ROSE, Justice.

This appeal asks this question: May a criminal defendant in a Wyoming State court waive his right to a unanimous jury verdict by stipulating with the State and the court that a majority jury verdict will govern? We will hold that a defendant may waive a unanimous verdict under the conditions and according to the standards herein set out and established, but, under the facts of this case, the defendant did not do so. We will, therefore, reverse the 10 to 2 majority verdict finding the defendant guilty of aggravated robbery and remand for a new trial.

When a jury was unable to return a unanimous verdict in appellant-defendant's trial for aggravated robbery, Mr. Taylor, the defendant, the defense counsel, the prosecuting attorney and the court agreed to accept a 10 to 2 majority verdict. The record demonstrates that the appellant's trial attorney intended to waive appellant's right to a unanimous verdict and to waive the right to appeal the very issue here presented. The court twice secured an affirmative answer from Mr. Taylor when he was asked if a majority verdict would be acceptable to him. The court also secured an acknowledgement from the appellant to the effect that a nonunanimous guilty verdict would not be appealed.

The record does not reveal that Taylor had been advised of or knew the consequences of declining to enter into the above-mentioned agreement and insisting upon his right to a unanimous verdict.

THE COMMON-LAW JURY TRIAL — A CRIMINAL DEFENDANT'S UNDISPUTED RIGHT

It is beyond dispute that the Wyoming Constitution guarantees a criminal defendant in a court of record the right to a unanimous verdict by twelve impartial jurors, i.e., a common-law jury trial. Wyoming Constitution, Article 1, Section 9, and First National Bank v. Foster, 9 Wyo. 157, 61 P. 466 (1900), rehearing denied 9 Wyo. 168, 63 P. 1056 (1901). The issue before the court in this appeal is, however, whether or not common-law-trial-by-jury requirements may be discharged in a state criminal trial by a jury of twelve impartial persons rendering, with the consent of the court, State and defendant, a verdict which is less than unanimous. In other words, may a unanimous verdict be waived in Wyoming where the common-law criminal jury trial is a constitutional guarantee? There are no opinions of this court which answer this question.

As has been noted, fn. 2, supra, this court declared at the turn of the century that the criminal defendant has an absolute right to a common-law jury trial. The Wyoming Rules of Criminal Procedure provide for waiver of the defendant's right to be tried by a jury, Rule 24(a), W.R.Cr.P. and the defendant's right to waive a jury trial has never been questioned before this court. Rule 32, W.R.Cr.P., is concerned with the verdict in a criminal jury case. Subsection (a) requires the verdict be unanimous; and subsection (d) provides for the polling of the jury when the verdict is returned to the court. The last-mentioned subsection further provides that if the polling does not produce unanimity, the jury may be either discharged or directed to retire for further deliberation. These rules make no provision for accepting a less-than-unanimous verdict and no provision concerning waiver of rights governed by Rules 24(a) and 32, supra. The rules do, however, speak to the proposition that we, in adopting them (and consistent with First National Bank v. Foster, supra), have rejected any argument that might be advanced to the effect that the public has an interest in the resolution of a criminal trial through the common-law jury process only. In other words, the rules implicitly acknowledge that the right to trial by jury is a constitutional right of the defendant, the waiver of which is qualified in the context that it may not be exercised without the approval of the court and the consent of the State.

Historical Overview

3 W. Blackstone, Commentaries, observes:

"In order to avoid intemperance and causeless delay [the jury] are to be kept without meat, drink, fire or candle, unless by permission of the judge, till they are all unanimously agreed." 3 Id. at 375.

In addition to being compelled to deliberate without "meat, drink, fire or candle," the search for jury unanimity in early England carried with it another hazard. The Blackstone Commentaries go on to observe that while the jury was not required to reach a unanimous verdict by the time the judge left the town, if they did not do so they were obligated to trail after him, being carried around the circuit in a cart. Further, at 3 W. Blackstone, Commentaries, 379, it is said:

"Upon these accounts the trial by jury ever has been, and I trust ever will be, looked upon as the glory of the English law . . . [I]t is the most transcendent privilege which any subject can enjoy, or wish for, that he cannot be affected either in his property, his liberty, or his person, but by the unanimous consent of twelve of his neighbours and equals. . . ."

