Summary
discussing conflicting views and concluding that "arising out of" prong is not independently satisfied by personal comfort doctrine
Summary of this case from United Parcel Serv. v. Dist. of Columbia Dep't of Emp't Servs.Opinion
A168345
01-20-2022
In the MATTER OF the COMPENSATION OF Lori C. WATT, Claimant. Lori C. Watt, Petitioner, v. SAIF Corporation and DHS CAF Field Services, Respondents.
Julene M. Quinn, Albany, argued the cause and filed the briefs for petitioner. Beth Cupani, Portland, argued the cause and filed the briefs for respondents.
Julene M. Quinn, Albany, argued the cause and filed the briefs for petitioner.
Beth Cupani, Portland, argued the cause and filed the briefs for respondents.
Before DeHoog, Presiding Judge, and Mooney, Judge, and DeVore, Senior Judge.
DeHOOG, P. J. Claimant seeks judicial review of an order of the Workers’ Compensation Board affirming an order of an administrative law judge and upholding SAIF's denial of her hand injury claim. She assigns error to the board's determination that her injury did not arise out of the employment. SAIF, the workers’ compensation insurance carrier for employer DHS CAF Field Services, cross-assigns error to the board's determination that claimant's hand injury occurred during the course of her employment. The facts are undisputed, and we review the board's order for errors of law, substantial evidence, and substantial reason. ORS 183.482(8)(a) and (c). We conclude that the board did not err and therefore affirm.
Claimant works at a desk job for employer and participates in an employer-sponsored wellness program that encourages employees to move during the day and to take walks on their breaks. Employer's building has a workout room in the basement where employees can exercise during their breaks. Claimant wears a "Fitbit" bracelet linked to employer's wellness program that keeps track of her "steps." Employer pays employees an incentive of $17.50 per month to participate in the wellness program.
During a paid break, claimant took a walk through a residential neighborhood, on a route that she and coworkers regularly use. Claimant was approximately one block from work when she tripped and fell over a section of cracked sidewalk and injured her hand. Claimant filed a claim, which employer denied. The board upheld that denial.
Before describing the board's analysis, we provide some legal context. A person's injury is compensable if it "aris[es] out of and in the course of employment." ORS 656.005(7)(a). The Supreme Court has held that the "arising out of" and "in the course of" "prongs" are distinct components of a "unitary work-connection approach," under which the court asks whether "the relationship between the injury and the employment is sufficient for the injury to be compensable." Krushwitz v. McDonald's Restaurants, Inc. , 323 Or. 520, 525-26, 919 P.2d 465 (1996) (describing unitary approach). The "in the course of" prong refers to the time, place, and circumstances of the injury. Fred Meyer, Inc. v. Hayes , 325 Or. 592, 598, 943 P.2d 197 (1997). An injury occurs "in the course of" employment if it takes place within the period of employment, at a place where a worker reasonably may be expected to be, and while the worker reasonably is fulfilling the duties of the employment or is doing something reasonably incidental to it. The "arising out of" prong tests the causal connection between the injury and the nature of the work or the work environment. The injury's cause must be linked to a risk connected with the nature of the work or a risk to which the work environment exposes the claimant. Hayes , 325 Or. at 601, 943 P.2d 197.
Although the facts of the two prongs of the unitary work connection test might be present in different degrees, both prongs must be satisfied to some degree. Compton v. SAIF , 195 Or. App. 329, 332, 97 P.3d 669, rev. den. , 337 Or. 669, 104 P.3d 601 (2004).
This case involves an application of the "personal-comfort doctrine," under which a claimant may be compensated for injuries that occur during activities that are incidental to but not directly involved in the performance of the appointed task and that are permitted or acquiesced in by the employer. In Clark v. U.S. Plywood , 288 Or. 255, 266, 605 P.2d 265 (1980), the worker was killed while retrieving his lunch, which he had left to warm atop a hot glue press. In discussing the personal-comfort doctrine in the context of on-premises injuries, the Supreme Court explained that "on-premises injuries sustained while engaged in activities for the personal comfort of the employee can best be determined by a test which asks: Was the conduct expressly or impliedly allowed by the employer?" Id. at 267, 605 P.2d 265.
