McDEVITT, Chief Justice.

BACKGROUND

This appeal involves four criminal cases. The first three cases arose from incidents that occurred late in the evening of April 21, 1989. On that date the defendant, wearing only a shirt, assaulted a 22-year old female as she was walking down the sidewalk on the street where she lived. As the woman strove to fight Dopp off, he struck her, knocked her down, tore at her clothing and attempted to drag her into a nearby residence. As the victim's husband approached the scene, Dopp fled to another nearby home where an older couple lived. When the wife answered Dopp's knock on the door, Dopp forced his way into the home. As the husband came to his wife's aid, Dopp began to fight with the husband. During the struggle, Dopp struck the husband in the head with the butt of a shotgun. The couple was able to escape to the home of a neighbor where they called the police. The police found and arrested Dopp shortly after they arrived on the scene. Later, the police found Dopp's car parked in a nearby alley. In the car they found Dopp's pants, underwear, shoes, and certain quantities of cocaine and marijuana as well as other drug paraphernalia.

These incidents precipitated the commencement of three criminal cases. In the case stemming from Dopp's assault on the younger female (Case No. 89-4-642), Dopp was bound over to the district court on a charge of battery with the intent to commit rape. In the case stemming from Dopp's attack on the older couple (Case No. 89-4-635), Dopp was bound over for trial on a charge of aggravated battery. In the case stemming from the drugs found in Dopp's car (Case No. 89-5-807), Dopp was bound over for trial on a charge of possession of cocaine.

The fourth criminal case (Case No. 89-1410) arose from events which occurred on August 8, 1989, about three weeks after Dopp's release on bail. On that date Dopp assaulted a 16-year old girl by tying her up, injecting her with a chemical substance alleged to have been cocaine, and then sexually assaulting her. As a result of this incident, Dopp was bound over for trial on six counts: first-degree kidnapping, felonious administering of drugs, battery with intent to commit the infamous crime against nature and rape, attempted rape, and two counts of the infamous crime against nature.

On May 9, 1990, Dopp entered into a written plea agreement with the state. Pursuant to this agreement, on May 10, Dopp entered pleas of guilty to the following charges: Case No. 89-4-642, battery with intent to commit a serious felony; Case No. 89-4-635, aggravated battery; Case No. 89-5-807, possession of a controlled substance, cocaine; Case No. 89-1410, second-degree kidnapping, felonious administering of drugs, and one count of infamous crime against nature. Although Dopp entered guilty pleas to the charges in cases 89-4-642 and 89-1410, he continued to assert his legal innocence with respect to those crimes. Dopp's pleas to the aggravated battery and possession of drugs charges were unconditional admissions of guilt. In exchange, the State reduced the charges accordingly, and agreed to recommend concurrent sentences, and a unified prison sentence of no more than 25 years indeterminate with 10 years fixed.

Several weeks prior to the entry of these pleas, appellant refused to consume any food for the period of March 16-22, 1990. On March 23, 1990, appellant attempted to hang himself from the bars of his jail cell. A mental health consultant called to the jail shortly thereafter evaluated appellant as very stressed, angry, and frustrated. Appellant was then moved into segregation status and placed under an acute-suicide watch. On April 11, 1990, appellant was upgraded to a 30-minute watch — the same watch given all inmates.

On May 31, 1990, Dopp filed a motion under I.C.R. 33(c) to withdraw all of his guilty pleas. A hearing was held on the motion on June 25. At the hearing, Dopp asserted that he should be allowed to withdraw his guilty pleas because at the time he entered the plea bargain his mental state was not "right" and because he never admitted that he committed the crimes charged. On October 2, 1990, the district court denied Dopp's motion. On January 9, 1991, the district court sentenced Dopp in accordance with the State's recommendations.