Jury trials could not be waived by consenting defendants at common law. Singer v. United States, 380 U.S. 24, 85 S.Ct. 783, 13 L.Ed.2d 630 (1965). The choice was first given in America in Massachusetts and Maryland. The first constitution of Massachusetts — "The Body of Liberties of 1641" — contained as Liberty XXIX the following:

"`In all actions of law, it shall be the liberty of the plaintiff and defendant, by mutual consent, to choose whether they will be tried by the bench or by a Jury, unless it be otherwise determined. The like liberty shall be granted to all persons in Criminal cases.'" 380 U.S. at 28-29, 85 S.Ct. at 787.

Early proceedings of the General Assembly in Maryland contained the following from an Act of 1642:

"`. . . The Defendt. in any cause civill or Criminall may put himself for tryall upon the judge or Court, or, upon his Country or may wage his Law in cases allowable by the law of England[.] if both parties joyn in the tryall it Shall be tryed according to their agreemt.' I Archives of Maryland 151, 186 (1642)." State v. McKay, 280 Md. 558, 375 A.2d 228, 233 (1977).

After the adoption of the United States Constitution, and particularly by reason of Article III, Section 2, which was calculated to protect the defendant from government oppression, it was long believed that jury trial was the only method of deciding a criminal case in this country.

The issue of whether a defendant could waive a jury trial in a federal case was first presented to the United States Supreme Court in Patton v. United States, 281 U.S. 276, 50 S.Ct. 253, 74 L.Ed. 854 (1930), fn. 5, supra. While the case did not contemplate trial before a judge alone, the waiver of a unanimous twelve-in favor of a unanimous eleven-man jury was considered by the Supreme Court as though it did because waiver of common-law-jury-trial rights of any kind was so foreign as to be thought about as tantamount to waiver of the right to trial by jury itself.

The Patton Court examined Article III, Section 2, fn. 6, supra, and the Sixth Amendment and decided that a jury trial was a right which the accused might "forego at his election." In its opinion, the Court spoke of the right to trial by jury as a "privilege," not an "imperative requirement," and observed that jury trial was principally for the benefit of the accused. The Patton Court went on to make the following observation concerning the issue of waiver of the defendant's right to trial by jury:

". . . Not only must the right of the accused to a trial by a constitutional jury be jealously preserved, but the maintenance of the jury as a fact-finding body in criminal cases is of such importance and has such a place in our traditions, that, before any waiver can become effective, the consent of government counsel and the sanction of the court must be had, in addition to the express and intelligent consent of the defendant. And the duty of the trial court in that regard is not to be discharged as a mere matter of rote, but with sound and advised discretion, with an eye to avoid unreasonable or undue departures from that mode of trial or from any of the essential elements thereof, and with a caution increasing in degree as the offenses dealt with increase in gravity." 281 U.S. at 312-313, 50 S.Ct. at 263. (Emphasis supplied.)

The court, in State v. McKay, supra, comments:

". . . Nevertheless, the Court's decision in Patton v. United States, 281 U.S. 276, 50 S.Ct. 253, 74 L.Ed. 854, is instructive. There, the Court said that the jury trial afforded by Article III and the Sixth Amendment is `a trial by jury as understood and applied at common law, and includes all the essential elements as they were recognized in this country and England when the Constitution was adopted.' Id. at 288, 50 S.Ct. at 254. This, as we observed earlier, included the element of unanimity. In holding that an entire jury or the presence of any of its members could be waived by the defendant with the consent of the court and the prosecution, the Patton court concluded `that the framers of the Constitution simply were intent upon preserving the right of trial by jury primarily for the protection of the accused.' Id. at 297, 50 S.Ct. at 257." 375 A.2d at 233. (Emphasis supplied.)

As has been noted, the common-law concept of trial by jury, which includes a unanimous verdict, was and is reflected in Article 1, Section 9, of our Constitution, as interpreted by First National Bank v. Foster, supra, and codified by Rule 32, W.R. Cr.P., fn. 4, supra. In First National Bank, supra, we had held nearly thirty years before Patton, supra, that the jury-trial right was designed to protect the criminal defendant. fn. 2, supra. Our Rule 24(a), fn. 3, supra, contemplates jury-trial waiver consistent with the holding of First National Bank and the Patton Court.

Rule 23(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, adopted in 1940, codified the Patton requirement of twelve with stipulated right of waiver. Wyoming has no corollary 23(b) waiver rule.