The personal-comfort doctrine has been extended to off-premises activities. In Jordan v. Western Electric Co. , 1 Or. App. 441, 463 P.2d 598 (1970), the worker, a night-shift employee, was injured when returning to work from a paid coffee break at an off-premises café with another employee and his supervisor. Although there was a vending machine on the premises, the employer had acquiesced in the employees’ practice of leaving the premises for coffee. We said that the case was a close one but, considering seven factors bearing on the employment connection, and the reasoning of courts of other jurisdictions, we concluded that the claim was compensable. We were persuaded by the rational of California Supreme Court Justice Burke, in an opinion affirming the California workers’ compensation board's order holding that a worker's injury while swimming in a canal during a work break was compensable. Burke said that the board's holding was:
The seven Jordan factors are:
"(a) Whether the activity was for the benefit of the employer ***;
"(b) Whether the activity was contemplated by the employer and employee either at the time of hiring or later ***;
"(c) Whether the activity was an ordinary risk of, and incidental to, the employment ***;
"(d) Whether the employee was paid for the activity ***;
"(e) Whether the activity was on the employer's premises ***;
"(f) Whether the activity was directed by or acquiesced in by the employer ***;
"(g) Whether the employee was on a personal mission of his own[.]"
Jordan , 1 Or. App. at 443-44, 463 P.2d 598 (internal citations omitted).
"in accord with the ‘personal comfort’ doctrine, under which the course of employment is not considered broken by certain acts relating to the personal comfort of the employee, as such acts are helpful to the employer in that they aid in efficient performance by the employee. *** (Comment, Workmen's Compensation: The Personal Comfort Doctrine (1960)) Wis.L.Rev. 91."
1 Or. App. at 446, 463 P.2d 598 (quoting with approval from State Comp. Insurance Fund v. Workmen's Comp. App. Bd. (Cardoza) , 67 Cal 2d 925, 928, 64 Cal Rptr 323, 434 P.2d 619 (1967) (injuries sustained while swimming in a canal to cool off during a coffee break held compensable)).
In Halfman v. SAIF , 49 Or. App. 23, 29, 618 P.2d 1294 (1980), the worker was an attendant at a Goodwill Industries donation center, where no water or restroom facilities were provided. While on a paid break, the claimant left the premises to find a restroom and buy a beverage. As he crossed a street in the neighborhood, he was struck by a car. We found that the claimant's trip in the neighborhood to find a restroom was contemplated by and benefited the employer. We explained that the claimant's break was not the ordinary type of break that an employee takes on the premises:
"[A] different situation was established by the employer here when it provided no facilities for the use of its employe[e]s in its collection centers. In the situation so created, the risk of injury by automobile in a busy city street which claimant could reasonably have been expected to cross in order to find a restroom and something to drink was an ordinary risk of, and incidental to, that employment."
49 Or. App. at 29, 618 P.2d 1294. We considered the claimant's injury to fall within the personal-comfort doctrine, which we said was based on the rationale that "certain activities by employees are expected and necessary and the conduct of those activities is not a departure from the employment relationship." Id. We determined in Halfman that the injury arose out of and in the course of claimant's employment and that the claim was compensable. Id. at 30, 618 P.2d 1294.
Although our case law has not always been precise in describing where, analytically, the personal-comfort doctrine fits within the unitary-work-connection approach, our most recent opinions have placed it squarely within the context of the "in the course of" prong. See SAIF Corp. v. Chavez-Cordova , 314 Or. App. 5, 496 P.3d 39 (2021) (stating that the claimant's injury occurred during personal-comfort activities and therefore satisfied "in the course of" prong); see also Mandes v. Liberty Mut. Holdings-Liberty Mut. Ins. , 289 Or. App. 268, 408 P.3d 260 (2017) ("Off-premises activities that have been found to be within the course and scope of employment under the personal comfort doctrine have included coffee, lunch, or restroom breaks."); U. S. Bank v. Pohrman , 272 Or. App. 31, 49, 354 P.3d 722, rev. den. , 358 Or. 70, 363 P.3d 501 (2015) (stating that the personal-comfort doctrine may apply "when the worker, although not engaging in his or her appointed work activity at a specific moment in time, still remains in the course of employment and, therefore, has not left work"). In this case, in light of employer's encouragement of fitness and acquiescence in employees walking during their breaks, the board held that claimant's walk was a personal-comfort activity incidental to her employment and therefore satisfied the "in the course of" prong. But the board then addressed whether the injury arose out of claimant's employment and concluded that it did not. The board characterized claimant's injury as having resulted from a "neutral risk," and therefore not compensable unless the injury was connected to the nature of claimant's job or to a risk to which her work environment had exposed her. See Hayes , 325 Or. at 601, 943 P.2d 197 (when risk is neutral, "arising out of" requirement is satisfied "if the risk of injury results from the nature of his or her work or when it originates from some risk to which the work environment exposes the worker"); Phil A. Livesley Co. v. Russ , 296 Or. 25, 29-30, 672 P.2d 337 (1983) (categorizing employment risks as employment-related, personal, or neutral). The board found that the risk of injury caused by the cracked sidewalk was not employment-related and that claimant's work environment had not placed her in a position to be injured—employer had not mandated the walk or directed claimant to follow a particular route on her walk. Thus, the board concluded that claimant's injury did not arise out of the employment.
