Opinion
22-3115-SAC
06-23-2022
STEVEN MCAUTHUR TAYLOR, JR., Plaintiff, v. PITTSBURG, KS. POLICE DEPARTMENT, et al., Defendants.
ORDER
Sam A. Crow, U.S. District Senior Judge.
Plaintiff, pro se, has brought this action alleging violations of his constitutional rights and other causes of action. He proceeds in forma pauperis. Plaintiff filed two complaints on different forms on June 9, 2022. The complaints are similar but not the same. The court shall consider the complaint at Doc. No. 1 to be the operative complaint as it appears to be the more comprehensive of the two. That complaint is presented on a form for an action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. This case is before the court now for the purpose of screening the complaint.
Title 42 United States Code Section 1983 provides a cause of action against “[e]very person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage of any State . . . causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation of by rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws [of the United States].”
I. Screening standards
Section 1915A of Title 28 requires the court to review cases filed by prisoners seeking redress from a governmental entity or employee to determine whether the complaint is frivolous, malicious or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Section 1915 directs the court to dismiss an in forma pauperis action if the court determines that the action fails to state a claim for relief. A court liberally construes a pro se complaint and applies “less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007). A pro se litigant, however, is not relieved from following the same rules of procedure as any other litigant. See Green v. Dorrell, 969 F.2d 915, 917 (10th Cir. 1992). Conclusory allegations without supporting facts “are insufficient to state a claim upon which relief can be based.” Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991). The court “will not supply additional factual allegations to round out a plaintiff's complaint or construct a legal theory on plaintiff's behalf.” Whitney v. New Mexico, 113 F.3d 1170, 1173-74 (10th Cir. 1997).
When deciding whether plaintiff's complaint “fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted,” the court must determine whether the complaint contains “sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face.'” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)(quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). The court accepts the plaintiff's well-pled factual allegations as true and views them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. United States v. Smith, 561 F.3d 1090, 1098 (10th Cir. 2009). The court, however, is not required to accept legal conclusions alleged in the complaint as true. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “Thus, mere ‘labels and conclusions' and ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action' will not suffice” to state a claim. Khalik v. United Air Lines, 671 F.3d 1188, 1191 (10th Cir. 2012) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555).
The court may also consider exhibits attached to a complaint.
“The elements necessary to establish a § 1983 ... violation will vary with the constitutional provision at issue.” Pahls v. Thomas, 718 F.3d 1210, 1225 (10th Cir. 2013) (quotation omitted). Liability also depends upon on an individual defendant's personal involvement in the constitutional violation. Id. “[I]t is particularly important that a complaint provide sufficient notice to individual government actors to allow them to prepare a defense.” Glaser v. City and County of Denver, Colo., 557 Fed.Appx. 689, 702 (10th Cir. 2014). As the Tenth Circuit has instructed:
Because § 1983 ... [is a] vehicle[ ] for imposing personal liability on government officials, we have stressed the need for careful attention to particulars, especially in lawsuits involving multiple defendants. It is particularly important that plaintiffs make clear exactly who is alleged to have done what to whom, ... as distinguished from collective allegations. When various officials have taken different actions with respect to a plaintiff, the plaintiff's facile, passive-voice
showing that his rights “were violated” will not suffice. Likewise insufficient is a plaintiff's more active-voice yet undifferentiated contention that “defendants” infringed his rights....
[This] applies with full force when a plaintiff proceeds under a theory of supervisory liability.... A plaintiff must . . . identify the specific policies over which particular defendants possessed responsibility and that led to the alleged constitutional violation.Pahls, 718 F.3d at 1225-26 (citation, quotation, and alteration omitted).
II. The complaint - Doc. No. 1
While it is somewhat difficult to sort out, the complaint appears to name the following defendants: the Pittsburg, Kansas Police Department; the Crawford County Sheriff's Department; the Frontenac Police Department; and the Sheriff of Crawford County. Plaintiff alleges that on May 13, 2022 three or four officers of the Pittsburg Police Department approached plaintiff while he was on his porch and asked plaintiff to step off the porch to talk with the officers. Plaintiff declined and the officers then forcibly arrested plaintiff “aggressively grabbing, dragging, and violently beating” plaintiff for no reason. Doc. No. 1, p. 2. Plaintiff asserts that this led to hospitalization and medical expenses. Plaintiff alleges an illegal search of his residence, harassment, defamation via false accusations, and loss of his property. He alleges that evidence was planted by the officers. In addition, plaintiff claims that he has been served a turkey entree which makes him sick, in spite of his grievances notifying staff that he cannot eat it. Lastly, he asserts that he contracted COVID after only being in the Crawford County Jail for three or four days.
III. Screening
A. “Person” for purposes of § 1983
Plaintiff is bringing this action under § 1983 which provides for a cause of action against “persons” who, acting under the authority of state law, violate the Constitution or federal law. This court has held that governmental sub-units such as sheriff's departments and municipal police departments are not suable entities that qualify as “persons” for the purposes of § 1983. Schwab v. Kansas, 2017 WL 2831508 *13 (D.Kan. 6/30/2017)(Riley County Police Department); Ward v. Lenexa, Kansas Police Dept., 2014 WL 1775612 *4 (D.Kan. 5/5/2014); Johnson v. Figgins, 2013 WL 1767798 *5 (D.Kan. 4/24/2013)(Wilson County Sheriff's Department); Rivera v. Riley County Law Bd., 2011 WL 4686554 *2 (D.Kan. 10/4/2011)(Riley County Police Department); Wright v. Wyandotte County Sheriff's Dept., 963 F.Supp. 1029, 1034 (D.Kan. 1997). Therefore, plaintiff may not proceed with an action against the Pittsburg Police Department, the Frontenac Police Department, or the Crawford County Sheriff's Department. Actions under § 1983, if properly pled, may be brought against a city or a board of county commissioners.