Dopp appealed the district court's denial of his motion to withdraw. The appeal was heard by the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals affirmed, 124 Idaho 512, 861 P.2d 82, holding that the plea was knowing, voluntary, and intelligent and that, because Dopp failed to show a just reason why he should be allowed to withdraw his guilty pleas, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion. Dopp's subsequent Petition for Review to this Court was granted. The issues this Court must resolve include:

1. whether appellant entered his guilty pleas knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently; and

2. whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying appellant's motion to withdraw a guilty pleas.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

In Sato v. Schossberger, 117 Idaho 771, 775, 792 P.2d 336, 340 (1990), this Court stated:

If, as in this case, the issues presented to the Court of Appeals concerned a decision of a district court, we consider the correctness of the district court's decision. While we value the opinion of the Court of Appeals for the insight it gives us in addressing the issues presented on appeal, we do not focus on the opinion of the Court of Appeals, but rather on the decision of the district court.

The standard of review on appeal in cases where a defendant has attempted to withdraw a guilty plea is whether the district court has properly exercised judicial discretion as distinguished from arbitrary action. State v. Carrasco, 117 Idaho 295, 298, 787 P.2d 281, 284 (1990); State v. Jackson, 96 Idaho 584, 587, 532 P.2d 926, 929 (1975).

ANALYSIS I. KNOWING, VOLUNTARY, INTELLIGENT GUILTY PLEA

Dopp has asserted that because he was under severe emotional stress prior to entering his guilty pleas, he did not enter those pleas voluntarily. At the hearing on his plea withdrawal motion, Dopp attempted to support this argument by introducing evidence to show that he had refused to eat food for about six days between March 16 and 22, 1990, and also that he tried to commit suicide on March 23, 1990. Dopp believes that, in light of his continual assertion of legal innocence, the extreme emotional stress suffered prior to entry of his guilty pleas, and the release of said stress after May 10, the pleas were not made as a result of a voluntary act.

Before a trial court may accept a plea of guilty, I.C.R. 11(c) requires that the record of the entire proceedings, including reasonable inferences drawn therefrom show:

(1) The voluntariness of the plea.

(2) The defendant was informed of the consequences of the plea, including minimum and maximum punishments, and other direct consequences which may apply.

(3) The defendant was advised that by pleading guilty he would waive his right against compulsory self-incrimination, his right to trial by jury, and his right to confront witnesses against him.

(4) The defendant was informed of the nature of the charge against him.

(5) Whether any promises have been made to the defendant, or whether the plea is a result of any plea bargaining agreement, and if so, the nature of the agreement and that the defendant was informed that the court is not bound by any promises or recommendation from either party as to punishment.

I.C.R. 11(c). Accordingly, the determination that a plea is entered voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently involves a three-part inquiry: (1) whether the defendant's plea was voluntary in the sense that he understood the nature of the charges and was not coerced; (2) whether the defendant knowingly and intelligently waived his rights to a jury trial, to confront his accusers, and to refrain from incriminating himself; and (3) whether the defendant understood the consequences of pleading guilty. State v. Carrasco, 117 Idaho 295, 297, 787 P.2d 281, 283 (1990); State v. Hawkins, 117 Idaho 285, 288, 787 P.2d 271, 274 (1990); State v. Colyer, 98 Idaho 32, 34, 557 P.2d 626, 628 (1976). The trial court need not establish a factual basis for the crimes charged prior to accepting a guilty plea. State v. Coffin, 104 Idaho 543, 545, 661 P.2d 328, 330 (1983). On appeal, Idaho law requires that voluntariness of the guilty plea and waiver must be reasonably inferred from the record as a whole. State v. Carrasco, 117 Idaho 295, 300, 787 P.2d 281, 286 (1990) citing State v. Peterson, 98 Idaho 706, 571 P.2d 767 (1977); Hawkins, 117 Idaho at 288, 787 P.2d at 274.

