La. Admin. Code tit. 28 § LIII-1101
Aerobic Activity- any sustained exercise that stimulates and strengthens the heart and lungs, thereby improving the bodys use of oxygen. Examples of aerobic exercise include jogging, rowing, swimming, or cycling.
Aerobic Capacity- the maximum rate at which the body or an individual muscle can take up and use oxygen from the air; also known as maximal oxygen consumption (uptake) or VO2 max.
Affective-traits and feelings associated with social, personal, and emotional development.
Agility- the ability to change direction quickly while the body is in motion.
Anaerobic Activity- any short-duration exercise that is powered primarily by metabolic pathways that do not use oxygen. Examples of anaerobic exercise include sprinting and weight lifting.
Body Composition- the proportion of fat-free mass (e.g., muscle, bone, organs, and tissues) to fat mass in the body
Body Mass Index (BMI)- formula used to assess body fat based on a ratio between height and weight.
Cardiovascular Endurances- a component of health-related fitness that describes the ability of the heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system to supply oxygen and nutrients to the muscles during exercise.
Circuit Training- training that involves several different exercises or activities. This type of training allows variation in the intensity or type of activity from station to station.
Closed Skills- motor skills that are performed in an environment that is stable and predictable.
Competency- the development of sufficient skill and knowledge to enjoy participation in the activity at a recreational level. For example, a person is considered competent in performing psycho- motor skills when he/she can perform the task consistently with good technique.
Complex Movement Sequences- movements that require a combination of motor skills.
Components of Health-Related Fitness- spects of physical fitness that help one stay healthy Examples include:
1. body composition- all of the tissues that together make up the body: bone, muscle, skin, fat, and body organs;
2. cardiovascular endurance- the ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to use and send fuel and oxygen to the bodys tissues during long periods of moderate-to-vigorous activity;
3. flexibility- the ability to move the joints through a full range of motion;
4. muscular skeletal endurance and strength- the ability of the muscles to perform physical tasks over a period of time without becoming fatigued, and the amount of force a muscle can exert.
Components of Skill-Related Fitness-aspects of physical fitness that help one perform well in sports and other activities that require certain physical skills. Examples include:
1. agility-the ability to change body position quickly and to control ones physical movements;
2. balance-the ability to keep an upright posture while stationary or moving;
3. coordination-the ability to use senses together with body parts, or to use two or more body parts together;
4. power-the ability to use strength quickly;
5. reaction time-the ability to react or respond quickly to what one hears, sees, or feels;
6. speed-the ability to perform a movement or cover a distance in a short period of time.
Cool-Down- a period of light activity following exercise that allows the body to return to near resting.
Cooperative- working or acting together for a common purpose.
Coordination-the ability to use different parts of the body together smoothly and efficiently.
Defenses- a means or method of defending or protecting.
Developmentally Appropriate Activities- activities that are appropriately based on a students developmental level, age, ability level, interests, and previous experience and knowledge.
Directions-refers to movement concepts of forward, backward, sideways, right, left, up, down, clockwise and counter clockwise.
Effort- defines how the body moves and consists of three components: time (faster or slower), force (harder or softer), and flow (bound or free).
Emerging Pattern- the beginning stage of acquiring motor skills and knowledge.
Exercise-physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive, and results in the improvement or maintenance of personal fitness.
FITT- frequency, intensity, time, and type. Four key ways that activity can be manipulated to create a desired health related fitness outcome.
Field/Striking Games-games- in which one team occupies positions throughout the space (field) and the other team tries to score by batting or striking an object into open space, with enough time for the hitter to run between bases (or wickets).
Fine Motor Skills- small muscle group movements used for accuracy.
Fitness Plan- a plan developed after a self-assessment of the health related components of fitness. The plan should include the principles of overload, progression, specificity, regularity, and individuality along with the FITT guidelines.
Fleeing- traveling quickly away from a pursuing person or object.
Flexibility- the ability to move the joints through the full range of motion.
Flow- ndicates a constant movement rate (slow, medium or fast).
Force- the effort or tension generated through muscle contraction during a push or pull action.