B. Pleading liability too generally
The complaint fails to describe what official action, policy or custom by a city department or county sheriff caused the alleged constitutional violations in violation of § 1983. A city or a county sheriff may not be held liable under § 1983 merely because of a supervisory status over an employee who commits a constitutional violation. Dodds v. Richardson, 614 F.3d 1185, 1195 (10th Cir. 2010). A plaintiff must show that an action was taken by the city or the sheriff with the requisite degree of culpability and that there is a direct causal link to the constitutional violation. Id. at 1202. A plaintiff may show such a policy or custom through (1) formal regulations; (2) widespread practice so permanent that it constitutes a custom; (3) decisions made by employees with final policymaking authority that are relied upon by subordinates; or (4) a failure to train or supervise employees that results from a deliberate indifference to the injuries caused. Brammer-Hoelter v. Twin Peaks Charter Acad., 602 F.3d 1175, 1188-89 (10th Cir. 2010).
Plaintiff does not allege facts which plausibly show that an official action, policy or practice of a city or of the Sheriff of Crawford County caused the injuries he alleges in the complaint. The complaint collectively refers to three or four unnamed and unidentified officers and states that persons referred to as “they” acted against plaintiff. The complaint does not state exactly who did what to plaintiff. Additionally, the complaint uses conclusory labels such as “excessive force,” “police brutality,” “illegal search and seizure,” and “racial profiling,” which, without additional factual explanation, fail to provide fair notice of a plausible claim to a defendant and to the court.
C. Food
The Eighth Amendment of the Constitution requires prisons and jails to provide inmates with “nutritionally adequate food that is prepared and served under conditions which do not present an immediate danger to the health and well-being of the inmates who consume it.” Ramos v. Lamm, 639 F.2d 559, 570-71 (10th Cir. 1980). “'A substantial deprivation of food may be sufficiently serious to state a conditions of confinement claim under the Eighth Amendment' . . . where the prison officials demonstrated ‘deliberate indifference.'” Trujillo v. Williams, 465 F.3d 1210, 1227 (10th Cir. 2006) (quoting Thompson v. Gibson, 289 F.3d 1218, 1222 (10th Cir. 2002) and Estelle, 429 U.S. at 105). An inmate plaintiff must allege both the objective and subjective elements of an Eighth Amendment claim; i.e., a sufficiently serious deprivation and a knowing disregard of an excessive risk to health and safety. Womble v. Chrisman, 770 Fed.Appx. 918, 923 (10th Cir. 2019).
It appears that plaintiff may be a pretrial detainee. The Constitution guarantees humane conditions of confinement for pretrial detainees through the Due Process provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment. It guarantees humane conditions of confinement for inmates serving a sentence through the Eighth Amendment. The Tenth Circuit has held that the same Eighth Amendment standard for conditions of confinement claims brought by inmates serving a sentence apply to Due Process claims by pretrial detainees. Burke v. Regalado, 935 F.3d 960, 991 (10th Cir. 2019).
Upon review, the court finds that the complaint does not adequately allege either element. Plaintiff does not allege facts demonstrating the objective element of a substantially serious food issue. He asserts that he cannot eat a chopped turkey entree that the jail has served. He does not allege specific facts, however, which indicate a substantial or immediate danger to plaintiff's health and well-being. Toevs v. Milyard, 563 Fed.Appx. 640, 643, 645-46 (10th Cir. 2014)(affirming dismissal of claim involving denial of nine consecutive meals during a three- day period); Richmond v. Settles, 450 Fed.Appx. 448, 456 (6th Cir. 2011) (finding the withholding of seven meals over a period of six days, “does not result in a health risk to the prisoner sufficient to qualify as a ‘wanton infliction of pain' where the prisoner continues to receive adequate nutrition.”); McGee v. Collett, 2020 WL 4569155 *2 (D.Kan. 8/7/2020)(denial of two meals during a week's time does not state an Eighth Amendment claim). Nor does the complaint show the subjective element, that is that a specific defendant knew of and disregarded an excessive risk to plaintiff's health and safety. See Shannon v. Graves, 257 F.3d 1164, 1168 (10th Cir. 2001)(allegations regarding adequacy of protective gear were not sufficient to show knowing or reckless disregard for inmate health and safety).
D. Negligence
Finally, plaintiff alleges that he contracted COVID shortly after he entered the jail and notes that the Jail is not testing inmates before placing them in pods. This appears to be a negligence claim. Negligence, however, is not sufficient to state a constitutional violation under § 1983. See Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 576 U.S. 389, 396 (2015). A “defendant must possess a purposeful, a knowing, or possibly reckless state of mind.” Id. IV. Conclusion
The court shall consider Doc. No. 1 to be the operative complaint in this case. For the above-state reasons, the court believes Doc. No. 1 fails to state a claim for relief. The court shall grant plaintiff time until July 22, 2022 to show cause why this case should not be dismissed or to file an amended complaint which corrects the deficiencies found in the operative complaint. An amended complaint should be printed on forms supplied by the Clerk of the Court which may be supplemented. Failure to respond to this order may result in the dismissal of this case.
IT IS SO ORDERED.