Ex Parte GrossDownload PDFBoard of Patent Appeals and InterferencesApr 7, 201011369660 (B.P.A.I. Apr. 7, 2010) Copy Citation UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE ____________ BEFORE THE BOARD OF PATENT APPEALS AND INTERFERENCES ____________ Ex parte JOHN N. GROSS ___________ Appeal 2009-005795 Application 11/369,660 Technology Center 3600 ____________ Decided: April 7, 2010 ____________ Before HUBERT C. LORIN, ANTON W. FETTING, and JOSEPH A. FISCHETTI, Administrative Patent Judges. LORIN, Administrative Patent Judge. DECISION ON APPEAL Appeal 2009-005795 Application 11/369,660 2 STATEMENT OF THE CASE John N. Gross (Appellant) seeks our review under 35 U.S.C. § 134 (2002) of the final rejection of claims 1-20. We have jurisdiction under 35 U.S.C. § 6(b) (2002). SUMMARY OF DECISION We AFFIRM-IN-PART and enter a new ground of rejection pursuant to 37 C.F.R. 41.50(b). 1 THE INVENTION The invention is a method of delivering rented media to a subscriber not only based on returned/received status of other rented media in the customer’s possession. Specification 3:8-9. In one embodiment, the delivery is also based on the lapse of a predetermined time. Specification 3:24-31. In another embodiment, the delivery is also based on the occurrence of an overcapacity triggering event, including demand associated for the media item. Specification 4:4-16. In a final embodiment, the delivery is also based on a selection of the media by the subscriber after consultation by email. Specification 4:27-30. Claim 1, reproduced below, is illustrative of the subject matter on appeal. 1 Our decision will make reference to the Appellant’s Appeal Brief (“App. Br.,” filed Apr. 16, 2008) and Reply Brief (“Reply Br.,” filed Sep. 9, 2008), and the Examiner’s Answer (“Answer,” mailed Jul. 9, 2008). Appeal 2009-005795 Application 11/369,660 3 1. A method of delivering machine readable media to subscribers of a media rental service comprising the steps of: (a) providing a maximum number of machine readable media items (Nmax) which the subscribers can have out at any moment in time from the media rental service; (b) identifying if a first subscriber has capacity available for delivery of a first machine readable media item requested by such first subscriber; (c) selectively imposing a first delay on delivery of said first machine readable media item to the first subscriber even when said first subscriber has not reached Nmax; said first machine readable media item being a title which is subject to profit sharing between the media rental service and a third party based on a distribution of such title to said first subscriber. THE REJECTION The Examiner relies upon the following as evidence of unpatentability: Hastings Matsushima US 6,584,450 B1 US 2002/0138429 A1 Jun. 24, 2003 Sep. 26, 2002 The following rejection is before us for review: 1. Claims 1-20 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. §103(a) as being unpatentable over Hastings and Matsushima. ISSUES The first issue is whether claim 2-7 are unpatentable under 35 U.S.C. § 103(a) over Hastings and Matsushima. Specifically, the major issue is whether: 1) the combination of Hastings and Matsushima teaches a step of Appeal 2009-005795 Application 11/369,660 4 “selectively imposing a first delay on delivery of said first machine readable media item to the first subscriber even when said first subscriber has not reach Nmax” and 2) whether claim 1 requires a step of qualifying a delivery of a media item based on its status as a profit sharing item. The third issue is whether claims 8-14 are unpatentable under 35 U.S.C. § 103(a) over Hastings and Matsushima. Specifically, the major issue is whether the combination of Hastings and Matsushima teaches step a) evaluating a demand characteristic with a computing system for a first machine readable media item requested by a first subscriber and “wherein an amount of said delay is based on a usage behavior of said first subscriber, such that an amount of delay imposed varies in accordance with said first subscriber’s allotment of titles provided during a predetermined period.” The second issue is whether claims 15-20 are unpatentable under 35 U.S.C. § 103(a) over Hastings and Matsushima. Specifically, the major issue is whether the combination of Hastings and Matsushima teaches step (d) selectively imposing a delay on delivery of said first media item to the first subscriber based on the results of steps (b), (c) and (c’), where (c’) is a step of identifying if said first subscriber has capacity available for delivery of said first machine readable media item based on Nmax for such first subscriber. FINDINGS OF FACT We find that the following enumerated findings of fact (FF) are supported by at least a preponderance of the evidence. Ethicon, Inc. v. Quigg, 849 F.2d 1422, 1427 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (explaining the general evidentiary standard for proceedings before the Office). Appeal 2009-005795 Application 11/369,660 5 The scope and content of the prior art Hastings 1. Hastings describes a method for renting items to a customer on a subscription basis. Col. 1, ll. 49-50. 