Formative Assessment-an initial or intermediate evaluation that occurs throughout an instructional process in the forms of teacher observation, peer observation, rating, checklists, and so forth, and involves both the teacher and the student in reflection and review of progress. The evaluation is used to improve learning and performance and to provide feedback and enables a student to target weaknesses.
Fundamental Motor Skill-foundation movements that are precursor patterns to the more specialized, complex skills (body management skills, locomotor skills, and manipulative skills) that are used in play, games, sports, dance, gymnastics, outdoor education, and physical recreation.
GLE-grade level expectation.
Games-
1. invasion games-games in which teams score by moving an object into another teams territory and either shooting into a fixed target (a goal or basket) or moving the object across an open-ended target (a line);
2. net/wall games-team or players score by hitting a ball into open court space with accuracy so the opponent cannot return it back before bouncing once (i.e. volleyball or badminton) or twice (i.e. tennis or racquetball;
3. striking/fielding games-games in which players on the batting team must strike an object with accuracy to elude players on the fielding teach (i.e. baseball, cricket), which provides the hitter time to run between safe destinations (i.e. bases or wickets);
4. target games-games in which players score by throwing or striking an object to a target, which can be opposed (i.e. shuffleboard) or unopposed (i.e. golf).
General Space-the area outside of an individuals personal space and within the boundaries of movement, such as in a classroom, field, or gym.
HFZ- healthy fitness zone.
Health-Enhancing Physical Activity- activity that, when added to baseline activity, produces health benefits. Brisk walking, jumping rope, dancing, tennis, soccer, lifting weights, climbing on playground equipment at recess, and doing yoga are all examples of health-enhancing physical activity.
Health Related Fitness-level of physiological functioning in:
1. cardiovascular endurance;
2. strength;
3. muscular endurance;
4. flexibility; and
5. body composition.
Heart Rate- the number of heartbeats occurring within a specified length of time
Implement- device used in the performance of a manipulative task.
Indicators of Health- physical, mental, emotional, and social functioning.
Individuality- the training principle that takes into account that each person begins at a different level of fitness, each person has personal goals and objectives for physical activity and fitness, and each person has different genetic potential for change.
Individual-Performance Activities- activities that do not involve teamwork.
Intrinsic Motivationa- a desire to seek out new things and new challenges that is driven by personal interest or enjoyment in the task and does not rely on external pressures or a desire for reward.
Isokinetic- relating to muscular action with a constant rate of movement.
Isometric Exercise- an action in which a muscle generates tension without changing length.
Isotonic Contraction- an action in which tension remains constant, despite a change in muscle length.
Leading Pass- throw in which a manipulative is thrown ahead of the intended receiver so that the receiver can catch the manipulative while in motion.
Lead-Up Activity/Game- an activity or modified game developed to limit the number of skills needed for successful participation.
Level- refers to the movement concepts of high, medium, and low.
Lifestyle Activities-physical activities that a person carries out in the course of daily life and that can contribute to sizeable energy expenditure.
Lifetime Activity- an activity that is suitable for participation across the lifespan.
LocomotorSkill/Movements- basic movements performed while moving the body from place to place.
MVPA- moderate to vigorous physical activity
Manipulative- an object designed to be moved by hand as a means of developing motor skills.
Manipulative Movements-basic motor skills involving handling an object. Examples include throwing, catching, kicking, rolling, dribbling, trapping, striking, and volleying.
Manipulative Skill- movement done to or with objects with hands, or involving the feet, hands, or other parts of the body.
Mastery- showing great skill or knowledge.
Mature Form- performance of critical elements of a skill in a smooth and continuous motion.
Maximum Heart Rate (MHR)- the fastest rate at which a heart will beat in one minute.
Modified Games-games in which the rules have been modified to emphasize use of specific skills, maximize physical activity and /or practice opportunities.
Motor Skill Combinations- actions involving two or more different motor skills, including gross motor skills and fine motor skills:
1. continuous skills-actions repeated one after another such as basketball dribble, and do not have a clearly defined beginning and end;
2. discrete skills-actions unconnected to other skills such as the volleyball pass, and have a clear beginning and end.
Movement Challenge- a movement task that involves problem solving.
