North Caroline Shipping

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Aug 24, 1998

326 N.L.R.B. 280 (N.L.R.B. 1998)

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 280
North Carolina Shipping Association and its Mem-
ber, Southeast Crescent Shipping Company and
Alter Ego Southeast Crescent Terminal Co., Inc.
and Emmett L. Denkins

International Longshoremen’s Association, Local
1426 and Emmett L. Denkins. Cases 11–CA–
16155 and 11–CB–2483
August 24, 1998
DECISION AND ORDER
BY CHAIRMAN GOULD AND MEMBERS FOX
AND LIEBMAN
On September 12, 1996, Administrative Law Judge
Philip P. McLeod issued the attached decision. The Re-
spondent Employer and the Respondent Association
jointly filed exceptions and a supporting brief, the Re-
spondent Union filed exceptions and a supporting brief,
and the General Counsel filed a cross-exception and a
supporting and answering brief.
The National Labor Relations Board has delegated its
authority in this proceeding to a three-member panel.
The Board has considered the decision and the record
in light of the exceptions and briefs, and has decided to
affirm the judge’s rulings, findings, and conclusions as
modified and to adopt the recommended Order as modi-
fied and set forth in full below.1
We agree with the judge’s findings that Respondent
Southeast Crescent Shipping Company and its alter ego
Southeast Crescent Terminal Co., Inc. (Respondent Em-
ployer), through the actions of its agent, James Grady,
violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act by discrimina-
torily denying Charging Party Emmett Denkins a perma-
nent assignment on a warehouse crew, and that the Re-
spondent Union, also through the actions of Agent
Grady, violated Section 8(b)(1)(A) and (2) by causing
the Employer to discriminate against Denkins.
We do not agree, however, with the judge’s finding
that Respondent North Carolina Shipping Association is
liable for the unfair labor practices engaged in by its
member, the Respondent Employer. The record estab-
lishes, and the judge found, that the Association exists
solely for the purpose of representing five stevedoring
companies and one line-handling company in the nego-
tiation and administration of collective-bargaining
agreements. Consistent with the record, the judge found:

1 In addition to the change discussed below, we have modified the
judge’s recommended Order to conform it to Indian Hills Care Center,
321 NLRB 144 (1996), to require the reciprocal posting of notices, to
state that the Respondent Union’s backpay liability is joint and several
with the Respondent Employer, and to provide that the Respondent
Union’s backpay liability is terminated 5 days after it notifies the Re-
spondent Employer that it has no objection to the hiring of Emmett
Denkins for the three-person permanent warehouse crew. C. B. Display
Service, 260 NLRB 1103 fn. 6 (1982).
The Association has no income or assets of its
own. The member companies pay assessments to
the Association which are used to cover the Associa-
tion’s administrative expenses. The Association
does not itself employ union labor. Neither is the
Association responsible for making contributions to
the Union’s pension and welfare funds. The Asso-
ciation is purely and simply a multi-employer collec-
tive bargaining association.