At the hearing at which the defendant entered his guilty pleas, the district judge read each count to which the defendant would be pleading guilty and reviewed with him the elements of each offense. The defendant acknowledged that he understood the charges, that the pleas were voluntary, and that he was not being compelled to enter them. Dopp's sole basis for his contention that his pleas were not voluntary, his mental instability, is contradicted by the testimony of David Doten, the mental therapist, who testified that Dopp was neither severely depressed nor at all mentally ill during April or May of 1990. Doten stated that Dopp was very lucid, oriented, and competent.

When asked on cross-examination at the plea withdrawal hearing what was different about his mental state or perspective at the time of his motion to withdraw as compared to the time of his plea inscription, Dopp consistently answered that, after thinking about it, he would rather take it to trial. Indeed, Dopp's testimony reveals that his primary motivation for wanting to withdraw his pleas was because he initially believed he would get a lighter sentence by entering the plea bargain, and he subsequently changed his mind and believed his chances of getting a lighter sentence would be better if he went to trial and submitted the case to a jury. Dopp never presented any evidence to show that on May 10, 1990, he was mentally incompetent to enter a voluntary plea of guilty. In fact, he explicitly acknowledged on cross-examination that he had understood the charges. Appellant does not contend that he was coerced, or that he did not understand his rights, or that he did not understand the consequences of pleading guilty. Dopp testified that he fully understood the charges against him when he entered the guilty pleas, that he understood the possible sentence he could receive, that he reviewed the plea bargain agreement before he signed it, and that he had discussed the agreement daily with his attorney for at least a week prior to entering the agreement. The record also shows that at the hearing where Dopp entered his guilty pleas the district judge carefully complied with the requirements of I.C.R. 11(c), explaining in detail to Dopp the rights he would be waiving if he chose to plead guilty, including his right to a jury trial, to have all the elements of each crime proved beyond a reasonable doubt, his right to confront and cross-examine witnesses and to call witnesses in his defense, and the right to testify in his own defense, but that he could not be forced to do so if he chose not to. The judge also explained to Dopp the potential penalties he would face should he choose to plead guilty to the various charges. We hold that the record supports the trial court's conclusion that the pleas were entered knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily.

II. ABUSE OF DISCRETION

Dopp argues that the trial court abused its discretion by not allowing him to withdraw his pleas because (1) he never admitted committing the acts constituting the elements of the crime charged, and (2) the state would not be prejudiced by the withdrawal.

Withdrawal of a presentence guilty plea is not an automatic right, State v. Lavy, 121 Idaho 842, 828 P.2d 871 (1992); United States v. Barker, 514 F.2d 208, 221 (D.C. Cir. 1975); Goo v. United States, 187 F.2d 62 (9th Cir. 1951), and the defendant has the burden of proving that the plea should be allowed to be withdrawn. State v. Martinez, 89 Idaho 129, 403 P.2d 597 (1965); Everett v. United States, 336 F.2d 979, 984 (D.C. Cir. 1964). The withdrawal of guilty pleas is governed by I.C.R. 33(c). Idaho Criminal Rule 33(c) states that:

A motion to withdraw a plea of guilty may be made only before sentence is imposed or imposition of sentence is suspended; but to correct manifest injustice the court after sentence may set aside the judgment of conviction and permit the defendant to withdraw his plea.

The rule distinguishes between pleas made prior to and after sentencing, exacting a less rigorous measure of proof for presentence motions. The first case to interpret and apply I.C.R. 33(c) (then I.C.R. 32(d)) was State v. Jackson, 96 Idaho 584, 532 P.2d 926 (1975). The Jackson court, feeling constrained by the presumption that, under the less rigorous standard, presentence motions should be granted liberally, and relying on federal case law interpreting Fed.Crim. Rule 32(d) (virtually identical to I.C.R. 32(d)) advocating just such an interpretation, held that it was an abuse of discretion for the trial court to deny a presentence guilty plea withdrawal motion where the defendant denied commission of the acts constituting the elements of the crime. Jackson, 96 Idaho at 588, 532 P.2d at 930.