Movement Concepts-knowledge and understanding of movement such as body awareness (what the body can do), space awareness (where does the body move), qualities of movement (how does the body move), and relationships (with whom and with what does the body move).
Muscular Endurance- the ability of the muscles to perform physical tasks over a period of time without becoming fatigued.
Muscular Strength- the maximal force that one can exert when contracting muscles.
Musculoskeletal Fitness- combination of muscular strength, muscular endurance, and power.
MyPlate- food guidance system that translates nutritional recommendations into the types and amounts of food to eat each day; a widely recognized nutrition education tool. See ChooseMyPlate.gov.
Non-Locomotor Skill- movement of the body around an axis or joint (e.g., bend, stretch, twist, and reach).
Norm-Referenced Standards- making an evaluative decision based on how a performance compares with that of others, typically of the same gender, age, or class.
Offenses means or methods of attacking or attempting to score.
Open Skill- motor skills that are performed in a changing environment.
Open Space- a space where there are no defenders/opponents.
Overloading-increasing the work done by muscles to above normal levels, but below the loads that would cause injury or distress, to improve fitness.
PA CER-progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run. A test for cardiorespiratory fitness.
Pacing- an established rate of locomotion.
Pathways- refers to movement patterns of curved, zigzag, or straight locomotion.
Personal Space- the area immediately surrounding a person.
Physical Activity (PA)-bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness.
Physical Education-an education course that helps students develop the knowledge, fitness levels, motor skills, and personal/social skills to obtain the ultimate goal of a lifetime of physical activity and health.
Physical Fitness- the ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, and with ample energy to enjoy leisure-time pursuits and respond to emergencies.
Physical Literacy- disposition acquired by individuals encompassing the motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge, and understanding that establishes purposeful physical pursuits as an integral part of a lifestyle.
Power- the ability to move body parts swiftly while at the same time applying the maximum force on muscles.
Proficiency- the ability of the individual to demonstrate the criteria of a given task has been met.
Progression- the process of increasing the intensity, duration, frequency, or amount of activity or exercise as the body adapts to a given activity pattern.
Protocols system of rules or directions that explain the correct conduct and the procedures to be followed in formal situations.
Range of Motion (ROM)- varying degrees of motion around a joint.
Reaction Time-the ability to react or respond quickly to what one hears, sees, or feels.
Recess- a temporary break from structured learning where children can choose to be physically active or engage in social interactions.
Recovery Time- time or rest between exercises.
Regularity- principle that states physical activity must be performed on a regular basis to be effective and that long periods of inactivity can lead to loss of the benefits achieved during the training period.
Repetition- the number of times that an exercise is performed during one set.
Respiratory System- relating to breathing. System in the body that takes in and distributes oxygen.
Rhythmic Skills- movement that aligns to a steady pulse or musical beat. Examples include creative movement to music, multicultural dance, and jump rope.
SMART Goals- criteria for setting useful objectives. SMART goals are:
1. specific;
2. measurable;
3. attainable/achievable;
4. realistic/relevant; and
5. timely/time bound/timeline.
Scoring Rubric- descriptive scoring schemes developed by educators to guide the analysis of student work (i.e. the products or processes of student efforts).
Self-Assessment-
1. the student assesses personal progress as opposed to being assessed by the teacher or by other students. Self-assessments include:
a. rating scales for levels of performance;
b. participation;
c. recording performance scores (e.g., distance, accuracy); and
d. summary report after a series of assessment tasks (e.g., dribbling, throwing for accuracy and distance, jump shooting, physical fitness profiles), and questionnaire of likes and dislikes in activities;
2. self-assessment is a part of logs, journals, and portfolios as students evaluate personal performance or progress toward goals.
Self-Space-the space that ones body or body parts can reach without traveling away from a starting location.
Set-usually 8-12 repetitions of a given exercise.
Situational Context Clues- awareness of surroundings. For example, awareness of being followed by someone.
Skill Themes- way of teaching children how to participate effectively in various activities by focusing on the development of the necessary skills. Skill themes include locomotor skills, non-manipulative skills, and manipulative skills.
