OPINION OF THE COURT

RENDELL, Circuit Judge.

A class of federal prisoners challenges a prison policy that prevents them from viewing movies rated R or NC-17. The District Court granted the government's motion for judgment on the pleadings, reasoning that the prison policy met the requirement that restrictions on First Amendment rights of inmates be "reasonably related to legitimate penological interests." Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89, 107 S.Ct. 2254, 96 L.Ed.2d 64 (1987). However, we conclude that the District Court did not conduct a proper, thorough analysis under Turner in that it did not articulate the relevant penological interest or the prohibition's relationship to it, and, further, it considered only Turner's first prong. Also, the Court found that it could rely on "common sense" in determining whether Turner's first prong had been satisfied, but we conclude that this approach may not always "fit" and an evidentiary showing may be required in certain situations. Accordingly, we will reverse and remand for further consideration in accordance with this opinion.

We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and our review of a dismissal under Rule 12(c) is plenary. We will view the facts in the complaint and any reasonable inferences that can be drawn from them in favor of the non-moving party, here the class of prisoners, and will affirm the dismissal only if no relief could be granted under any set of facts that could be proved. E.g., Allah v. Al-Hafeez, 226 F.3d 247, 249-50 (3d Cir. 2000).

At issue here is a prison policy that provides that "[n]o movies rated R, X, or NC-17 may be shown to inmates." Program Statement 5370. Only the ban on movies rated R and NC-17 represented a recent change in policy; X-rated movies have long been banned. See 28 C.F.R. § 544.33. The policy was designed to implement the Zimmer Amendment, which prevents the expenditure of funds for the viewing of movies rated R, X, or NC-17 in prison. See Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act of 1997, Pub.L. No. 104-208, § 611, 110 Stat. 3009 (1996). Although the Complaint attacks the underlying legislation, on appeal the prisoners attack only the policy. In their Complaint, the prisoners also challenged the Ensign Amendment, which bars the expenditure of federal funds to distribute or make available to prisoners any commercially published material that is sexually explicit or features nudity. See id. at § 614. The District Court granted the government's motion for judgment on the pleadings regarding plaintiffs' attack on the Ensign Amendment. The inmates' Ensign Amendment claims are not part of this appeal.

Whether the policy restricting R-rated and NC-17-rated movies imposes permissible limitations on the inmates' First Amendment rights depends on the four factors set forth in Turner. There, the Supreme Court directed courts first to assess whether there is a "`valid, rational connection' between the prison regulation and the legitimate governmental interest put forward to justify it." Turner, 482 U.S. at 89. If the interest is legitimate and neutral, and the connection is valid and rational, then courts should engage in the inquiries under the succeeding three prongs: whether "alternative means of exercising the right . . . remain open to prison inmates," "the impact accommodation of the asserted constitutional right will have on guards and other inmates, and on the allocation of prison resources generally," and, finally, whether there are "ready alternatives" to the rule that would accommodate prisoners' rights at de minimus cost to penological interests. Id. at 90-91.

It is our view that, while the District Court acknowledged that Turner established the applicable standard and recited all four Turner factors, it did not perform the necessary analysis. The Court's four-page order discussed the facial challenges to the Ensign Amendment, to the Zimmer Amendment, and to the Amendments' implementing regulations and policies, as well as the as-applied challenges to all of these. Focusing on Turner's first factor and on Waterman v. Farmer, 183 F.3d 208 (3d Cir. 1999), in which we cited Amatel v. Reno, 156 F.3d 192 (D.C. Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 527 U.S. 1035, 119 S.Ct. 2392, 144 L.Ed.2d 793 (1999), with approval, the District Court concluded that no evidentiary record was required because we endorsed a "common sense" approach in Waterman. It then proceeded to rule in conclusory fashion that the Amendments and their implementing regulations were "neutral and reasonable, and rationally related to legitimate penological interests."

In relation to the first factor, the Court's opinion was deficient in that it never stated or described the interest purportedly served by the prison policy, nor did it determine whether the interest was neutral and legitimate. The government offered several theories in general terms at different times, but the District Court opinion did not mention or discuss any such theories or interests. We cannot tell, for instance, whether the Court credited the government's assertion that the movies posed security risks, or that the absence of such movies deterred people from committing crimes, or that denial of such movies fosters rehabilitation. Moreover, the District Court did not discuss how any of the particular interests offered by the government were "rationally connected to" the restrictions on movies rated R or NC-17.

