(Reversing 95 Wis.2d 423, 290 N.W.2d 559.)

WILLIAM G. CALLOW, J.

This is a review of a decision of the court of appeals granting a supervisory writ prohibiting the circuit court for Douglas county, Branch II, Hon. Douglas S. Moodie, the Douglas county district attorney, and the state attorney general from conducting a preliminary examination in the prosecution of a violation of sec. 346.67, Stats. The court of appeals concluded that, because a violation of sec. 346.67 was a misdemeanor and not a felony, no preliminary examination should be held. State ex rel. McDonald v. Douglas County Cir. Ct., 95 Wis.2d 423, 290 N.W.2d 559 (Ct.App. 1980). We hold that a violation of sec. 346.67 when death or injury is alleged constitutes a felony, and we reverse.

This action arises from a criminal complaint filed by the district attorney for Douglas county on November 13, 1979, charging David M. McDonald with "feloniously" failing to stop his vehicle and return to the scene of an accident involving injury to a person, in violation of sec. 346.67, Stats. Prior to a scheduled preliminary examination, the judge advised McDonald of his belief that the charge was a felony and rescheduled the preliminary examination to provide McDonald an opportunity to seek extraordinary relief from the court of appeals in the form of a determination whether the offense with which he was charged was a felony or misdemeanor. Following the order of the court of appeals granting a writ prohibiting the circuit court from proceeding on the charge as a felony, the respondents petitioned this court for a review of the order granting the writ. Subsequent to the filing of the petition to review, McDonald pleaded guilty to the offense and was fined. We granted the petition to review on July 9, 1980, and on August 20, 1980, McDonald moved to dismiss the case as moot. That motion was denied.

I. MOOTNESS

McDonald's plea of guilty, payment of a fine, and consequent discharge raises the issue of mootness. The attorney general, representing the petitioners on this review, concedes that as to McDonald individually the question is moot because the controversy with respect to his violation of sec. 346.67, Stats., has been terminated.

A case is moot when a determination is sought which, if rendered, could have no practical effect upon a then-existing controversy. In Matter of K. H., 98 Wis.2d 295, 300, 296 N.W.2d 746 (1980); Family Savings Loan v. Barkwood Landscaping Co., Inc., 93 Wis.2d 190, 207, 286 N.W.2d 581 (1980); State ex rel. Ellenburg v. Gagnon, 76 Wis.2d 532, 535, 251 N.W.2d 773 (1977). A determination by this court whether a violation of sec. 346.67, Stats., constitutes a felony or a misdemeanor will have no effect upon McDonald, and as the case involves him individually, we hold it to be moot. This conclusion does not preclude our consideration of the basic question involved in the case, however, as we have often stated that we will reach the merits of a moot question where it presents an issue of great public importance or where the situation involved will arise with sufficient frequency to warrant a definitive decision to guide trial courts in similar instances. Racine v. J-T Enterprises of America, Inc., 64 Wis.2d 691, 701, 221 N.W.2d 869 (1974); Carlyle v. Karns, 9 Wis.2d 394, 397, 101 N.W.2d 92 (1960). In this case we believe the question involved to be of great public importance and, in addition, that there is substantial likelihood that it will recur with sufficient frequency to warrant our consideration.

II. FELONY OR MISDEMEANOR

Sec. 346.67, Stats., imposes upon the operator of a motor vehicle involved in an accident the duty to stop at or return to the scene of the accident, provide identification, and render reasonable assistance to any person injured in the accident. The penalty for violating sec. 346.67 is found in sec. 346.74(5). Pursuant to that section, if the accident does not involve death or injury of a person, a violator may be fined not more than $200 and imprisoned for not more than six months. If the accident results in death or injury to a person, the violator may be fined $5 to $5,000 or imprisoned from ten days to one year.

The state argues that the violation involved in this case, that is, one involving death or injury to a person, is a felony because the maximum period of incarceration upon conviction, pursuant to sec. 346.74(5), Stats., is one year with no place of confinement designated. Sec. 939.60, provides that a felony is a crime punishable by imprisonment in a Wisconsin state prison; and sec. 973.02, provides that, when no place of imprisonment is prescribed, a sentence of one year may be to the state prisons or to the county jail. The state concludes that, since the penalty prescribed for the instant violation could be a one-year term of imprisonment, and since a one-year sentence may be to a state prison, the offense is "punishable" by imprisonment in a state prison and is thus a felony under sec. 939.60.