2. Hasting describes a “MAX TURNS” approach and a “MAX OUT” approach, which may be used together. Col. 4, ll. 40-42. 3. Hastings states: “In this situation, up to a specified number of total items are simultaneously rented to customer 102 and up to a specified number of item exchanges may be made during a specified period of time.” Col. 6, ll. 47-50. 4. Figure 6 is reproduced below. Appeal 2009-005795 Application 11/369,660 6 Figure 6 illustrates a method using both the “MAX OUT” and “MAX TURNS” approach. 5. Hastings states: “If, in step 610, a determination is made that one or more movies 512 were received from customer 502, then in step 612, a determination is made whether the maximum number of turns (“Max Turns”) limit has been reaches for the current cycle. . . . If not, then control returns to step 608, where one or more additional movies 512 are mailed to customer 502 via delivery channel 514 up to the “Max Out” limit of four.” Col. 10, ll. 43-51. 6. Hasting states: If, in step 612, a determination is made that the “Max Turns” limit has been met for the current cycle, i.e., in the present example, four movies 512 have been mailed to customer 502 in the current month, then in step 614 a determination is made whether to override the current “Max Turns” limit. If so, then in step 616, a surcharge is applied to customer 502 and control returns to step 608 where the additional movies 514 are mailed to customer 502. If not, then in step 618, a determination is made whether to continue subscription service. If so, then no additional movies are mailed to customer 502 during the current cycle, e.g., the current month, and the control returns to step 610. Col. 10, ll. 52-63. 7. Hasting also states: If in step 410, a determination is made that the current agreement is not to be overridden, then in step 414, no items are delivered to customer 102 until the next subscription period. For example, the request for additional items may be received at the end of a subscription period and instead of renting the additional Appeal 2009-005795 Application 11/369,660 7 items immediately, they are instead delivered during the subsequent subscription period. Col. 7, l. 64 – col. 8, l. 3. 8. Hastings describes the customer setting selection criteria which specify a customer’s order queue that is fulfilled by the provider. See col. 4, ll. 54-67 and col. 4, ll. 64-66. 9. Hastings describes that the selection criteria can include item titles or other item attributes. See col. 4, ll. 54-67 and col. 8, ll. 43-65. 10. Hastings describes delivery criteria can be used to trigger item delivery. Col. 5, ll. 2-8. 11. Hastings describes the delivery criteria including customer requests, as well as, items being returned by the customer and the occurrence of specific date. Col. 5, ll. 8-14. 12. Hasting in column 1, lines 12-19, describes that conventional rental models require a customer to go to a video rental store to rent movies and that new release movies are generally due back the next day. Matsushima 13. Matsushima describes a content distribution system. Matsushima [0001]. 14. Matsushima teaches for some content independent artists and major record companies share profit when distributing the content. Matsushima [0086]. Appeal 2009-005795 Application 11/369,660 8 Any differences between the claimed subject matter and the prior art 15. Hastings does not describe that the item is a title which is subject to profit sharing between the media rental service and a third party based on a distribution of such title to said first subscriber. 16. Hastings does not teaches that the amount of delay imposed on the delivery of the first machine readable media items varies in accordance with the first subscriber’s allotment of titles provided during a predetermined period. The level of skill in the art 17. Neither the Examiner nor the Appellant has addressed the level of ordinary skill in the pertinent art of electronic commerce. We will therefore consider the cited prior art as representative of the level of ordinary skill in the art. See Okajima v. Bourdeau, 261 F.3d 1350, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (“[T]he absence of specific findings on the level of skill in the art does not give rise to reversible error ‘where the prior art itself reflects an appropriate level