Until Williams v. Florida, 399 U.S. 78, 90 S.Ct. 1893, 26 L.Ed.2d 446 (1970), the decisions of the Supreme Court assumed that the trial by jury contemplated by the Federal Constitution (Article III, Section 2, clause 3, fn. 6, supra) meant a jury trial as envisioned by the common law. The elements of a common-law jury trial were

". . . the presence and superintendence of a judge having the power to instruct the jury on the law and advise them upon the facts, and the unanimous verdict. [Citing Patton (dictum)]." State v. McKay, supra, 375 A.2d at 231.

From this it followed that unanimity was "required where the Sixth and Seventh Amendments apply." Andres v. United States, 333 U.S. 740, 748, 68 S.Ct. 880, 884, 92 L.Ed. 1055 (1948).

It was for Justice White to query the earlier decisions when, in Williams, supra, he said:

"`[T]he relevant constitutional history casts considerable doubt on the easy assumption in our past decisions that if a given feature existed in a jury at common law in 1789, then it was necessarily preserved in the Constitution,' . . ." 399 U.S. at 92-93, 90 S.Ct. at 1902.

Deciding that the absence of the expressed unanimity requirement in the Sixth Amendment was a substantive omission, the Court, in Williams, supra, observed that had Congress wished to leave no doubt that it was incorporating common-law features in the jury system, it would have expressed the Sixth Amendment language to that effect.

The author of the opinion in State v. McKay, supra, says:

". . . In holding that the Sixth Amendment, as applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, was not violated by a state law providing for a six-man rather than a 12-man jury in noncapital cases, the Williams Court leaned heavily on what is regarded as this absence of demonstrated intent by the framers `to equate the constitutional and common-law characteristics of the jury.' Id., 399 U.S. at 99, 90 S.Ct. at 1905." 375 A.2d at 231.

The Court, in Williams, in coming to this conclusion, left for another day the question of whether unanimity

"is an indispensable element of the Sixth Amendment jury trial . . . ." 399 U.S. at 100, fn. 46, 90 S.Ct. at 1906.

In 1972, in Apodaca v. Oregon, 406 U.S. 404, 92 S.Ct. 1628, 32 L.Ed.2d 184, the United States Supreme Court held that a state jury's verdict need not be unanimous, even though unanimity was the rule of common law. In this decision, the Court upheld an Oregon statute providing that only 10 members of a 12-person jury need concur to render a verdict in certain non-capital cases.

In Johnson v. Louisiana, 406 U.S. 356, 92 S.Ct. 1620, 32 L.Ed.2d 152 (1972), decided the same day as Apodaca, supra, a plurality of the Court held that a conviction by a state jury's 9 to 3 verdict in certain non-capital cases did not violate the due-process clause for failure to satisfy the reasonable-doubt standard and did not deny equal protection.

In Ballew v. Georgia, 435 U.S. 223, 98 S.Ct. 1029, 55 L.Ed.2d 234 (1978), the United States Supreme Court held that a jury of less than 6 members failed to pass constitutional scrutiny (a question explicitly reserved in Williams, supra). And in Burch v. Louisiana, 441 U.S. 130, 99 S.Ct. 1623, 60 L.Ed.2d 96 (1979), in separate opinions, the Supreme Court held that a conviction by a nonunanimous 6-person jury in a trial for a nonpetit offense deprives an accused of his rights to a trial by jury. Thus — the Supreme Court has held that the Constitution permits less than 12 persons, but requires at least 6. Ballew, supra; and Williams, supra. Furthermore, the Court has approved less-than-unanimous verdicts in states involving 12-person juries. Apodaca (10-2), supra; and Johnson (9-3), supra.

The Federal circuit courts reviewing federal prosecutions have reversed convictions on a less-than-unanimous verdict, even where the defendant "waived" the unanimity requirement under the provisions of Rule 23(a) and (b), F.R.Cr.P., fn. 9, supra. Hibdon v. United States, 6 Cir., 204 F.2d 834, 838 (1953) (Unanimity is a procedural requirement but is also inextricably interwoven with the proof-beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard); United States v. Lopez, 9 Cir., 581 F.2d 1338, 1340 (1979) (Federal Rules require unanimity: The only alternatives available to the trial judge when a jury is deadlocked is to discharge or an instruction to deliberate further); and United States v. Scalzitti, 3 Cir., 578 F.2d 507, 510-512 (1978) (Federal Rules and Federal Supreme Court precedent require a unanimous verdict in a federal court). See, also, United States v. Morris, 10 Cir., 612 F.2d 483 (1979), in which the court said that in federal criminal trials, unanimity is both a procedural and Sixth Amendment, fn. 8, supra, requirement which cannot be waived. Morris, supra, 612 F.2d at 488-489.