McDonald responds that the issue is not properly determined solely by reference to secs. 939.60 and 973.02, Stats., because the offense involved predates the adoption of the predecessor to sec. 973.02. Rather, he argues that the issue is controlled by this court's decision in State ex rel. Gaynon v. Krueger, 31 Wis.2d 609, 143 N.W.2d 437 (1966). In Gaynon we held that, where an offense predated the 1945 revision of the criminal code which created sec. 353.27(2), Stats. (later 959.044 and now 973.02), its classification as a felony or misdemeanor must be determined by resort to legislative intent at the time of its creation. This holding was based upon the view that "[sec. 973.02] was not legislation for the purpose of changing grades of crimes but was as its caption indicates to designate the `Place of imprisonment when none expressed' in the section creating the crime. It deals solely with the place of imprisonment of felonies and misdemeanors and should not be used retroactively as a whiplash to change the grade of an offense by reference to sec. 939.60." Id. at 618. Applying the principles set forth in Gaynon, McDonald argues that an examination of the legislative history of sec. 346.67 reveals a legislative intent that the hit and run offense be classified as a misdemeanor and that this intent should be recognized despite the presence of secs. 939.60 and 973.02.

In an effort to circumvent Gaynon, the state relies upon Zastrow v. State, 62 Wis.2d 381, 215 N.W.2d 426 (1974), and State v. Asfoor, 75 Wis.2d 411, 249 N.W.2d 529 (1977), for the proposition that, even where an offense predates the 1945 revision of the criminal code, if the section creating the offense is substantively changed subsequent to that revision, it is permissible to apply the normal presumption that the legislature is aware of other sections of the statutes when enacting legislation. Arguing that the penalty provisions applicable to a violation of sec. 346.67, Stats., were substantively changed in 1957, the state concludes it is permissible to presume that in revising that section the legislature was aware of secs. 939.60 and the predecessor to 973.02, and that those sections apply.

Both parties agree that under a strict reading of the applicable statutes sec. 346.67, Stats., and its penalty section, 346.74(5), create a felony where the accident involves death or personal injury. The question then is whether under the rationale of Gaynon and its progeny a strict reading is permissible and, if not, whether the intent of the legislature as reflected in the legislative history of secs. 346.67 and 346.74(5) was to classify the instant violation as a felony or misdemeanor.

In Gaynon we were confronted with the task of classifying a violation of sec. 71.11(42), Stats. 1965, as either a felony or misdemeanor. There the state offered the same literal reading of the statutes in order to find the offense a felony. The majority rejected that argument because of its belief that sec. 959.044 (now sec. 973.02), was not enacted as an aid to classifying grades of crimes. Turning to the legislative history of sec. 71.11(42), the court observed that when it was initially enacted the prevailing rule was that crimes which did not expressly designate a grade or place of confinement ordinarily created misdemeanors. In addition, the court expressed the view that crimes carrying penalties of imprisonment for periods of "not more than one year" or of like effect were normally considered misdemeanors. Looking at other sections of the tax code dealing with similar conduct which were by express designation of the grade or the place of confinement intended to be misdemeanors, the majority concluded that a violation of sec. 71.11(42) was intended to be a misdemeanor. Finally, the court rejected the argument that, because the section was reenacted in 1947, subsequent to the enactment of the predecessor to sec. 973.02, the classification statutes of the criminal code should apply. Sowing the seed later to germinate in Zastrow, the court pointed out that the purpose of the reenactment of that section was not to change the substance of the offense but only to effectuate the streamlining of the statutes, and thus the 1947 revision could not be viewed as having been done with reference to other substantive statutory sections to convert what had been a misdemeanor into a felony.

Three members of this court dissented in Gaynon, expressing the opinion that the statutes in question were plain and unambiguous and were not susceptible to any other interpretation. Citing Town of Madison v. City of Madison, 269 Wis. 609, 614, 70 N.W.2d 249 (1955), for the rule that statutes are presumed to be enacted with full knowledge of and with reference to existing laws, the dissenters opined that the proper method of determining the grade of the offense in question was by resort to the classification statutes in the criminal code, and that under this method the offense was clearly a felony.

In Zastrow the court again rejected a literal application of secs. 939.60 and 973.02, Stats., but it was able to employ the exception foreshadowed in Gaynon to hold that welfare fraud involving a sum of money between $100 and $500 is a felony. The statutory penalty, found in sec. 49.12, Stats. 1971, was similar to the one we are dealing with in this case in that it provided for a term of confinement not to exceed one year. We stated:

"The penalties provided by sec. 49.12, Stats., were changed considerably in 1957 and must be presumed to have been enacted in light of the provisions of the Criminal Code and the `place of imprisonment' statute. Therefore, we agree with the position of the state that the statutes compel the conclusion that a penalty of `not more than one year' creates a felony." 62 Wis.2d at 387.