and a need for testimony is not shown’”) (Quoting Litton Indus. Prods., Inc. v. Solid State Sys. Corp., 755 F.2d 158, 163 (Fed. Cir. 1985)). Secondary considerations 18. There is no evidence on record of secondary considerations of non- obviousness for our consideration. Appeal 2009-005795 Application 11/369,660 9 PRINCIPLES OF LAW Obviousness Section 103 forbids issuance of a patent when ‘the differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art are such that the subject matter as a whole would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter pertains. KSR Int'l Co. v. Teleflex Inc., 550 U.S. 398, 406 (2007). The question of obviousness is resolved on the basis of underlying factual determinations including (1) the scope and content of the prior art, (2) any differences between the claimed subject matter and the prior art, and (3) the level of skill in the art. Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1, 17-18 (1966). See also KSR, 550 U.S. at 407 (“While the sequence of these questions might be reordered in any particular case, the [Graham] factors continue to define the inquiry that controls.”) The Court in Graham further noted that evidence of secondary considerations “might be utilized to give light to the circumstances surrounding the origin of the subject matter sought to be patented.” Graham, 383 U.S. at 17-18. ANALYSIS The rejection of claims 1-20 under §103(a) as being unpatentable over Hasting and Matsushima. Claim 1 The Appellant argues that the combination of Hasting and Matsushima does not teach: 1) selectively imposing a first delay on delivery of said first machine readable media item to the first subscriber even when Appeal 2009-005795 Application 11/369,660 10 said first subscriber has not reached Nmax (App. Br. 8) and 2) “qualifying a delivery of a media item based on its status as a profit sharing item as set out in claim 1” (App. Br. 8, emphasis original). First, in the Answer, the Examiner points to column 1, lines 12-29 of Hastings, which describes that new release movies are generally due back the next day, to teach the limitation of imposing a delay on delivery. Answer 6. The Examiner states: “Therefore, the new release movie is readable as a first delay process even the subscriber has not reached their maximum number of movies or Nmax. Since new release movies have different time expiration than regular fixed rental periods.” Sic. Answer 6. In the Reply Brief, the Appellant responds that column 1, lines 12-29 is a discussion in Hastings of the deficiencies of the prior art and not part of the Hastings system. Reply Br. 2. Second, the Examiner states that Matsushima was applied to teach that media items are subject to profit sharing as claimed. Answer 6-7. We find that the Appellant has not overcome the rejection of claim 1 as unpatentable over Hastings and Matsushima. However, since our reasoning below differs from that of the Examiner, we designate our decision as a new ground of rejection. Regarding the Appellant’s first argument, we find that Hastings teaches a step of “selectively imposing a first delay on delivery of said first machine readable media item to the first subscriber even when said first subscriber has not reach Nmax.” Hastings teaches that the “Max Out” approach may be used in combination with the “Max Turns” approach and depicts, in Figure 6. FF 2. Hastings states, “In this situation, up to a specified number of total items [max out] are simultaneously rented to Appeal 2009-005795 Application 11/369,660 11 customer 102 and up to a specified number of item exchanges [max turns] may be made during a specified period of time.” FF 3. When a customer returns an item so that they have less then their maximum number of allowed items (max out), Hasting determines if the max turns limit has been met for the time period. FF 5. If it has and it is determined that the “max turns” limit cannot be overridden, then items are not sent to the customer until the next subscription period. FF 6. We find that this description teaches selectively imposing a first delay on delivery of the first machine readable medium to the first subscriber even when said first subscriber has not reach Nmax. Therefore, we find that Hastings does teach the step (c) at issue. Regarding the Appellant’s second argument, we find that claim 1 does not require “qualifying a delivery of a media item based on its status as a profit sharing item.” Step (c) of clam 1 requires selectively imposing a delay on delivery, but does not require that the delay be selectively imposed based on a media items status of as a profit sharing item. Claim 1 also recites that the medium item is a title which is subject to a profit sharing but does not link the