The Issue Before This Court

The issue before this court is not whether a defendant can waive a unanimous verdict under the United States Constitution, but whether or not, by reason of the Sixth Amendment, fn. 8, supra, and Article III, Section 2, of the Federal Constitution, fn. 6, supra, as made applicable to the states by the Fourteenth Amendment to that Constitution, the defendant can waive a unanimous verdict in a state criminal trial.

The Court in Burch, supra, observes:

"Only in relatively recent years has this Court had to consider the practices of the several States relating to jury size and unanimity. Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145, 88 S.Ct. 1444, 20 L.Ed.2d 491 (1968), marked the beginning of our involvement with such questions. The Court in Duncan held that because trial by jury in `serious' criminal cases is `fundamental to the American scheme of justice' and essential to due process of law, the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees a state criminal defendant the right to a jury trial in any case, which, if tried in a federal court, would require a jury under the Sixth Amendment. Id., at 149, 158-159, 88 S.Ct. at 1447, 1452-1453."

The opinion goes on to observe that in 1972 the Supreme Court held that

". . . a jury's verdict need not be unanimous to satisfy constitutional requirements, even though unanimity had been the rule at common law. Thus, in Apodaca v. Oregon, 406 U.S. 404, 92 S.Ct. 1628, 32 L.Ed.2d 184 (1972), we upheld a state statute providing that only 10 members of a 12-person jury need concur to render a verdict in certain noncapital cases. In terms of the role of the jury as a safeguard against oppression, the plurality opinion perceived no difference between those juries required to act unanimously and those permitted to act by votes of 10 to two. 406 U.S., at 411, 92 S.Ct., at 1633. Nor was unanimity viewed by the plurality as contributing materially to the exercise of the jury's commonsense judgment or as a necessary precondition to effective application of the requirement that jury panels represent a fair cross-section of the community. Id., at 410, 412, 92 S.Ct. at 1632, 1633."

In footnote 8 the author of the opinion observes:

" Johnson v. Louisiana, 406 U.S. 356, 92 S.Ct. 1620, 32 L.Ed.2d 152 (1972), was decided the same day as Apodaca v. Oregon, 406 U.S. 404, 92 S.Ct. 1628, 32 L.Ed.2d 184 (1972), and held that conviction by a 9-3 verdict in certain noncapital cases did not violate the Due Process Clause for failure to satisfy the reasonable doubt standard. Unlike Apodaca, Johnson involved a trial held prior to Duncan v. Louisiana, supra, which the Court in DeStefano v. Woods, 392 U.S. 631, 88 S.Ct. 2093, 20 L.Ed.2d 1308 (1968), held was not to be applied retroactively, and therefore did not implicate the Sixth Amendment as applied to the States through the Fourteenth. 406 U.S. at 358, 92 S.Ct. at 1622."

It would seem, then, since Johnson and Apodaca, supra, hold the Sixth Amendment is not offended through application of the Fourteenth Amendment by state provisions imposing less-than-unanimous verdicts in criminal jury trials (excepting capital cases) despite the defendant's refusal to consent — that neither are these constitutional safeguards violated when a state criminal defendant in Wyoming gives his voluntary and informed consent to a majority verdict.

We pass on, then, to the question of whether or not there are any Wyoming constitutional provisions, rules, or opinions of this court which would preclude a Wyoming criminal defendant's waiver of his right to a unanimous verdict.

Waiver Generally: Rights of the Accused.

It is to be recalled that at early common law, the accused was not permitted to waive rights intended for his protection. Journigan v. State, 223 Md. 405, 164 A.2d 896 (1960), 83 A.L.R.2d 1026, cert. denied 365 U.S. 853, 81 S.Ct. 818, 5 L.Ed.2d 817 (1961); and 21 Am.Jur.2d, Criminal Law, Rights of Accused § 219, p. 258.