Later cases applying I.C.R. 33(c) to presentence motions to withdraw a guilty plea set out a two-part test. First, defendants seeking to withdraw a guilty plea before sentencing must show a just reason for withdrawing the plea, and second, "[o]nce the defendant has met this burden, the state may avoid the granting of the motion by demonstrating that prejudice would result from withdrawal of the plea." State v. Hawkins, 117 Idaho 285, 289, 787 P.2d 271, 275 (1990); State v. Ballard, 114 Idaho 799, 801, 761 P.2d 1151, 1153 (1988). See also United States v. Carden, 599 F.2d 1320 (4th Cir. 1979). The defendant's failure to present and support a plausible reason will dictate against granting withdrawal, even absent prejudice to the prosecution. Hawkins, 117 Idaho at 289, 787 P.2d at 275; Ballard, 114 Idaho at 801, 761 P.2d at 1153. See also United States v. DeFreitas, 865 F.2d 80, 81-82 (4th Cir. 1989); United States v. Rasmussen, 642 F.2d 165, 168 (5th Cir. 1981); United States v. Webster, 468 F.2d 769 (9th Cir. 1972).

Turning first to appellant's unconditional guilty pleas in case nos. 89-4-635 and 89-5-807, we hold that, under the two-part test identified above, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellant's motion to withdraw the pleas. Appellant's contention that the pleas were involuntary is without merit and thus provides no "just reason" for withdrawal. Moreover, there is evidence indicating that the State, in Case No. 89-4-635, would be prejudiced by withdrawal. The state's principal witness in that case has died. Thus, without such a withdrawal, the state has a conviction; with a withdrawal, it probably has nothing. The trial in which this deceased witness was to testify was set for May 9, 1990, the very day the appellant signed the plea agreement, which was approximately one week before the witness' death. Thus, had the appellant not entered his guilty plea, the witness would have been available to testify against him.

We next turn to appellant's motion concerning the conditional guilty pleas. The Jackson case, which preceded the evolution of the two-step inquiry employed in Ballard and Hawkins, dictates the conclusion that a trial court must grant a motion to withdraw a guilty plea where such plea does not admit the facts of the charge. Accordingly, the trial court's denial of appellant's motion to withdraw his conditional guilty pleas in case nos. 89-4-642 and 89-1410 is reversed and the case remanded for further proceedings consistent with this holding.

However, the harsh mandate harbored in Jackson has been somewhat tempered by subsequent cases coursing a less strident vein under the auspices of I.C.R. 33(c) and Fed. Rules of Crim.Proc. 32(d). Federal cases hold generally that a defendant who enters an Alford-type plea is not "willy nilly" entitled to withdraw it, as this would render inconsequent the guilty plea. See United States v. Barker, 514 F.2d 208, 221 (D.C. Cir. 1975); United States v. Buckley, 847 F.2d 991 (1st Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1015, 109 S.Ct. 808, 102 L.Ed.2d 798 (1989); United States v. Keiswetter, 860 F.2d 992 (10th Cir. 1988). Application of the two-part test influenced by the guidance offered by these recent federal cases, leads us to the conclusion that where a guilty plea is properly entered, withdrawal is not an automatic right and more substantial reasons than just asserting legal innocence must be given. The utility of Alford pleas will be severely reduced if defendants are permitted to withdraw them before sentencing for no additional reason. Such a holding might well lead to a reluctance on the part of prosecutors and judges to agree to the acceptance of such pleas. This would impair judicial efficiency by eliminating a useful procedure for the resolution of criminal cases; it would also work to the detriment of defendants. We therefore hold that a denial of factual guilt is not a just reason for the later withdrawal of the plea, in cases where there is some basis in the record of factual guilt, and this Court's holding in Jackson is overruled with respect to all guilty pleas entered after this date to the extent that it conflicts with this holding.

No costs on appeal.

JOHNSON and TROUT, JJ., and WOODLAND, J. Pro Tem., concur.