BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES FOR ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS | ||||
CAS Number | Contaminant | Granular Activated Carbon | Packed Tower Aeration | Oxidation |
15972-60-8 | Alachlor | X | ||
116-06-3 | Aldicarb | X | ||
1646-88-4 | Aldicarb sulfone | X | ||
1646-87-3 | Aldicarb sulfoxide | X | ||
1912-24-9 | Atrazine | X | ||
71-43-2 | Benzene | X | X | |
50-32-8 | Benzo(a)pyrene | X | ||
1563-66-2 | Carbofuran | X | ||
56-23-5 | Carbon tetrachloride | X | X | |
57-74-9 | Chlordane | X | ||
75-99-0 | Dalapon | X | ||
94-75-7 | 2,4-D | X | ||
103-23-1 | Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate | X | X | |
117-81-7 | Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate | X | ||
96-12-8 | Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) | X | ||
95-50-1 | o-Dichlorobenzene | X | X | |
106-46-7 | para-Dichlorobenzene | X | X | |
107-06-2 | 1,2-Dichloroethane | X | X | |
75-35-4 | 1,1-Dichloroethylene | X | X | |
156-59-2 | cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene | X | X | |
156-60-5 | trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene | X | X | |
75-09-2 | Dichloromethane | X | ||
78-87-5 | 1,2-Dichloropropane | X | X | |
88-85-7 | Dinoseb | X | ||
85-00-7 | Diquat | X | ||
145-73-3 | Endothall | X | ||
72-20-8 | Endrin | X | ||
100-41-4 | Ethylbenzene | X | X | |
106-93-4 | Ethylene dibromide (EDB) | X | X | |
1071-83-6 | Gylphosate | X | ||
76-44-8 | Heptachlor | X | ||
1024-57-3 | Heptachlor epoxide | X | ||
118-74-1 | Hexachlorobenzene | X | ||
77-47-3 | Hexachlorocyclopentadiene | X | X | |
58-89-9 | Lindane | X | ||
72-43-5 | Methoxychlor | X | ||
108-90-7 | Monochlorobenzene | X | X | |
23135-22-0 | Oxamyl (Vydate) | X | ||
87-86-5 | Pentachlorophenol | X | ||
1918-02-1 | Picloram | X | ||
1336-36-3 | Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) | X | ||
122-34-9 | Simazine | X | ||
100-42-5 | Styrene | X | X | |
1746-01-6 | 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin) | X | ||
127-18-4 | Tetrachloroethylene | X | X | |
108-88-3 | Toluene | X | X | |
8001-35-2 | Toxaphene | X | ||
93-72-1 | 2,4,5-TP (Silvex) | X | ||
120-82-1 | 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene | X | X | |
71-55-6 | 1,1,1-Trichloroethane | X | X | |
79-00-5 | 1,1,2-Trichloroethane | X | X | |
79-01-6 | Trichloroethylene | X | X | |
75-01-4 | Vinyl chloride | X | ||
1330-20-7 | Xylene | X | X |
CHEMICAL NAME | BAT(S) |
Antimony | 2,7 |
Arsenic [FN4] | 1,2,5,6,7,9,12 [FN5] |
Asbestos | 2,3,8 |
Barium | 5,6,7,9 |
Beryllium | 1,2,5,6,7 |
Cadmium | 2,5,6,7 |
Chromium | 2,5,6 [FN2],7 |
Cyanide | 5,7,10 |
Mercury | 2 [FN1],4,6 [FN1],7 [FN1] |
Nickel | 5,6,7 |
Nitrate | 5,7,9 |
Nitrite | 5,7 |
Selenium | 1,2 [FN3],6,7,9 |
Thallium | 1,5 |
[FN1] BAT only if influent Hg concentrations <10 g/L. | |
[FN2] BAT for Chromium III only. | |
[FN3] BAT for Selenium IV only. | |
[FN4] BATs for Arsenic V. Pre-oxidation may be required to convert Arsenic III to Arsenic V | |
[FN5] To obtain high removals, iron to arsenic ratio must be at least 20:1. | |
Key to BATs in Table | |
1 = Activated Alumina | |
2 = Coagulation/Filtration (not BAT for systems serving less than 500 service connections) | |
3 = Direct and Diatomite Filtration | |
4 = Granular Activated Carbon | |
5 = Ion Exchange | |
6 = Lime (not less than 500 service connections) BAT for systems softening | |
7 = Reverse Osmosis | |
8 = Corrosion Control | |
9 = Electrodialysis | |
10 = Chlorine | |
11 = Ultraviolet | |
12 = Oxidation/Filtration |
SMALL SYSTEM COMPLIANCE TECHNOLOGIES (SSCTS) [FN1] FOR ARSENIC [FN2] | |
Small system compliance technology | Affordable for listed small system categories [FN3] |
Activated Alumina (centralized) ......... | All size categories |
Activated Alumina (Point-of-Use) [FN4] .. | All size categories |
Coagulation/Filtration [FN5] ............ | 501-3,300, 3,301-10,000 |
Coagulation-assisted Microfiltration .... | 501-3,300, 3,301-10,000 |
Electrodialysis reversal [FN6] .......... | 501-3,300, 3,301-10,000 |
Enhanced coagulation/filtration ......... | All size categories |
Enhanced lime softening (pH> 10-5) ...... | All size categories |
Ion Exchange ............................ | All size categories |
Lime Softening [FN5] .................... | 501-3,300, 3,301-10,000 |
Oxidation/Filtration [FN7] .............. | All size categories |
Reverse Osmosis (centralized) [FN6] ..... | 501-3,300, 3,301-10,000 |
Reverse Osmosis (Point-of-Use) [FN4] .... | All size categories |
[FN1] Section 1412(b)(4)(E)(ii) of SDWA specifies that SSCTs must be affordable and technically feasible for small systems. | |
[FN2] SSCTs for Arsenic V. Pre-oxidation may be required to convert Arsenic III to Arsenic V. | |
[FN3] The Act (ibid.) specifies three categories of small systems: (i) those serving 25 or more, but fewer than 501, (ii) those serving more than 500, but fewer than 3,301, and (iii) those serving more than 3,300, but fewer than 10,001. | |
[FN4] When POU or POE devices are used for compliance, programs to ensure proper long-term operation, maintenance, and monitoring must be provided by the water system to ensure adequate performance. | |
[FN5] Unlikely to be installed solely for arsenic removal. May require pH adjustment to optimal range if high removals are needed. | |
[FN6] Technologies reject a large volume of waters-may not be appropriate for areas where water quantity may be an issue. | |
[FN7] To obtain high removals, iron to arsenic ratio must be at least 20:1. |
S.C. Code Regs. 61-58.9.F