The unfair labor practices here involve the actions of
work crew “header” James Grady, who the judge prop-
erly found to be a dual agent of the Respondent Em-
ployer and the Respondent Union.2 Specifically, the un-
fair labor practices concern Grady’s discriminatory re-
fusal to select Denkins for a permanent work crew be-
cause Denkins signed a petition which Grady perceived
to be disloyal to the union leadership with which Grady
was aligned.
Contrary to the judge, we find that the Association is
not liable for Grady’s conduct because it did not have
any involvement in the hiring decision at issue here or in
the acts that constituted the unfair labor practices. The
Association has no authority to, and does not, make em-
ployment decisions on behalf of its employer-members,
and does not exercise any control over the terms and
conditions of employment which its employer-members
apply to their own employees. In these circumstances,
we find that the Association was not an employer of
Grady, Denkins, or any other employee of the Respon-
dent Employer or of any other member of the Respon-
dent Union. Thus, we find that Grady was not acting as
the agent of the Association when he engaged in the con-
duct involved in this case. Accordingly, we reverse the
2 In its exceptions, the Respondent Employer contends, among other
things, that Grady cannot be found to be its agent because no “identity
of interests” exists between leaders of gangs, called “headers,” such as
Grady, and the Respondent Employer, and the headers act solely in the
interests of the Respondent Union. In support, the Respondent Em-
ployer cites NLRB v. Master Stevedores Assn. of Texas, 418 F.2d 140
(5th Cir. 1969). For the reasons set forth by the judge, we find no merit
in the Employer’s contention. We note further that the Board has not
adopted the court’s decision in Master Stevedores and that, in any
event, the situation in that case is distinguishable from that presented in
the instant case. In Master Stevedores, the court found that certain
dock foremen who selected employees to work for employers were not
acting as agents of the employers for hiring purposes, and therefore
were not supervisors under Sec. 2(11) of the Act. Here, in contrast, the
Employer has stipulated that the headers are Sec. 2(11) supervisors.
More significantly, unlike the situation in Master Stevedores, here the
Employer was directly involved in the hiring process performed by the
headers. Thus, the record shows that the Employer specifically chose
Grady to be the header on the three-person warehouse gang, and it
directed Grady to choose workers for the gang who would best perform
the tasks required by the Employer. Accordingly, we find that Grady
clearly was acting within the scope of his authority as agent and super-
visor for the Employer in making the hiring decisions for the three-
person gang. Thus, even under the Fifth Circuit’s test set forth in Mas-
ter Stevedores, Grady’s actions at issue here were taken “in the interest
of the employer.”
326 NLRB No. 18
NORTH CAROLINA SHIPPING ASSN. 281
judge on this matter, and we shall delete the Association
from the Order.
ORDER
The National Labor Relations Board adopts the rec-
ommended Order of the administrative law judge as
modified and set forth in full below and orders that
A. Respondent Southeast Crescent Shipping Company
and its alter ego Southeast Crescent Terminal Co., Inc.,
Wilmington, North Carolina, its officers, agents, succes-
sors, and assigns, shall
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Failing and refusing to hire individuals because of
their union activities or sentiments.
(b) In any like or related manner interfering with, re-
straining, or coercing employees in the exercise of their
rights under Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to
effectuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, offer
Emmett Denkins employment in the position on the
three-member warehouse gang which he would have held
but for the discrimination against him, or if that position
no longer exists, to a substantially equivalent position,
without prejudice to his seniority or any other rights or
privileges previously enjoyed.
(b) Jointly and severally with the Respondent Union,
International Longshoremen’s Association, Local 1426,
make Emmett Denkins whole for any loss of earnings
and other benefits suffered as a result of the discrimina-
tion against him. Backpay shall be computed in accor-
dance with F. W. Woolworth Co., 90 NLRB 289 (1950),
with interest as prescribed in New Horizons for the Re-
tarded, 283 NLRB 1173 (1987). The Respondent Un-
ion’s liability for backpay shall terminate 5 days after it
notifies the Respondent Employer that it has no objection
to the employment of Denkins.
(c) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, remove
from its files any reference to the unlawful refusal to hire
Emmett Denkins for a position on the three-member
warehouse gang, and within 3 days thereafter notify
Denkins in writing that this has been done and that the
failure to hire will not be used against him in any way.
(d) Preserve and, within 14 days of a request, make
available to the Board or its agents for examination and
copying, all payroll records and reports, all social secu-
rity payment records, timecards, personnel records and
reports, and all other records necessary to analyze the
amount of backpay due under the terms of this Order.
(e) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at
its Wilmington, North Carolina facilities copies of the
attached notice marked “Appendix A.”3 Copies of the

3 If this Order is enforced by a judgment of a United States court of
appeals, the words in the notice reading “Posted by Order of the Na-
tional Labor Relations Board” shall read “Posted Pursuant to a Judg-
notice, on forms provided by the Regional Director for
Region 11, after being signed by the Respondent’s au-
thorized representative, shall be posted by the Respon-
dent and maintained for 60 consecutive days in con-
spicuous places, including all places where notices to
employees are customarily posted. Reasonable steps
shall be taken by the Respondent to ensure that the no-
tices are not altered, defaced, or covered by any other
material. In the event that, during the pendency of these
proceedings, the Respondent has gone out of business or
closed the facilities involved in these proceedings, the
Respondent shall duplicate and mail, at its own expense,
a copy of the notice to all current employees and former
employees employed by the Respondent at any time
since July 22, 1994.
(f) Post at the same places and under the same condi-
tions set forth in paragraph 2(e) above, and as soon as
they are forwarded by the Regional Director, copies of
the Respondent Union’s notice marked as “Appendix B.”
(g) Furnish to the Regional Director for Region 11
signed copies of Appendix A in sufficient number to be
posted by the Respondent Union in places where notices
to its members are customarily posted.
(h) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file
with the Regional Director a sworn certification of a re-
sponsible official on a form provided by the Region at-
testing to the steps that the Respondent Employer has
taken to comply.
B. Respondent International Longshoremen’s Associa-
tion, Local 1426, Wilmington, North Carolina, its offi-
cers, agents, and representatives, shall
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Causing, or attempting to cause, the Respondent
Employer, Southeast Crescent Shipping Company and its
alter ego Southeast Crescent Terminal Co., Inc., or any
other employer, to fail and refuse to hire Emmett Den-
kins, or any other individual, because of their union ac-
tivities or sentiments.
(b) In any like or related manner restraining or coerc-
ing employees in the exercise of their rights under Sec-
tion 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to
effectuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Jointly and severally with the Respondent Em-
ployer, make Emmett Denkins whole for any loss of
earnings and other benefits suffered as a result of the
discrimination against him. Backpay shall be computed
in accordance with F. W. Woolworth Co., supra, with
interest as prescribed in New Horizons for the Retarded,
supra. The Respondent Union’s liability for backpay
shall terminate 5 days after it notifies the Respondent
Employer that it has no objection to the employment of
Denkins.

