the old rule simply to make the point
that strikers have long been subject to the duty to advise their
employer regarding their intention to return to work.
There is one exception to the requirement that the striker
must offer to return, the so-called futility exception. In some
circumstances the Board has held that the striker’s duty to ad-
vise the employer of his intent to return has been excused when
the employer has done something so severe as to mislead a
striker into thinking he could not return after the strike no mat-
ter what he did. See for example Moore Business Forms, 224
NLRB 393 (1976). No such contention has been made here.
Counsel for the General Counsel, however, sees another rea-
son to excuse Pulskamp from having to ask to return to work.
He observes that after the strike was over, and after the Union
resumed referring employees to Respondent for show work, it
referred Pulskamp to Respondent to work in that capacity and
Respondent accepted him to perform that type of work. From
that, the General Counsel argues, Respondent, particularly John
Cox, knew that Pulskamp wanted to return and therefore Pul-
skamp was excused from having to actually tell one of the
Coxes that he wanted to come back. In this regard, the General
Counsel cites Sunbeam Lighting Co., 136 NLRB 1248 (1962),
as support for the argument.
In fact, however, Sunbeam does not provide support for the
General Counsel’s argument. In that case, the day after the
employees struck, a large number of them appeared at the plant
at starting time ready to go to work. They were turned away by
the plant superintendent who told them they were in the process
of being fired. The Board held that their appearance at the gate
ready to go work, together with what the plant superintendent
had said to them, warranted the conclusion that they in fact had
offered to return to work and that the duty had been satisfied.
Nothing like that occurred here and I do not find Sunbeam help-
ful, much less controlling. It is simply a case where the strikers
did ask to go back to work.
In any event, I am unable to agree with the General Counsel
that Pulskamp was excused from telling Respondent that he
was ready to go back to work. Pulskamp’s acceptance of short-
4 241 NLRB 27 (1979), enf. denied on other grounds 612 F.2d 6 (1st
Cir. 1979)

SACRAMENTO THEATRICAL LIGHTING 329
term work signifies nothing insofar as returning to his perma-
nent job is concerned. Indeed, when he said nothing about his
intentions to John Cox, Cox was well within his rights to as-
sume Pulskamp was happy working through the union hiring
hall. The acceptance of short-term work through the hiring hall
certainly does not logically lead to the General Counsel’s con-
clusion, that Pulskamp wanted his old job back. As a result, I
must conclude that Pulskamp did not take the steps necessary to
invoke the Laidlaw striker protection rule. Since he never
asked to return to work, Respondent has never denied him the
right to do so. The complaint will be dismissed on that basis.
This conclusion obviates the necessity of looking at other
possible issues. One is whether or not Pulskamp was a statu-
tory supervisor and not subject to the Act’s protections at all.
Parker-Robb Chevrolet, 262 NLRB 402 (1982). Another is
whether he was actually permanently replaced by his subordi-
nate, Lawrence.
Without definitively answering those questions, I think that
there is a substantial likelihood that Pulskamp, at the time he
chose to go on strike, was a statutory supervisor. He wanted to
deny the authority, but the fact is, whenever he took charge of a
show, particularly the larger ones, if he wasn’t the supervisor,
then large crews (for the Tony’s show a crew of 25 was re-
quired) would be unsupervised, an unlikely circumstance.
Moreover, Pulskamp, as the head electrician, had administra-
tive duties (planning and estimating overhead needs) which
suggest that even if he is not a supervisor, he was a managerial
employee, also not protected by the Act.
The next issue, whether Lawrence permanently replaced Pul-
skamp becomes necessary to decide only if Pulskamp was a
statutory employee who had asked to return at the end of the
strike. Here, although I think Cheryl Cox’s letter of October 31
is somewhat ambiguous and susceptible to more than one inter-
pretation, Pulskamp never said he wanted to return. Therefore,
it is unnecessary to resolve that ambiguity.
There is also the possible question of whether or not when
Respondent let Jimenez go, it was obligated to immediately fill
the slot of the second electrician. Suffice it to say, that there is
no evidence that Respondent chose not to fill that job immedi-
ately for any reason other than financial. It simply did not have
enough work available to justify keeping that post filled until
work increased in July. At that time it reached out to Pulskamp
and offered him the second electrician’s job. The General
Counsel does not attack that decision, even in light of the am-
biguity found in Cox’s letter, perhaps conceding that Lawrence
did permanently replace Pulskamp as the head electrician.
Accordingly, the complaint will be dismissed.
Based on the foregoing findings of fact and analysis, I make
the following
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. Respondent is an employer engaged in commerce within
the meaning of Section 2(2), (5), and (6) of the Act.
2. Local 50, International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Em-
ployees, AFL–CIO is a labor organization within the meaning
of Section 2(5) of the Act.
3. Respondent’s employee Michael Pulskamp became a
sympathy striker on October 30, 1997.
4. Pulskamp, since the date he became a striker, has never
offered to return to work at the job he held prior to the strike or
to any other substantially equivalent job.
5. The General Counsel has failed to prove the elements of a
prima facie case that Respondent has discriminated against
Pulskamp by not recalling him to a permanent position after the
end of the strike.
6. The General Counsel has failed to prove that Respondent
violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.
On these findings of fact and conclusions of law and on the
entire record, I issue the following recommended5
ORDER
The complaint is dismissed.

5 If no exceptions are filed as provided by Sec. 102.46 of the Board’s
Rules and Regulations, the findings, conclusions, and recommended
Order shall, as provided in Sec. 102.48 of the Rules, be adopted by the
Board and all objections to them shall be deemed waived for all pur-
poses.