status of the medium item to the imposed delay. Claim 1 merely describes the medium item as being subject to profit sharing. Therefore, the Appellant’s second argument is directed to a limitation not recited in the claim. “Many of appellant’s arguments fail from the outset because, . . . they are not based on limitations appearing in the claims . . . .” In re Self, 671 F.2d 1344, 1348 (CCPA 1982). Accordingly, we sustain the rejection of claim 1 under 35 U.S.C. §103(a) as unpatentable over Hastings and Matsushima. However, since our Appeal 2009-005795 Application 11/369,660 12 reasoning differs from that of the Examiner, we designate our decision as a new ground of rejection. Claims 2-7 The Appellant argues that the Examiner did not cite to any evidence when rejecting claims 2, 3, and 5-7. Answer 9. In the Answer, the Examiner points to column 1, lines 12-29 of Hastings to teach the limitations of these claims. Answer 7-8. In addition, the Examiner points to column 6, lines 1-12 and column 6, lines 14-29 to teach the limitations of claims 5-7. Answer 8. In the Reply Brief, the Appellant again responds that column 1, lines 12-29 is a discussion in Hastings of the deficiencies of the prior art and not part of the Hastings system and that Hastings does not mention the limitations of claims 5-7. Reply Br. 2-3. We find that the Appellant has not overcome the rejection of claims 2, 4, 5, and 7 but has overcome the rejection of claims 3 and 6 as unpatentable over Hastings and Matsushima. However, since our reasoning below, with regards to claims 2, 5, and 7, differs from that of the Examiner’s, we designate our decision as a new ground of rejection. Regarding claim 2, claim 2 recites “wherein said first delay is only imposed for a group of subscribers determined by the computing system.” We agree with the Appellant that Hastings column 1, lines 12-29 is discussing a deficiency of the prior art. FF 12. Further, the Examiner has not supplied any explanation of how a description of requiring a customer to return a new release movie the day after renting teaches the step of imposing a delay in delivering a movie. See Answer 7. Appeal 2009-005795 Application 11/369,660 13 However, as discussed above, we find that Hastings imposes the delay for the group of subscribers for which the max turns limit cannot be overridden. FF 6-7. Therefore, we find that Hastings teaches the limitation of claim 2. We find that the Appellant has not overcome the rejection of claims 2, and we sustain the rejection of claims 2. Regarding claim 3, claim 3 recites “wherein said first delay is imposed for a group of machine readable media items which are high demand items determined by the computing system.” The Examiner has not supplied any explanation of how a description of requiring a customer to return a new release movie the day after renting, in column 1, lines 12-29 of Hastings, teaches the step of imposing a delay in delivering a movie. See Answer 7. We find that the Appellant has overcome the rejection of claim 3, and we reverse the rejections of claim 3. Regarding claim 4, the Appellant makes no argument directed to claim 4. See Answer 9. Accordingly, we shall sustain the rejection of claim 4 under 35 U.S.C. §103(a) as unpatentable over Hastings and Matsushima. Regarding claim 5, claim 5 recites “a step: (d) measuring a number of titles out for said subscriber relative to Nmax over a predetermined period.” Hastings teaches that a “determination is made that the “Max Turns” limit has been met for the current cycle, i.e., in the present example, four movies 512 have been mailed to customer 502 in the current month.” FF 6. Therefore, we find that Hastings teaches step (d) of claim 5. We find that the Appellant has not overcome the rejection of claim 5, and we sustain the rejection of claim 5. Regarding claim 6, claim 6 recites “further including a step (e): adjusting said first delay based on results of step (d).” We fail to see how Appeal 2009-005795 Application 11/369,660 14 the passages cited by the Examiner, teaches the limitation of claim 6. Further, the Examiner has not supplied any explanation of how these passages teach the l description of requiring a customer to return a new release movie the day after renting teaches the step of imposing a delay in delivering a movie. See Answer 8. We find that the Appellant has overcome the rejection of claim 6, and we reverse the rejection of claim 6. Regarding claim 7, claim 7 recites “further including a step (d) preemptively delivering a title to the first subscriber before it is requested.” Hastings describes that delivery of an item can occur upon delivery criteria being satisfied. FF 10. The delivery criteria can include items being returned by the