The most recent consideration of this sort of issue was in State v. Asfoor, supra. There we applied the post criminal code amendment technique to hold that a violation of sec. 940.24(1), Stats. 1973, was a felony. Discussing the nature and effect of the amendments to the statute in question, we said:

"Presumably the legislature was aware that when no place of imprisonment was expressed and the sentence was for a year, a violator could be imprisoned in either the state prison or county jail. Again, presumably, the legislature was aware that a crime which was punishable (not punished) by imprisonment in the state prison was a felony." 75 Wis.2d at 439.

Our examination of these cases leads us to question seriously the rationale of Gaynon and the post criminal code amendment exception employed in Zastrow and Asfoor. This court continues to recognize the fundamental proposition that the legislature, in enacting statutes, is presumed to do so with full knowledge and awareness of existing statutes. Mack v. Joint School District No. 3, 92 Wis.2d 476, 489, 285 N.W.2d 604 (1979); State ex rel. Klingler Schilling v. Baird, 56 Wis.2d 460, 468, 202 N.W.2d 31 (1972); Town of Madison v. City of Madison, supra. If the legislature can be presumed to have been aware of the existence of sec. 973.02 or its predecessors when it enacted or amended certain statutes dealing with criminal offenses, most assuredly it must be presumed to have been aware of the many existing statutes carrying sentences of one year with no place of confinement specified when it originally enacted sec. 353.27, the predecessor to sec. 973.02, Stats., as Chapter 154, Laws of 1945. It is pure sophistry to suggest that this presumed legislative awareness exists in the one situation but not in the other, and we decline to perpetuate a ratio decidendi embracing that notion.

As was argued by Chief Justice Currie, dissenting in Gaynon, concerning the statutes at issue there, the statutes involved directly in this review (secs. 346.67, 346.74 (5), 939.60, and 973.02) are clear and unambiguous and thus leave no room for any interpretation except that which can be derived from the plain meaning of the statutes themselves. Kearney Trecker Corp. v. Dept. of Revenue, 91 Wis.2d 746, 753, 284 N.W.2d 61 (1979); State v. Tollefson, 85 Wis.2d 162, 167, 270 N.W.2d 201 (1978); Moherek v. Tucker, 69 Wis.2d 41, 45, 230 N.W.2d 148 (1975). The statutes clearly denominate the offense of which McDonald was convicted a felony.

Not only is this method of analysis compelled by allegiance to basic principles of statutory construction, but it is to be favored for other reasons as well. A review of the current statutes reveals an alarming number of offenses which may be punished by imprisonment for one year without specifying a place of confinement. The "felony or misdemeanor" question latent in each of these would force trial courts to enter the morass of legislative history under the Gaynon, Zastrow, Asfoor line of cases to see whether a post 1945 amendment activated a presumption of legislative awareness or, if not, to discover the intended grade of the offense without reference to the classification and place of confinement statutes. Trial courts should not be required to do so, nor should the attendant possibility of inconsistent conclusions relative to any one offense be risked. In addition, the certainty and clarity with which these questions may be resolved will inure to the benefit of those charged with the offense as well as the public at large, all of whom are entitled to know by examination of the statutes whether an offense is a felony or a misdemeanor.

Despite the foregoing, our holding in this case does not require that we expressly overrule Gaynon. We believe the legislative history of sec. 346.67 and its accompanying penalty section, sec. 346.74(5), reveal a clear intent that failing to return to the scene of an accident involving death or injury to a person be a felony, and thus Gaynon is not an obstacle to reaching that result.

In summary, we hold that a violation of sec. 346.67, Stats., involving death or injury to a person constitutes a felony. We reach that result by reading together secs. 346.67, 346.74(5), 939.60, and 973.02, Stats., which provide (1) an offense punishable by confinement for one year with no place of confinement specified; (2) a declaration that, when a statutory offense does not specify a place of confinement, a sentence of one year may be to either the county jail or the state prisons; and (3) a classification as felonies of all crimes punishable by imprisonment in the state prisons. No further inquiry is needed.

By the Court. — The decision of the court of appeals is reversed.

BEILFUSS, C.J., took no part.