We have noted that the party defending the policy should "demonstrate" that the policy's drafters "could rationally have seen a connection" between the policy and the interests, and that this burden, though slight, must "amount to more than a conclusory assertion." Waterman, 183 F.3d at 217, 218 n. 9. Part of the court's inquiry under Turner is whether the government has satisfied this requirement. While we recognize that the court need not necessarily engage in a detailed discussion, still the brief, conclusory statement set forth in the District Court's opinion falls short, and makes it difficult for us to conclude that its approach to the first Turner prong passes muster.

The inmates also attack the District Court's ruling that the connection between the prohibition and the interests to be advanced was a matter of "common sense," arguing, instead, that evidence is necessary to support such a finding and the Court erred in ruling based on the pleadings alone. Declining to follow the Magistrate Judge's recommendation that an evidentiary record should be developed before ruling based on Turner, the District Court stated, somewhat categorically, that a "common sense approach to the Turner reasonableness test has been accepted by the Third Circuit." The inmates seek a similarly categorical ruling that evidence must be presented to establish the necessary connection.

We eschew both categorical approaches and hold, instead, that while the connection may be a matter of common sense in certain instances, such that a ruling on this issue based only on the pleadings may be appropriate, there may be situations in which the connection is not so apparent and does require factual development. Whether the requisite connection may be found solely on the basis of "common sense" will depend on the nature of the right, the nature of the interest asserted, the nature of the prohibition, and the obviousness of its connection to the proffered interest. The showing required will vary depending on how close the court perceives the connection to be. A prohibition on inmate gatherings in prison common areas after 11-o'clock at night might have an obvious relationship to security concerns, as would a prohibition on publications that featured escape plans, Amatel, 156 F.3d at 206 (Wald, J., dissenting), or instructions on assembling weapons, Giano v. Senkowski, 54 F.3d 1050, 1059-60 (2d Cir. 1995) (Calabresi, J., dissenting). Likewise, the connection between the goal of rehabilitation and a ban on distributing sexually explicit magazines to "repetitive and compulsive" sexual offenders may well be, as we stated in Waterman, sufficiently obvious to be evaluated as a matter of common sense. But is it a matter of common sense, as was argued here, that prohibiting movies rated R or NC-17 deters the general public from committing crimes, lest they be sent to prison where they are not permitted to watch R-rated movies? We are not so sure. On remand, the District Court must describe the interest served, consider whether the connection between the policy and the interest is obvious or attenuated — and, thus, to what extent some foundation or evidentiary showing is necessary — and, in light of this determination, evaluate what the government has offered.

We also note that while a court can bolster its finding of a connection by reference to decisions of other courts on the same issue, here the District Court referenced how other courts had viewed one of the two types of restriction — namely, the Ensign Amendment and its prohibitions on distributing sexually explicit publications in prison. Therefore, the District Court's conclusion that "other Courts have tackled the precise regulations presented here" and "every court facing challenges to these and similar enactments have upheld them" does not really support a finding as to the policy implementing the Zimmer Amendment.

Further, although the District Court recited the final three Turner factors, it never applied them to the circumstances presented by the claims of the inmate class. Instead, its ruling turned exclusively on Turner's first factor. We have stated clearly that the determination that there is a rational relationship between the policy and the interest "commences rather than concludes our inquiry" as "not all prison regulations that are rationally related to such an interest pass Turner's `overall reasonableness standard.'" DeHart v. Horn, 227 F.3d 47, 53 (3d Cir. 2000) (en banc). The first factor is "foremost" in the sense that a rational connection is a threshold requirement — if the connection is arbitrary or irrational, then "the regulation fails, irrespective of whether the other factors tilt in its favor." See Shaw v. Murphy, 532 U.S. 223, 229-30, 121 S.Ct. 1475, 149 L.Ed.2d 420 (2001). But, as we made clear in DeHart, we do not view it as subsuming the rest of the inquiry. On remand, if the District Court again concludes that the first factor is satisfied, it must then proceed to consider the remaining Turner factors in order to draw a conclusion as to the policy's overall reasonableness.

As to the need for a foundation for these three prongs, it is worth noting that we have historically viewed these inquiries as being fact-intensive. We have said that evaluations of prison restrictions under Turner require "a contextual, record-sensitive analysis." DeHart, 227 F.3d at 59 n. 8 (remanding "so that the parties may more fully develop the record"). We have also indicated that courts of appeals ordinarily remand to the trial court where the Turner factors cannot be assessed because of an undeveloped record. Doe v. Delie, 257 F.3d 309, 317 (3d Cir. 2001). If the District Court concludes that the Turner analysis cannot be undertaken on an undeveloped record, then the Court should treat the matter as on summary judgment, and rule only after considering the factual basis developed by affidavits or depositions.

For the above reasons, we will REVERSE and REMAND for further consideration and proceedings in accordance with this opinion.