customer and the occurrence of specific date. FF 11. The delivery of items using these criteria instead of a customer request would preemptively deliver can preemptively deliver an item to a subscriber before it is requested. Therefore, we find that Hastings teaches step (d) of claim 7. We find that the Appellant has not overcome the rejection of claim 7, and we sustain the rejection of claim 7. To summarize, we find that the Appellant has not overcome the rejections of claims 2, 4, 5, and 7 and we sustain the rejections of claims 2, 4, 5, and 7. However, since our reasoning differs from that of the Examiner with regards to claim 2 and 5 (Cf. Answer 3-4 and 6-7), we designate our decision as a new ground of rejection. We find that the Appellant has overcome the rejections of claims 3 and 6 and we reverse the rejections of claims 3 and 6. Appeal 2009-005795 Application 11/369,660 15 Claims 8-14 Independent claim 8 recites a method, which includes step “a) evaluating a demand characteristic with a computing system for a first machine readable media item requested by a first subscriber” and recites “wherein an amount of said delay is based on a usage behavior of said first subscriber, such that an amount of delay imposed varies in accordance with said first subscriber’s allotment of titles provided during a predetermined period.” The Appellant argues that the Examiner failed to provide any evidence of where these limitations are found in the cited prior art. App. Br. 9-10. In the Answer, the Examiner cites column 3, lines 7-20 of Hastings and states: “Therefore, the rental mechanism of Hastings is capable of evaluating [configuring if criteria being satisfied] demand with a computing system by a first subscriber).” Answer 3. The Appellant responds that the claimed step (a) “is clearly not the same as merely identifying that a title was given to a subscriber.” Reply Br. 3. We note that the Examiner does not provide any explanation as to how Hastings teaches that an amount of delay imposed varies in accordance with said first subscriber’s allotment of titles provided during a predetermined period as required by claim 8. We find that Hastings does not teaches that the amount of delay imposed on the delivery of the first machine readable media items varies in accordance with the first subscriber’s allotment of titles provided during a predetermined period. FF 16. Further, the Examiner does not rely upon Matsushima to teach this limitation nor does the Examiner cite any knowledge with the art to teach the limitation. See Answer 3-6. Accordingly, we find that the Appellant has overcome the Appeal 2009-005795 Application 11/369,660 16 rejection of claim 8, and we reverse the rejection of claim 8, and claims 9- 14, dependent thereon, under 35 U.S.C. §103(a) as unpatentable over Hastings and Matsushima Claims 15-20 Independent claim 15 recites a method which includes: step (c) measuring media usage behavior of said first subscriber; step (c’) using a recommender to predict a second machine readable item likely to be preferred by the first subscriber; and step (d) selectively imposing a delay on delivery of said first machine readable media item to the first subscriber based on the results of steps (b), (c) and (c’). The Appellant argues that the “there is simply no evidence to sustain the present rejection” and that the Examiner has not provided any explanation as to how the cited references teach the limitations above. Br. 10-11. The Examiner does not respond to the Appellant’s argument. See Answer 6-10. In the rejection when addressing claims 15-20, the Examiner cites to the abstract; column 7, lines 39-42, column 1, lines 56-57, column 2, lines 1-12, and column 6, lines 14-29 of Hastings to teach most of the limitations of claim 15. Answer 5. We find that Hastings does not teach step (d), where the selectively imposing a delay on delivery is based on step (c’) along with steps (b) and (c). While Hastings does teach that delivery can be delayed if the number of exchanges per the time period exceeds the maximum number of exchanges in the time period (FF 5-6) and does describe determining an item which a user is likely to prefer (FF 8-9), Hastings does not teach that the delay is Appeal 2009-005795 Application 11/369,660 17 selectively imposed based on the result of determining a second item which the user is likely to prefer along with steps (b) and (c). Further, the Examiner does not rely upon Matsushima to teach this limitation nor does the Examiner cite any knowledge with the art to teach the limitation. See Answer 6. Accordingly, we find that the Appellant has overcome the Examiner’s rejection of claim 15, and claims 16-20, dependent thereon, under 35 U.S.C. § 103(a) as unpatentable over Hastings and Matsushima. NEW GROUND OF REJECTION Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. 