ment of the United States Court of Appeals Enforcing an Order of the
National Labor Relations Board.”
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 282
(b) Notify the Respondent Employer, in writing, with a
copy to Denkins, that it has no objection to the employ-
ment of Denkins in the position on the three-member
warehouse gang that he would have held if not for the
discrimination against him.
(c) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, remove
from its files any reference to the unlawful refusal to
select Denkins for the permanent three-member ware-
house gang, and within 3 days thereafter notify Denkins
in writing that this has been done and that the refusal to
select will not be used against him in any way.
(d) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at
its Union office copies of the attached notice marked
“Appendix B.”4 Copies of the notice, on forms provided
by the Regional Director for Region 11, after being
signed by the Respondent Union’s authorized representa-
tive, shall be posted by the Respondent Union and main-
tained for 60 consecutive days in conspicuous places
where notices to members are customarily posted. Rea-
sonable steps shall be taken by the Respondent to ensure
that the notices are not altered, defaced, or covered by
any other material.
(e) Post at the same places and under the same condi-
tions as set forth in paragraph (d) above, and as soon as
they are forwarded by the Regional Director, copies of
the Respondent Employer’s attached notice marked as
“Appendix A.”
(f) Furnish signed copies of the notice marked “Ap-
pendix B” to the Regional Director for posting by the
Respondent Employer at all places on its premises where
notices to employees are customarily posted. Copies of
that notice, after being signed by the Respondent Union’s
authorized representative, shall be returned to the Re-
gional Director for disposition by him.
(g) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file
with the Regional Director a sworn certification of a re-
sponsible official on a form provided by the Region at-
testing to the steps that the Respondent Union has taken
to comply.

APPENDIX A
NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES
POSTED BY ORDER OF THE
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
An Agency of the United States Government

The National Labor Relations Board has found that we vio-
lated the National Labor Relations Act and has ordered us to
post and abide by this notice.

Section 7 of the Act gives employees these rights.
To organize
To form, join, or assist any union
To bargain collectively through representatives
of their own choice

4 See fn. 3, supra.
To act together for other mutual aid or protection
To choose not to engage in any of these protected
concerted activities.

WE WILL NOT fail and refuse to hire individuals be-
cause of their union activities or sentiments.
WE WILL NOT in any like or related manner interfere
with, restrain, or coerce you in the exercise of the rights
guaranteed you by Section 7 of the Act.
WE WILL, within 14 days from the date of the Board’s
Order, offer Emmett Denkins employment in the position
on the three-member warehouse gang which he would
have held but for the discrimination against him or, if
that position no longer exists, to a substantially equiva-
lent position, without prejudice to his seniority or any
other rights or privileges previously enjoyed.
WE WILL, jointly with International Longshoremen’s
Association, Local 1426, or severally, make whole Em-
mett Denkins for any loss of earnings and other benefits
suffered as a result of the discrimination against him,
with interest.
WE WILL, within 14 days from the date of the Board’s
Order, remove from our files any reference to our unlaw-
ful refusal to hire Emmett Denkins for a position on the
three-member warehouse gang, and WE WILL, within 3
days thereafter, notify him in writing that this has been
done and that the failure to hire will not be used against
him in any way.
SOUTHEAST CRESCENT SHIPPING COMPANY
AND ALTER EGO SOUTHEAST CRESCENT TER-
MINAL CO., INC.
APPENDIX B
NOTICE TO MEMBERS
POSTED BY ORDER OF THE
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
An Agency of the United States Government

The National Labor Relations Board has found that we vio-
lated the National Labor Relations Act and has ordered us to
post and abide by this notice.

Section 7 of the Act gives employees these rights.
To organize
To form, join, or assist any union
To bargain collectively through representatives
of their own choice
To act together for other mutual aid or protection
To choose not to engage in any of these protected
concerted activities.

WE WILL NOT cause, or attempt to cause, Southeast
Crescent Shipping Company and its alter ego Southeast
Crescent Terminal Co., Inc., or any other employer, to
fail and refuse to hire Emmett Denkins, or any other in-
dividual, because of their union activities or sentiments.
NORTH CAROLINA SHIPPING ASSN. 283
WE WILL NOT in any like or related manner restrain or
coerce employees in the exercise of their rights under
Section 7 of the Act.
WE WILL, jointly with the Employer, and severally,
make Emmett Denkins whole for any loss of earnings
and other benefits suffered as a result of the discrimina-
tion against him, with interest.
WE WILL notify the Employer, in writing, with a copy
to Emmett Denkins, that we have no objection to the
employment of Denkins in the position on the three-
member warehouse gang that he would have held if not
for the discrimination against him.
WE WILL, within 14 days from the date of the Board’s
Order, remove from our files any reference to our unlaw-
ful refusal to select Emmett Denkins for the permanent
three-member warehouse gang, and WE WILL, within 3
days thereafter, notify him in writing that this has been
done and that the refusal to select will not be used
against him in any way.
INTERNATIONAL LONGSHOREMEN’S ASSOCIA-
TION, LOCAL 1426