It is now held in most jurisdictions, however, that the accused may waive any rights in which the public does not have an interest — or which are not against public policy. 21 Am.Jur.2d, Criminal Law, supra, at page 258, citing: State v. Vanella, 40 Mont. 326, 106 P. 364 (1910); State v. Osborne, 54 Or. 289, 103 P. 62 (1909); State ex rel. Lea v. Brown, 166 Tenn. 669, 64 S.W.2d 841 (1933), 91 A.L.R. 1246, cert. denied 292 U.S. 638, 54 S.Ct. 717, 78 L.Ed. 1491; State v. Dehler, 257 Minn. 549, 102 N.W.2d 696 (1960), 89 A.L.R.2d 496; Harriet Cotton Mills v. Local No. 578, Textile Workers Union, 251 N.C. 218, 111 S.E.2d 457 (1959), 79 A.L.R.2d 646, cert. denied 362 U.S. 941, 80 S.Ct. 806, 4 L.Ed.2d 770 (1960); and Schick v. United States, 195 U.S. 65, 24 S.Ct. 826, 49 L.Ed. 99 (1904).

It is said in Schick, supra:

". . . When there is no constitutional or statutory mandate, and no public policy prohibiting, an accused may waive any privilege which he is given the right to enjoy. Authorities in the state courts are in harmony with this thought. In Commonwealth v. Dailey, 12 Cush. 80, the defendant in a misdemeanor case waived his right to a full panel and consented to be tried by eleven jurors, and this action was sustained by the supreme court of Massachusetts. Chief Justice Shaw, delivering the opinion of the court, said (p. 83): `He may waive any matter of form or substance, excepting only what may relate to the jurisdiction of the court.' The same doctrine was laid down in Murphy v. Commonwealth, 1 Met. (Ky.) 365; Tyra v. Commonwealth, 2 Met. (Ky.) 1, and in State v. Kaufman, 51 Iowa, 578, 2 N.W. 275. In Connelly v. State, 60 Ala. 89, a statute authorizing the waiver of a jury was sustained. The same rule was made in State v. Worden, 46 Conn. 349, which was a case of a felony. See also People v. Rathbun, 21 Wend. 509, 542." 195 U.S. at 72, 24 S.Ct. at 828.

In Justice Chamliss' concurring opinion in State ex rel. Lea v. Brown, supra, he says:

"A party may waive any provisions of a contract, statute, or constitution intended for his benefit. Bouvier Anderson's Law Dictionaries. These and other textbook authorities follow the language of Mr. Justice Strong in the early case of Shutte v. Thompson, 15 Wall. 151, 159, 21 L.Ed. 123, `a party may waive any provision, either of a contract or of a statute, intended for his benefit.' . . ." 64 S.W.2d at 848.

As we have said, the right to a common-law jury trial in Wyoming is a right which belongs to the defendant and which may be waived with the approval of the court and the consent of the State. First National Bank v. Foster, supra; Rule 24(a), W.R. Cr.P., supra; and Rule 32(a) and (d), W.R. Cr.P., supra.

Waiver of Other Constitutional Rights

Our holding herein will be consistent with the general rule that all rights and privileges designed for the benefit of the defendant may be waived, so long as there is no violation of public policy and the public's interests are not thereby jeopardized.

Accepted examples of the defendant's waiver privilege may be found in the following: The constitutional right to speedy trial is a personal one and may be waived. 21 Am.Jur.2d, Criminal Law § 253, Waiver of Right, p. 289. Some courts regard defendant's presence at trial as waivable. The article, cited at fn. 13, supra, says in part, at page 313:

". . . On behalf of the opposite rule, it has been argued that the right is essentially for the benefit of the accused and that since the accused, by pleading guilty, can waive any trial at all and subject himself to the severest penalty which might follow a trial, he should be able to waive any mere privilege on the trial that is designed only to aid him in shielding himself from such result. Statutes declaring that the accused must be present during the trial, or that he cannot be tried unless personally present in a felony case, have sometimes been construed as imposing an affirmative requirement which cannot be dispensed with by the accused or his counsel, but other courts have regarded them as granting or confirming a right which defendant is nevertheless free to relinquish. . . ."

The accused may waive his right to be present at the impaneling of the jury. See 26 A.L.R.2d, § 19, p. 786. He may waive his rights to effective assistance of counsel. He may waive his right to receive the service of a copy of an indictment or information since these are privileges, and statutes requiring such service are not jurisdictional. The accused may waive his right to be confronted by witnesses against him, since this is a personal privilege. The constitutional guarantee against compulsory self-incrimination is, like other privileges, waivable. 21 Am.Jur.2d, Criminal Law § 357.