41.50(b), we enter a new grounds of rejection on claims 1-20 under 35 U.S.C. § 101. We reject claims 1-20 under 35 U.S.C. § 101 as being drawn to nonpatentable subject matter. Taking claim 1 as representative, claim 1 recites a method of delivering machine readable media to subscribers of a media rental service. The method includes steps (a)-(c). Claim 1 recites steps and is thus nominally drawn to a process. However, [T]he proper inquiry under § 101 is not whether the process claim recites sufficient "physical steps," but rather whether the claim meets the machine-or-transformation test. As a result, even a claim that recites "physical steps" but neither recites a particular machine or apparatus, nor transforms any article into a different state or thing, is not drawn to patent-eligible subject matter. Conversely, a claim that purportedly lacks any "physical steps" but is still tied to a machine or achieves an eligible transformation passes muster under § 101. In re Bilski, 545 F.3d 943, 961 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (en banc). Appeal 2009-005795 Application 11/369,660 18 Here, claim 1 is not tied to a particular machine or apparatus nor does it transform a particular article into a different state or thing. Claim 1 recites nothing that would transform a particular article into a different state or thing. Further, claim 1 is not tied to a particular machine or apparatus. We note that claim 1 does recite a “machine readable media.” However, the machine readable media is not a machine or apparatus. The Supreme Court has defined the term “machine” as “a concrete thing, consisting of parts, or of certain devices and combination of devices.” Burr v. Duryee, 68 U.S. (1 Wall.) 531, 570 (1863). This “includes every mechanical device or combination of mechanical powers and devices to perform some function and product a certain effect or result.” Corning v. Burden, 56 U.S. 252, 267, 15 How. 252, 14 .Ed. 683 (1853). In re Nuijiten, 500 F.3d 1346, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2007). Further, the Specification states “the term media item or playable media item is intended to have its broadest meaning to include any machine readable media readable (including software programs) by a subscriber machine . . .” Specification 6:10-16 (emphasis added). Therefore, we reject claims 1-20 under 35 U.S.C. § 101 as being drawn to nonpatentable subject matter. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW We conclude that the Appellant has not overcome the rejection of claims 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7 under 35 U.S.C. § 103(a) as being unpatentable over Hastings and Matsushima. We designate our decision as to claims 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7 as a new ground of rejection. Appeal 2009-005795 Application 11/369,660 19 We conclude that the Appellant has overcome the rejection of claims 3, 6, and 8-20 under 35 U.S.C. § 103(a) as being unpatentable over Hastings and Matsushima. We enter a new ground of rejection under 35 U.S.C. § 101 over claims 1-20. DECISION The decision of the Examiner to reject claims 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7 is affirmed and we designate our decision as a new ground of rejection. The decision of the Examiner to reject claims 3, 6, and 8-20 under 35 U.S.C. § 103(a) is reversed. We also add a new ground of rejection to claims 1-20 under 35 U.S.C. § 101. This decision contains a new ground of rejection pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 41.50(b) (effective September 13, 2004, 69 Fed. Reg. 49960 (August 12, 2004), 1286 Off. Gaz. Pat. Office 21 (September 7, 2004)). 37 C.F.R. § 41.50(b) provides “[a] new ground of rejection pursuant to this paragraph shall not be considered final for judicial review.” 37 C.F.R. § 41.50(b) also provides that the Appellant, WITHIN TWO MONTHS FROM THE DATE OF THE DECISION, must exercise one of the following two options with respect to the new ground of rejection to avoid termination of the appeal as to the rejected claims: • (1) Reopen prosecution. Submit an appropriate amendment of the claims so rejected or new evidence relating to the claims so rejected, or both, and have the matter reconsidered by the examiner, in which event the proceeding will be remanded to the examiner . . . . • (2) Request rehearing. Request that the proceeding be reheard under § 41.52 by the Board upon the same record . . . . Appeal 2009-005795 Application 11/369,660 20 AFFIRMED-IN-PART; 37 C.F.R. § 41.50(b) mev LAW OFFICE OF J. NICHOLAS GROSS, PROF. 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