Jane P. North, Esq., for the General Counsel.
W. T. Cranfill Jr., Esq. (Blakeney & Alexander), of Charlotte,
North Carolina, for Respondent Employer.
Robert W. Kilroy, Esq., of Hampstead, North Carolina, for Re-
spondent Union.
DECISION
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
PHILIP P. MCLEOD, Administrative Law Judge. I heard this
case in Wilmington, North Carolina, on April 29 and 30, 1996.
The case originated from a charge filed on July 22, 1994, in
Case 11–CB–2483 by Emmett L. Denkins against International
Longshoremen’s Association, Local 1426 (Respondent Union).
On August 9, 1994, Denkins filed a charge in Case 11–CA–
16155 against North Carolina Shipping Association (Respon-
dent Association or the Association) and its member Southeast
Crescent Shipping Company, Inc. (Respondent Employer or
Southeast Crescent Shipping).
On August 25, 1994, an order consolidating cases, complaint
and notice of hearing issued. The complaint alleges violations
of Section 8(b)(1)(A) and (2) and Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the
Act.
In their respective answers to the consolidated complaint,
Respondents admitted certain allegations, including the filing
and serving of the charges; the status of Southeast Crescent
Shipping as an employer within the meaning of the Act; the
status of the Association as a multiemployer bargaining asso-
ciation; and the status of International Longshoremen’s Asso-
ciation, Local 1426, as a labor organization within the meaning
of the Act. Respondents denied having engaged in any conduct
which would constitute an unfair labor practice within the
meaning of the Act. Additionally, the Association denied that it
is an employer within the meaning of the Act.
At the trial here, all parties were represented and afforded
full opportunity to be heard, to examine and cross-examine
witnesses, and to introduce evidence. Based on facts revealed
for the first time at the trial by Respondent Employer’s counsel,
I granted counsel for the General Counsel’s motion to amend
the complaint to add Southeast Crescent Terminal, Inc. (South-
east Crescent Terminal), as a Respondent and alter ego of
Southeast Crescent Shipping.
All parties filed timely briefs which have been duly consid-
ered. In their posttrial briefs, counsel for the General Counsel
and Respondent Employers both state that following the close
of the hearing, the parties agreed to stipulate Southeast Cres-
cent Shipping and Southeast Crescent Terminal are, and have
been at all times material, alter egos and a single employer
within the meaning of the Act.
On the entire record in this case, and from my observation of
the witnesses, I make the following
FINDINGS OF FACT
A. Background
North Carolina Shipping Association is a nonprofit North
Carolina corporation which exists solely for the purpose of
representing five stevedoring companies and one line-handling
company in Wilmington, North Carolina, in the negotiation and
administration of collective-bargaining agreements with Re-
spondent Union. The Association has no income or assets of its
own. The member companies pay assessments to the Associa-
tion which are used to cover the Association’s administrative
expenses. The Association does not itself employ union labor.
Neither is the Association responsible for making contributions
to the Union’s pension and welfare funds. The Association is
purely and simply a multiemployer collective-bargaining asso-
ciation.
Respondent Southeast Crescent Shipping Company, Inc. is a
Delaware corporation engaged in the business of providing
stevedoring services at the port in Wilmington, North Carolina,
and is one member of the Association.
Respondent Union serves as the exclusive hiring agent for
the member employers of the Association to provide long-
shoremen for loading and unloading work in the port of Wil-
mington. This practice has been in existence since at least 1977,
although not embodied in a written contract for many years.
Recently, the practice has been embodied in an agreement
known as the “Wilmington North Carolina Longshore Seniority
plan” revised October 1, 1992.
At the Wilmington port, regular work crews are referred to
as working “gangs.” There are from 15 to 18 loading gangs,
with 12 people assigned to each such gang, and 3 carpenter
gangs. On the loading gangs, there are forklift operators, crane
operators, laborers, a flagman, and a hatch tender. Gangs work
in rotation in 2-day cycles as work is available.
Each gang is supervised by a “header” who is chosen by the
Employer, but on recommendation of the Union. Each gang
header receives a dollar more per hour than longshoremen on
the gang. Under the agreement between Respondent Union and
the Association, the header has authority to hire individuals to
work on the gang, and has authority to “check a man out,” that
is, send him home from work, and take him off the gang, if he
is not working. Headers generally do not perform loading work
themselves, but devote themselves entirely to supervising the
work of the gang. The parties stipulated that headers are super-
visors within the meaning of the Act.
Gangs consist of certain permanent members who are as-
signed to the gang based on seniority. All permanent members