Skill-Related Fitness- those components of physical fitness that relate to an enhanced performance in sports: agility, balance, coordination, power, speed, and reaction time.
Skills Performance- Demonstrating ability to do a specific task well; improves with practice.
Small-Sided Games- games consisting of 3-6 people per team. This allows more practice time and more physical movement for each student compared to the full version of the game. Examples include 2v2 basketball, 3v3 volleyball, and 6v6 lacrosse.
Spatial Awareness- the relation of objects in relation to ones own body.
Specificity- the training principle that states, improvement in personal fitness will occur in the particular muscles that are overloaded during physical activity or exercise. For example: working on a certain component of fitness, such as flexibility exercises, directly improves flexibility
Speed- the ability to perform a movement or cover a distance in a short period of time.
Sportsmanship- fairness, conduct, and attitude befitting participants in sports, especially fair play, courtesy, respect for one's opponent, and graciousness in winning or losing.
Static Balance- state of equilibrium, without movement or the ability to retain ones center of mass above ones base of support in a stationary position.
Strategy- a careful plan or method for achieving a particular goal, usually over a period of time.
Stretch-
1. dynamic stretching-a form of stretching beneficial in sports using momentum from form, and the momentum from static-active stretching strength, in an effort to propel the muscle into an extended range of motion not exceeding ones static-passive stretching ability;
2. static stretch-a slow sustained stretch of a muscle for 10-30 seconds. This static stretch should be performed after warming up the body.
Strike- to come into contact with an object via hand or handled implement. To perform various striking skills. For example, to place ball away from opponent in a racket sport, to place an overhead volleyball serve, or to punt a football.
Student Project- students engage in building a scenario, determining goals, planning a program of participation to achieve outcomes, and implementing the plan to the completion of the goals. Student projects provide for a range of strategies and results including the following: the application of the processes of data collection, goal setting, planning, analysis, decision making, problem solving; development and application of skill, and knowledge to real-life situations to solve problems or create "new" interventions to reach personal goals and may include:
1. multiple objectives or outcomes;
2. combine multiple assessment options (e.g., logs, journals, and reports);
3. student autonomy in choosing procedures and reaching conclusions;
4. solo or multiple students;
5. multiple resources;
6. changes in status, behaviors or conditions;
7. authenticity;
8. performance products;
9. flexibility of time (complexity of task determines time); and/or
10. integration of multiple content areas, concepts and applications.
Summative Assessment- a final evaluation that typically come at the end of key stages, units or the year in the use of standardized tests or evaluation instruments, and provides a summary of student learning or attainment at a particular point in time. The tool is used to make judgments about student performance, and also provides quality assurance to courses.
Tactics- the art or skill of employing available means to accomplish an end.
Tagger- a person who safely and appropriately touches a person or object.
Tagging- traveling quickly toward a person or object for a safe touch.
Target Games- games in which players score by throwing or striking an object to a target.
Target Heart Rate (THR)- also known as training heart rate, THR is the range of heart rate desired during aerobic exercise to enable the heart and lungs to receive the most benefit from the workout. Calculation of THR is based primarily on age; however, physical condition, sex, and previous training also are used in the calculation. The THR can be calculated as percent intensity
Target Heart Rate Zone- the range of above-normal activity that optimizes an increase in fitness usually between 60-80 percent of maximum heart rate.
Teamwork- a cooperative effort by the members of a group or team to achieve a common goal.
Training Principle-
1. overload;
2. specificity;
3. progression;
4. reversibility; and
5. diminishing return.
Trajectory- the path followed by an object moving through space.
Transition- an act or process of passing from one state, stage, or place to another
Vigorous Activity- activity full of physical or mental strength or active force carried out forcefully and energetically
Volley- a shot or kick made by hitting an object before the object touches the ground.
Warm-up- a variety of low intensity activities designed to prepare the body for more vigorous activities.
Weight-Bearing Exercise- any activity done while on ones feet and legs, and that works the muscles and bones against gravity
Weight Transfer- movement of body weight from one body part to another
Wellness- an overall state of being in good health-physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, and social health.
La. Admin. Code tit. 28, § LIII-1101