There are other and numerous privileges guaranteed to the defendant which the defendant may waive. To pursue a more detailed itemization of these waivable rights would serve no good purpose. The rule-of-thumb is, with certain exceptions, that any constitutional or statutory privilege inuring to the benefit of the defendant, which does not violate a public policy, may be waived. Patton v. United States, supra; and Schick v. United States, supra.

Waivable Constitutional Rights in Wyoming

This court's opinions with respect to waiver of the defendant's constitutional rights square with the various majority opinions on the subject. Article 1, Section 10, of the Constitution of Wyoming, provides in part:

" Right of accused to defend. — In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the right to defend in person and by counsel, to demand the nature and cause of the accusation, to have a copy thereof, to be confronted with the witnesses against him, to have compulsory process served for obtaining witnesses, and to a speedy trial by an impartial jury of the county or district in which the offense is alleged to have been committed. . ."

Among others, this court has approved waiver of the following defendant rights: We have held that where the defendant did not raise the defense of double jeopardy, it was waived. Hutchins v. State, Wyo., 483 P.2d 519 (1971); and Peterson v. State, Wyo., 586 P.2d 144 (1978). A Wyoming defendant may knowingly waive his right to refuse to testify on the ground of self-incrimination, Clenin v. State, Wyo., 573 P.2d 844 (1978), as well as his right to request counsel, Raigosa v. State, Wyo., 562 P.2d 1009 (1977); and Jarrett v. State, Wyo., 500 P.2d 1027 (1972). Right to speedy trial may be waived. Cosco v. State, Wyo., 503 P.2d 1403 (1972); and Shafsky v. City of Casper, Wyo., 487 P.2d 468 (1971).

Again, the list is long and incomplete but supportive of the general rule above announced that where a constitutional right is a privilege, personal to the defendant, it is capable of being waived.

We ask, then, if all of these rights and more can be waived — upon what ground can we say that the waiver of jury unanimity is so sacred that it cannot be added to the list? We perceive of none.

We hold that the defendant has a qualified right to intelligently and voluntarily waive his right to a unanimous verdict, contingent only upon the consent of the court and the State, providing the waiver conforms strictly to constitutional standards. In setting these standards, we have a word of caution for Bench and Bar. The standards which we set for waiver of a unanimous verdict are finely drafted and will be strictly construed. This is so because, while conceding unanimity to be a qualified right of the defendant which he may forsake with the consent of the State and the court, we emphasize that the unanimous verdict is the defendant's right which can be dispensed with only when he voluntarily and intelligently waives it. In setting these standards, we have taken into account the fact that the pressure upon the defendant and his counsel to waive this constitutional right when the court is confronted with the futility and expense of a hung jury is heavy and will — at times — be nearly impossible for defendant and his or her counsel to resist. We will, therefore, insist upon strict compliance with these standards in order that the spirit of jury unanimity, together with the free will of the defendant to make an informed and voluntary alternative choice, be preserved and honored. We will expect the choice to be informed and voluntarily made in an atmosphere free of sanction or the threat of sanction — either express or implied.

Standards and Requirements for Accepting Less-Than-Unanimous Verdict

We hold here, consistent with the court's right to subject waiver of constitutional rights to reasonable procedural regulations ( Singer v. United States, supra), that where waiver of defendant's constitutional right to unanimity is at issue, we will (as we did in Cardenas v. Meacham, Wyo., 545 P.2d 632 (1976), where the defendant's change of plea was concerned) regard the waiver as void where, in addition to being consented to by the State and the court, it appears to not be voluntarily and understandingly entered into by the defendant. Further, there must be a record showing that before the defendant's consent to a majority verdict is accepted, the court has informed him or her of all of his or her rights as described herein; and the record must also reveal that the explanation was made and responses received from the defendant in a way that leaves no doubt concerning the defendant's understanding of his or her voluntary decision with respect thereto.

A verdict which is less than unanimous may be accepted by a trial judge in this state only upon the following conditions:

1. As in the past, the court will, in the first instance, instruct the jury that it will be required to return a unanimous verdict.

2. After deliberation, and only when the jury has informed the court that it is unable to reach a unanimous verdict, and only after all lawful efforts have been made to secure such verdict and the court finds itself with no alternative but to declare a mistrial, the court may receive a majority verdict according to the following procedure:

(a) When the court is convinced that the jury is unable to agree and a mistrial must otherwise be declared, the judge may state to counsel for the State and the defendant, in the presence of the defendant, that it will afford the parties the opportunity to consider waiver of a unanimous verdict if they desire that opportunity.