“shape-up,” i.e., appear for assigned work, at a designated time.
If a vacancy occurs in the gang due to absence or the need for
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 284
additional men, the header will select within plan seniority
guidelines those longshoremen available on the floor at the
union hall, provided they have the qualifications to perform the
work.
B. Emmett Denkins’ Background
Emmett Denkins became a member of Respondent Union in
1991. From the outset, Denkins was a vigorous supporter of
Union President Willie Sloan. He and fellow member James
Grady were two of Sloan’s most outspoken advocates, cam-
paigning for Sloan in the 1991 local union campaign. Grady
and Denkins often had breakfast together before work, and had
various meetings with Sloan, who Grady routinely referred to
as “the man.” As more fully described below, Sloan was sus-
pended from his duties as local union president in November
1993, and a trustee was appointed to act in his place. Even after
this occurred, both Denkins and Sloan continued to openly
support Sloan.
During the first years of Denkins’ union membership, he was
not assigned to a permanent gang. Denkins acquired work
through a process called “catching work,” i.e., going to the
union hall early in the morning to attend “shape-ups” in order
to be available if a particular gang needed additional people
that day. Through this procedure, Denkins caught work primar-
ily on the Thomas Nixon gang, where he worked with James
Grady. For at least half of his working time on the Nixon gang,
Denkins drove a forklift and a hustler. It is undisputed that
Denkins was qualified to drive all types of vehicles needed on
the docks, including forklifts, container handlers, and hustlers,
which are similar to tractor-trailer rigs.
C. Union Trusteeship
In November 1993, the International Longshoremen’s Asso-
ciation placed the local union under trusteeship, in part for fail-
ing to fill permanent gangs. Local union officers and executive
board members were suspended. The trustee assumed complete
control of the local union, retaining only those persons and
suspended officers necessary to operate the local, such as Vice
President and Business Agent Clayton Vaught.
D. Formation of the Warehouse Gang
In December 1993, Grady approached Denkins and told him
that he had been designated header on what was to be a perma-
nent warehouse gang of seven men to be working for Southeast
Shipping at the GADA warehouse in Wilmington. This smaller
gang was to be used for a “stuffing and stripping operation,”
i.e., loading and unloading of freight in and out of containers.
Grady explained that as header, he would be selecting four
permanent members of the gang and two carpenters. It is undis-
puted Grady told Denkins that he would be Grady’s first pick,
because Denkins had the ability to operate all the equipment.
Grady gave Denkins his choice of positions on the gang. Den-
kins chose to be “door man” opening and closing containers,
while others drove trucks and forklifts and the carpenters
shored up and packed as needed. Other members of this gang
included Manning Bryant, a driver, and Preston Walker, a car-
penter.
In mid-March 1994, Grady told Denkins that Captain John
Wightman, president of Southeast Shipping, had told Grady
that he needed a three-man permanent crew for work at the
warehouse operation. Grady told Denkins the jobs were to be
permanent positions, working guaranteed 40 hours a week.
Grady, who was to be header on this crew, asked Denkins
whether he wanted to take one of the other two permanent posi-
tions on that crew, or whether he would rather remain as header
of the seven-man warehouse gang of which Grady was then the
header. Denkins said that he wanted one of the permanent, 40-
hour a week positions, as he needed the money. Grady ex-
plained that Wightman would submit the names to the Union
for approval, and stated that he would submit Denkins’ name to
Wightman as one of the other two people. Three or four days
later, Grady told Denkins that he intended to submit Preston
Walker’s name as the carpenter for that three person crew.
Thereafter, Denkins spoke with then Acting Union President
Clayton Vaught. It is undisputed Vaught told Denkins, “you all
have the job” but that he didn’t know exactly when they would
start to work. Preston Walker also confirmed that Clayton
Vaught told him, at some point prior to his starting to work on
the three-man crew, that Grady had said the three chosen indi-
viduals were Walker, Grady, and Denkins. It is undisputed that
Denkins was fully qualified to perform all of the work required
on the three-man crew.
E. The “Petition” and its Consequences
In early April 1994, Denkins was approached by fellow un-
ion member Wilbert Rowell who was circulating a petition
containing a statement of support for the work done on behalf
of Respondent Union by Trustee John Mackay. At the trial
here, Rowell conceded that at the time he circulated this peti-
tion, he was considering running for president of the local un-
ion against incumbent Willie Sloan and that part of his reason
in circulating the petition was to gauge the amount of support
he might have. Rowell asked Denkins to sign the petition, and
Denkins agreed.
Rowell sent this petition to the International Union on or