On judicial review, claimant asserts that the board erred in separately addressing the "arising out of" prong, contending that the board's determination that claimant's injury occurred during a personal-comfort activity satisfied that element. Employer responds that, as explained previously, our case law has placed the personal-comfort doctrine within the "in the course of" prong. Employer asserts further that our cases have not eliminated the requirement for establishing the "arising out of" prong, which tests whether the injury arises from a risk connected with the nature of the work or the work environment.
As claimant correctly points out, our earlier opinions addressing the personal-comfort doctrine in the context of off-premises injuries have said that injuries sustained during personal-comfort activities are within the employment, Jordan , 1 Or. App. at 446, 463 P.2d 598 (describing personal-comfort activities as "having a sufficient connection to the employment"); Halfman , 49 Or. App. at 29, 618 P.2d 1294 (personal comfort activities "not a departure from the employment relationship"). Those opinions did not separately address the "arising out of" prong and are susceptible to the interpretation that proof of an injury occurring during a personal-comfort activity establishes compensability, without a separate analysis of the "arising out of prong." See also Mellis v. McEwen, Hanna, Gisvold , 74 Or. App. 571, 574, 703 P.2d 255, rev. den. , 300 Or. 249, 710 P.2d 146 (1985) (holding compensable an off-premises injury during work break under seven factors set out in Jordan ).
But in Norpac Foods, Inc. v. Gilmore , 318 Or. 363, 366, 867 P.2d 1373 (1994), the court emphasized that the two prongs of the unitary work-connection inquiry test the injury's work-connection in different manners and that each must be evaluated. We are, of course, bound by the Supreme Court's opinions, and our recent caselaw has pursued analysis of the "arising out of" prong in the context of injuries sustained during personal-comfort activities. See Chavez-Cordova , 314 Or. App. at 6-8, 496 P.3d 39 (addressing "arising out of" prong where it had been determined that claimant's injury occurred during personal-comfort activities and therefore satisfied "in the course of" prong). We do not interpret our caselaw as having eliminated the requirement for proof of the "arising out of" prong when a personal-comfort activity has been established, and we reject claimant's suggestion that we should so hold. The board did not err in separately evaluating whether claimant's evidence satisfied the "arising out of" prong.
Claimant contends that our references in Mandes and Pohrman to injuries falling within the "course and scope of employment" necessarily encompass both the "arising out of" and "in the course of" prongs of the unitary test. The phrase "course and scope of employment" is currently a part of ORS 656.278, which defines the compensability of "worsened conditions" resulting from the original injury after the last arrangement of compensation. The "scope of employment" standard formerly applied in the occupational disease context under a former ORS 656.802(1)(a) (An occupational disease is "any disease or infection which arises out of and in the scope of the employment and to which an employee is not ordinarily subjected or exposed other than during a period of regular actual employment therein."). In SAIF v. Noffsinger , 80 Or. App. 640, 645, 723 P.2d 358, rev. den, 302 Or. 342, 728 P.2d 867 (1986), we held that the unitary work-connection analysis from Rogers applies to the "arising out of and in the scope of employment" language of the occupational disease statute. ORS 656.802(1)(a) now defines an occupational disease as "any disease or infection arising out of and in the course of employment." Claimant is correct that, historically, an injury that was within the "scope of employment" equated to an injury that was covered under the Workers’ Compensation Act. See , e.g. , Slaughter v. SAIF Corp ., 60 Or. App. 610, 654 P.2d 1123 (1982) (addressing whether traveling employee's activities were within the scope of employment or coverage under the Act). But parties and the appellate courts also frequently and, perhaps, imprecisely, have used the phrase "course and scope" of employment conjunctively, to describe the "in the course of" prong of the unified work-connection test, as distinct from "arising out of" prong in the context of an injury claim. See , e.g. , Lamm v. Silver Falls Timber Co. , 133 Or. 468, 291 P. 375 (1930) (equating "course" and "scope" of employment); Clark , 288 Or. at 265, 605 P.2d 265 ("If an act is within the course and scope of employment, and arises therefrom, reasonableness of the employee conduct is irrelevant."); Bowers v. Mathis , 280 Or. 367, 370, 571 P.2d 489 (1977) (when the "plaintiff was within the course and scope of his employment, he sustained injuries which arose therefrom"); SAIF v. Sumner , 313 Or. App. 434, 495 P.3d 205 (2021) (rejecting employer's contention that "board erred in determining that claimant's injury arose out of and occurred during course and scope" of employment); Greenblatt v. Symantec Corp. , 287 Or. App. 506, 514, 403 P.3d 439 (2017) (recreational activity that other-wise might "arise out of and in the course and scope of the