(b) Should the parties agree to receive a majority verdict, and assuming the court finds such a course to be in the best interest of all concerned, the judge may accept such verdict under the following conditions:

(c) The court may receive such a verdict, in which there are no more than two (2) minority votes, when, in the presence and with the understanding of the defendant, all conditions contained in these standards have been explained and accepted, and all exchanges among the court, defense counsel, defendant, and counsel for the State have been made a matter of record.

(d) Before accepting a majority verdict, the court, on the record, will orally inform the defendant, his counsel, and the counsel for the State of each of the matters contained in this Paragraph 2(d) and each of its subparagraphs.

In addition, and after such information is orally imparted to the parties and counsel, on the record, and when the court is convinced that the defendant, as well as counsel, have a full understanding of the matters thus explained, the parties will then enter into a written memorandum of understanding, with the approval of the court indicated thereon, to the effect that the parties have knowledge and understanding of all information contained in Paragraph 2(d) and its subparagraphs and that the parties and the court, for their respective parts, agree and consent to all conditions therein contained. The memorandum will itemize in writing each and every condition referred to in this Paragraph 2(d) and each of its subparagraphs, and all concerned will express in writing an acknowledgement of their understanding of and agreement with each item, namely:

(i) The defendant will represent that he understands that he possesses a constitutional right to insist upon a unanimous verdict and that he has been informed and understands that, should it be his desire, the court will, at this juncture, discharge the jury and declare a mistrial.

(ii) Defendant and all concerned will be informed and will acknowledge that the court represents that it does not know how the jury is divided, but, upon being polled, if the jury's division is such that there are more than two (2) jurors in the minority, the court must declare a mistrial.

(iii) The court will inform counsel and the defendant, and the defendant and all concerned will represent their understanding, that, if a mistrial is declared for any reason, the defendant will suffer no penalty as a consequence of such declaration; and the court will fully explain, and the defendant will indicate his understanding, that if a mistrial is declared, the defendant will again stand trial aided by a presumption of innocence.

(iv) The court will explain, and the defendant and counsel will acknowledge a full understanding of the proposition that, should it be defendant's desire that a mistrial be declared, the defendant will (unless he voluntarily changes his plea under the strictures provided for in such matters) again stand trial, and, in such event:

(A) If the defendant has no funds with which to hire counsel, he will be furnished representation under appropriate rules of law, which the court will explain.

(B) Another trial judge will be assigned to the second trial if that is defendant's desire.

(C) Insofar as possible, the inability of the jury in the first trial to reach a verdict will not be revealed to the jury in the succeeding trial, and the second trial will be conducted as though the prior trial had not been held, and the defendant's decision to waive or not waive the unanimous verdict will in no manner be communicated to the jury in the succeeding trial.

(D) Should another trial be necessary, and should the defendant be found guilty, his sentence will not reflect any penalty whatsoever for his having insisted upon his constitutional right to a unanimous verdict in the first instance.

(E) The defendant's waiver decision will in no way affect any appellate rights of which he might be possessed, either by reason of the first or any succeeding trial.

Once the defendant and counsel for the State are so informed and have expressed their desires and understanding as above indicated to the effect that a majority verdict should be received, the court may recall the jury and receive its verdict under the conditions and standards set out above.

Decision Under the Facts of this Case

As has been noted, a majority verdict is acceptable only when the defendant has a full and complete understanding of all the ramifications of his agreement to waive his constitutional right to a unanimous verdict. In the instant matter, the trial judge was careful to inquire with respect to the intent of the defendant to waive his constitutional right and to accept a majority verdict. The court had no standards against which to fashion his inquiry, and few case decisions in this country to guide him.

According to the record, however, we do not find that this defendant has been adequately informed of his rights in a manner which permits this court to know that the waiver was entered into in a voluntary and informed manner. He was not, for example, told of the consequences of his refusal to insist upon a unanimous verdict as described in the standards hereinabove set out, and without such information we cannot assume that his decision to forsake his constitutional rights was intelligently and voluntarily come by. Additionally, we find indicated by the record an allusion to a discussion among court and counsel off the record. Since we are not informed of the context of this exchange, we deem this further reason to reverse and remand the case. It is always dangerous practice for a trial judge to act upon the basis of information obtained outside of and not incorporated into the record.

Reversed and remanded for a new trial or such other action as is not inconsistent with this decision.