about April 13, 1994. The petition quickly became the subject
of much discussion within the Union. Rowell testified that he
heard talk in the union hall after Denkins signed the petition
about Denkins’ having “jumped the fence.” Given that the
overwhelming majority of those who signed the petition were
not Sloan supporters, and that Rowell’s purpose in circulating
the petition was, in part, to ascertain the amount of support his
own presidential bid would garner, the petition was quickly
characterized by many as an anti-Sloan petition.
Denkins testified, without contradiction, that Grady ap-
proached him at work shortly after he signed the petition.
Grady accused Denkins of having “sold the man out.” Denkins
asked Grady what he meant. Grady replied that Denkins had
signed the petition to get rid of Sloan and keep Respondent
Union under trusteeship. Denkins said that nothing he had read
or signed stated anything to that effect. Grady continued to tell
Denkins that he had “sold the man out” and that he had
“changed camps.” Grady told Denkins, “Well, I have some-
thing for you then.”
Preston Walker corroborated Denkins. Walker testified that
he was present when Grady, in an angry tone of voice, accused
Denkins of having changed over. Later that day, Grady ex-
plained the meaning of his term “changed over” to Walker by
explaining that Denkins had signed the petition that Rowell had
circulated.
Although Denkins had previously served as Grady’s secre-
tary in filling out gang cards prior to his signing the petition,
Grady took over this practice himself after Denkins signed the
petition. Whereas the two previously had eaten breakfast to-
gether on a regular basis, after Denkins signed Rowell’s peti-
NORTH CAROLINA SHIPPING ASSN. 285
tion Grady stopped this practice. Grady continued commenting
on Denkins’ character throughout the weeks that followed.
Grady routinely told others that Denkins was no good, a traitor,
and that he had changed on “the man.”
Realizing that it would lose business if it did not reduce the
cost of using union labor, Southeast Crescent Shipping decided
to apply to the Carriers Containers Council for a “subsidized
freight station.” Through the Carriers Container Council, one
such container freight station per port may be established to
perform stuffing/stripping work using union labor. The union
workers’ wages are subsidized by the council trust fund, on the
condition that the freight station employs the workers on a
permanent basis in 40-hour-per-week positions. This applica-
tion was submitted to the Carrier Container Council by South-
east Crescent Shipping on or about April 22, 1994. Southeast
Crescent Shipping advised Respondent Union that the proposed
container freight station would require the employment of three
union members who would work a 40-hour workweek, and that
this permanent work force would be comprised of James Grady
and “whoever else in his team he feels would best meet our
requirements.”
Thereafter, during the month of May, Denkins saw Willie
Sloan at a local Little League baseball game. Denkins testified
without contradiction about their ensuing conversation. Sloan
walked up to Denkins and said he had heard Denkins had “got
the cold feet.” Denkins asked Sloan what he meant, and Sloan
stated he had heard that Denkins had signed “the petition” to
keep the trusteeship and to get rid of Sloan. Denkins replied he
did not know anything about a petition with language to that
effect, but that he had signed a petition that Rowell had circu-
lated. Sloan concluded by telling Denkins that he’d be back.
Sloan was at least partially correct. The Trusteeship was
terminated in May 1994. Officers, including Sloan, were re-
instated and new members of the executive board were elected.
Grady’s hostility toward Denkins continued. Early in July
1994, Grady talked to longshoreman Shelby King, who also
had been a strong supporter of Sloan. Grady told King that he
was not going to pick Denkins for the permanent three-man
warehouse gang because Denkins had “jumped the fence.”
When King asked Grady what he meant by Denkins “jumping
the fence,” Grady said that Denkins had gone the “other way”
and was a Rowell supporter, having signed a petition to keep
Sloan from coming back as president of Respondent Union.
The application of Southeast Crescent Shipping was ulti-
mately approved by the Container Counsel and the Interna-
tional Union, and plans were made for the creation of a new
corporation, Southeast Crescent Terminal, to operate the con-
tainer freight station. Wightman informed Sloan by letter dated
July 15, 1994, that the terminal would begin operation on July
18 and that “James Grady should choose two men from our
present crew who he feels are able to perform all necessary
tasks.”
On July 18, Denkins learned that he had not been chosen by
Grady to work at the freight station. Rather, Grady selected
driver Manning Bryant and carpenter Preston Walker to work
with him at the freight station, and Grady’s former seven-man
loading gang was dissolved. Denkins learned this when he
passed by the warehouse yard and noticed Grady, Preston
Walker, and Manning Bryant working in the yard. Denkins
went directly to the union hall, where he spoke to Business