employment" under ORS 656.005(7)(a) is not compensable if it is subject to exclusion under ORS 656.005(7)(b)(B) ); Mills v. Boeing Co ., 212 Or. App. 678, 680, 159 P.3d 375 (2007) (employer's letter denied that claimant had "sustained a compensable injury or occupational disease arising out of and in the course and scope of your employment"); Cervantes v. Liberty Northwest Ins. Corp ., 205 Or. App. 316, 318, 134 P.3d 1033 (2006) (in rejecting claim insurer wrote that injury "did not arise out of and in the course and scope of your employment"); Liberty Northwest Ins. Corp. v. Nichols , 186 Or. App. 664, 64 P.3d 1152 (2003) (affirming board's order holding that the activity of eating the candy while working was "within the course and scope" of claimant's employment); McTaggart v. Time Warner Cable , 170 Or. App. 491, 504, 16 P.3d 1154 (2000), rev. den. , 331 Or. 633, 19 P.3d 357 (2001) (equating "scope" of employment with "course" of employment); Proctor v. SAIF , 123 Or. App. 326, 330, 860 P.2d 828 (1993) (a person who has the status of a traveling employee "is continuously within the course and scope of employment while traveling," except when it is shown that the person has "engaged in a distinct departure on a personal errand"). We reject claimant's suggestion that our references in Mandes and Pohrman to the "course and scope" of employment implicitly encompassed both the "in the course of" and "arising out of" prongs and obviated the need to address the "arising out of" prong in the context of a claim involving the personal comfort doctrine. The Supreme Court's case law requiring separate analysis of the "in the course of" and "arising out of" prongs is controlling and, to the extent that Mandes and Pohrman might be understood to obviate the need to address the "arising out of" prong when it is determined that a claimant was engaged in a personal comfort activity, we disavow that interpretation.
In view of our conclusion that the board did not err in separately addressing the "arising out of" prong, claimant asserts that the board erred in determining that her injury did not arise out of her employment. In analyzing the "arising out of" prong, the board correctly characterized the cause of claimant's injury—the cracked sidewalk—as a "neutral" risk, one that was not employment-related or personal to claimant. See Phil A. Livesley Co. , 296 Or. at 29-30, 672 P.2d 337 (categorizing employment risks as employment-related, personal, or neutral). An injury resulting from a neutral risk is compensable when "the conditions of employment put claimant in a position to be injured." Panpat v. Owens-Brockway Glass Container, Inc. , 334 Or. 342, 350, 49 P.3d 773 (2002). Claimant asserts that, in view of the board's conclusion that her personal-comfort activity brought her within the course of her employment, the activity must be viewed as a work-related condition to which claimant's employment exposed her.
Claimant's proposed analysis would render the analysis of the "arising out of" prong superfluous. Whether a claimant's employment exposed her to a risk of injury will depend on the circumstances of the injury and its causal connection to the employment, whether or not the activity was for the claimant's personal comfort. Here, the board found that employer did not mandate claimant's walk or direct her route. See Hearthstone Manor v. Stuart , 192 Or. App. 153, 84 P.3d 208 (2004) (injury arose out of employment because employer mandated that employees take a particular route when approaching building). Although employer encouraged activity during work breaks, employer did not create circumstances that necessitated that claimant leave the premises for her personal comfort. Cf. Chavez-Cordova , 314 Or. App. at 9, 496 P.3d 39 (a requirement that claimant stay on the work-site during breaks and an absence of water created need for claimant to bring his own beverage); Halfman , 49 Or. App. at 29, 618 P.2d 1294 (lack of restroom on the premises made it necessary for the worker to leave the premises to find a restroom). It was claimant's personal choice to take the walk, and the off-premises walk itself was not an employment duty or incidental to an employment duty. See First Interstate Bank of Oregon v. Clark , 133 Or. App. 712, 894 P.2d 499, rev. den. , 321 Or. 429, 899 P.2d 1197 (1995) (claimant's off-premises activity was of indirect benefit to employer's business). The walk had no connection to the employment or to the employment environment. In short, the board found, notwithstanding employer's encouragement of activity, there was nothing about claimant's employment that exposed claimant to the risk of being injured by a cracked sidewalk during an off-premises walk.
The board's findings are supported by substantial evidence, and the board's conclusion from those findings that the conditions of claimant's employment did not put claimant in a position to be injured during an off-premises walk is supported by substantial reason. We therefore affirm the board's determination that claimant's injury did not arise out her employment and its order upholding SAIF's denial of the claim.
In view of our disposition, we do not address SAIF's contention on cross-assignment that the board erred in determining that claimant's injury occurred during a personal comfort activity.
Affirmed.