Agent Lewis Hines. Hines told Denkins that he knew very little
about the situation and that when Union President Willie Sloan,
who had returned to the position of president, had gone out of
town on the previous Friday, he had given Hines only two
names, those of Grady and Preston Walker. Denkins replied
that he had seen Manning Bryant working at the yard. Hines
then explained that when Grady came the to hall that morning,
he had told Hines to call Manning Bryant at home, and to tell
him to come to work. Bryant’s name did not appear on the
“anti-Sloan” petition.
At noon on that same day, Denkins spoke to Grady at the un-
ion hall when he came to lunch. Denkins told Grady that he
knew he was one of the three people chosen, and that he had
just been waiting to go to work. Denkins directly confronted
Grady by asking him how the change had come about. Grady
replied, just as directly, that he and “the man” made the change.
The only person Grady ever referred to as “the man” was Willie
Sloan.
F. Later Events
On July 18, Denkins immediately filed a grievance with the
“seniority board” of Respondent Union regarding Grady’s deci-
sion not to select him to work at the freight station. A hearing
took place in late July or early August, at which Denkins was
represented by Wilbert Rowell. It is undisputed that at this
hearing then Vice President Clayton Vaught testified that he
had talked with John Wightman, and Wightman had at one time
submitted three names of people to the Union who had been
selected by Grady to work. These included Grady, Walker, and
Denkins. There is no dispute about the fact that Wightman him-
self never instructed Grady as to who should be selected to
work at the frejght station. Rather, Grady made the choice, who
passed it on to Wightman, who in turn passed it on to the Un-
ion. Vaught stated that he did not know how Denkins was not
chosen, but that Denkins’ name had been submitted to the Un-
ion.
The argument or theory behind Denkins’ grievance was that
as soon as he was told he would be picked for the freight station
gang, he became a member of the gang for seniority purposes
and, therefore, he had “gang seniority” over Manning Bryant.
Denkins’ grievance was rejected. Both he and Manning Bryant
were classified in the same “G” seniority group and, therefore,
Denkins had no greater claim to the position than Bryant.
In late August, at the urging of fellow union member Shelby
King, Denkins attended a lunch meeting with Sloan and King to
discuss the situation. By this time, Sloan had returned to the
position of union president. The events of this meeting are un-
disputed. Denkins asked Sloan why he had allowed Grady to
make the change and take him off the freight station gang.
Sloan responded that Grady had come to him and told him that
Denkins had changed sides. When Denkins asked Sloan what
he meant, Sloan replied that Denkins had changed camps and
had “gone the other way.” Grady asked Sloan who he would
suggest to replace Denkins since Denkins had changed camps.
Sloan continued that he had told Grady he did not want to get
into that, and that he would leave it directly up to Grady. Den-
kins, Sloan, and King then discussed Denkins’ receiving a per-
manent assignment on a loading gang. Thereafter, Denkins did
receive a loading gang assignment, on which he then worked an
average of 2 to 3 days a week.
Analysis and Conclusions
I find that Respondent Employer, through the actions of its
agent, James Grady, violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act
by discriminatorily denying Denkins the permanent warehouse
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 286
gang assignment. As hiring agent and Section 2(11) supervisor,
Grady clearly was acting within the scope of his authority is
choosing the individuals who would work on the three-member
gang. As a supervisor, Grady could not lawfully use statutorily
protected activities as the basis for his decision not to include
Denkins on the three-member gang. The retaIiation that Grady
crafted, aimed directly at Denkins’ protected and union activi-
ties, which Grady perceived as evidence that Denkins had
“changed camps” and “turned on the man,” served inherently
and by design to discourage and chill certain internal and pro-
tected union activity, and thereby violated Section 8(a)(3) and
(1) of the Act.
I agree with counsel for the General Counsel that the forego-
ing facts, largely undisputed, also present a textbook case of
8(b)(1)(A) and (2) violations. As an initial matter, I find that
Grady’s status as a header positioned him as a dual agent acting
on behalf of the Union as well as the Employer. The parties
stipulated that headers are supervisors within the meaning of
the Act, and their actions are, therefore, clearly attributable to
the employers for whom they work. Based on the facts here, I
find headers are also agents of Respondent Union. In an earlier
case involving Respondent Union, the Association, and its
member the Wilmington Shipping Company, the administrative
law judge, affirmed by the Board, relied on the same factors
present here to find dual agency status. Longshoremen ILA
Local 1426 (Wilmington Shipping), 294 NLRB 1152, 1154 at
1157 (1989). As the administrative law judge stated in that
case:

[H]eaders who were members of the Union were also
supervisors within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the
Act. But because the header was a union member and es-
sentially achieved his position by virtue of the Union’s
recommendation, the header obviously had mixed loyalties
which gave the Union potential influence in the header
employee selection beyond the guidelines imposed by the
seniority plan in the collective-bargaining agreement.

Here, as there, headers have authority to hire employees and
to fire employees. While technically “chosen” by the employ-
ers, since they have the right to decline the Union’s “recom-
mendation,” the fact that the Union refers or recommends these
people to be supervisors has the practical effect of the Union
exercising substantial control over the choice of headers. As a
result, headers have a dual loyalty and act consistent with that
as dual agents of Respondent Union as well as Respondent
Employer.
It is well settled that a union, in the operation of an exclusive
hiring hall, violates Section 8(b)(1)(A) and (2) of the Act when
it refuses to refer an individual because of that individual’s
opposition to or criticism of the local union administration. See
Longshoremen ILA Local 1408, 258 NLRB 132, 138 (1981);
and Carpenters Local 720 (National Maintenance), 283 NLRB
617, 623 (1987). Clearly, Denkins’ signing of Rowell’s “straw-
poll” petition is specific union activity statutorily protected by
the Act. Grady’s promise to Denkins that “he had something for
him” as a result of Denkins protected activity constituted a not-
too-veiled threat which reasonably tended to interfere with,
restrain, and coerce Denkins in the exercise of his statutorily
protected right. That the statement was indeed a threat was
borne out by the conduct that Grady took later in passing over
Denkins for the assignment which Grady had earlier assured
Denkins was his. I find that passing over Denkins for this rea-
son violated Section 8(b)(1)(A) and (2) of the Act.
Respondents offered little defense, and no evidence whatever
from which it might be concluded that Denkins would have
been passed over for this assignment regardless of his internal
union activity. None of the Respondents put on any evidence to
contest Denkins’ testimony concerning Grady’s actions, and
Grady’s statements evidencing his motivation for those actions.
Instead, in its posttrial brief, Respondent Employer and the
Association argue that in spite of the stipulation that headers
are supervisors within the meaning of the Act, “with regard to
gang assignment and hiring, the headers cannot be considered
[its] agent” because hiring takes place at the union hall. Regard-
less of where the selection process takes place, however, in the
act of selecting people for gang assignments, the header is ful-
filling a traditional supervisory function for which the employer
must be held accountable.
Respondent Employer and the Association argue that liabil-
ity can be imposed for Grady’s conduct only “if Respondents
had knowledge or notice of that conduct.” This principle has
been applied in the context of conventional hiring halls, in
which the hiring agent operates at arms’ length from the em-
ployer. See, e.g., Wolf Trap Foundation, 287 NLRB 1040
(1988); cf. Toledo World Terminals, 289 NLRB 670, 673
(l988). I agree with counsel for the General Counsel that the
requirement of actual or constructive knowledge simply is in-
applicable to the present case in which the header is a Section
2(11) supervisor, and in which standard agency principles at-
tribute the knowledge and conduct of the supervisor directly to
the Employer. Moreover, the record establishes here that Re-
spondent Employer did know or reasonably should have known
of the discrimination effected through header Grady. Respon-
dent President Wightman was on notice that Denkins had origi-
nally been slotted for a position on the three-person gang.
Grady had told this to Wightman, and Wightman had passed it
on to the Union. Given that the full-time positions reasonably
would appear to be choice assignments, and given that Wight-
man should have known it was at least possible it was Grady
who had effected the change, the change itself should have put
Wightman on notice that he should inquire further concerning
the matter. The mere fact that Wightman did not bother to in-
quire, and perhaps did not care since he was leaving composi-
tion of the crew entirely to Grady, does not shield Respondent
Employer from liability.
The posttrial brief of Respondent Union is interesting in that
it demonstrates how each of the Respondents tries to avoid
liability for Grady’s actions by pointing blame at the other. As
Respondent Union notes, “these selections [for the three person
gang] were outside the Seniority Plan and hiring hall proce-
dures for filling vacancies in a gang . . . . None of these posi-
tions were announced or filled at the hiring hall.” Elsewhere
Respondent Union argues, “Grady was not acting under the
seniority rules when he selected Bryant and Walker but rather
at the direction of the Employer.” Based on the facts presented
here, I am convinced that it simply does not matter where
Grady happened to be when he made the decision to not hire
Denkins, as he had earlier planned on doing. What matters is
that in making that decision, Grady was acting within authority
conferred on him by mutual arrangement and agreement of
Respondent Union, Respondent Employer, and the Association.
What matters too is that in fulfilling his dual role as defined by
the parties themselves, Grady passed over and discriminated
NORTH CAROLINA SHIPPING ASSN. 287
against Denkins for reasons proscribed by the Act. In conclu-
sion, I find that Respondents unlawfully denied Emmett Den-
kins a position on a permanent longshoremen crew in retalia-
tion for Denkins’ having signed a petition that was perceived as
criticism of Union President Willie Sloan. Respondent Union
thereby violated Section 8(b)(1)(A) and (2) of the Act, and
Respondent Employer violated Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the
Act.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. Respondent Employer and Respondent Association are,
and have been at all times material, an employer engaged in
commerce within the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of
the Act.
2. Respondent Union is, and has been at all times material, a
labor organization within the meaning of Section 2(5) of the
Act.
3. James Grady has acted throughout all times relevant to
this case as a header, and as such as a dual agent acting on be-
half of both Respondent Union and Respondent Employer.
4. Respondent Employer, through the actions of its agent,
James Grady, violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act by
discriminatorily denying Emmett Denkins a permanent ware-
house gang assignment because of Denkins’ union activities or
sentiments.
5. Respondent Union, through the actions of its agent, James
Grady, caused Respondent Employer to discriminate against
Emmett Denkins in violation of Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the
Act, and thereby itself violated Section 8(b)(1)(A) and (2) of
the Act.
6. The unfair labor practices which Respondents have been
found to have engaged in have a close, intimate, and substantial
relationship to trade, traffic, and commerce among the several
States and tend to lead to labor disputes burdening and ob-
structing commerce and the free flow of commerce within the
meaning of Section 2(6) and (7) of the Act.
REMEDY
Having found that the Respondents have engaged in certain
unfair labor practices in violation of the Act, I shall recommend
that they be ordered to cease and desist and to take certain af-
firmative action designed to effectuate the policies of the Act.
In cases such as this, the Board has traditionally held that liabil-
ity for the backpay obligation is joint and several.
[Recommended Order omitted from publication.]