O'BRIEN, J.

The plaintiff in this action sought, through the power of a court of equity, to compel the defendant to repair a permanent and continuing injury to real property which resulted from his act, and to make good the damages sustained up to the date of the trial. This relief has been awarded to him to the full extent demanded by the terms of the judgment.

On the 29th of September, 1891, the defendant dug up, removed and destroyed the pipes and conduits leading from reservoirs and springs that supply a fish pond upon the plaintiff's land with spring water. These acts were all done and performed by the defendant upon his own land and within the acknowledged boundaries of his own premises; but it is claimed in behalf of the plaintiff that they were, nevertheless, unlawful acts constituting an invasion of his property rights.

In this claim is involved the merits of the whole controversy, and it depends upon a chain of facts conceded in the record or found by the trial court.

In the year 1866 the defendant purchased a considerable tract of vacant land in Saratoga, bounded on the south by Congress street, on the north by Spring street, on the east by Circular street, and on the west by what is called the Wall brook. There were then upon the premises what are described as two fish ponds, which were supplied with running water from springs that issued from the foot of a high bank or bluff near the easterly boundaries of the tract. These ponds were of a rude structure, and appeared to have been formed by artificial embankments of earth, and were supplied with water from the springs by artificial conduits. The water thus collected was of such a character and the surroundings were such that fish were kept or lived in the ponds.

In the year 1870 the defendant conveyed to John Morrissey the southwest corner of this tract, being a lot one hundred and forty feet on Congress street, about two hundred and forty-four feet deep, and bounded on the west by the Wall brook. On this lot Morrissey proceeded to erect the large club house which now stands upon the premises. On September 1, 1872, Morrissey, desiring to enlarge and beautify the grounds around the club house, leased from the defendant for ten years another portion of the tract, adjoining the club house lot on the east, sixty-six feet wide on Congress street, and two hundred and thirty-six feet deep. The yearly rent reserved by the defendant was $100 but, as a further consideration, Morrissey was bound by the terms of the lease to improve the lot by fencing and making fish or ornamental ponds upon it within one year. The lease also contained a provision that Morrissey should not allow the water of the ponds to flow over the defendant's land to the north, but that he should carry the water across his own lot by a ditch or drain to the creek or the Wall brook.

When the parties entered into the lease it was known to both of them that the only way of supplying the ponds with water was from the springs at the foot of the hill on the defendant's land, east of the lot demised, and it is found that the parties to the instrument contemplated the use of the water from these springs to supply the ponds, and that the defendant expected and intended that Morrissey should lay such pipes and conduits, construct such reservoirs on defendant's land, and use such other devices and contrivances as might be necessary to collect the waters of the springs and convey them to the ponds.

It is found as a fact that the defendant consented to the use of the water for these purposes. There was no express consent proved, but the finding is doubtless an inference from the facts and circumstances attending the transaction. It is also found that the defendant contemplated that the new pond should absorb and take the place of the old ones which had become useless for the original purpose.

The lessee could comply with the covenants of this lease by constructing any ornamental pond, but immediately after the execution of the instrument Morrissey proceeded to construct a fish pond thirty-six and a half feet in diameter and six and a half feet deep. It was located upon substantially the same spot as one of the former ponds. He collected the water from the springs on defendant's lands by means of underground drains and sluices in two wooden boxes or reservoirs placed upon defendant's lands, and from these the water was conducted to the pond by six-inch terra cotta pipes and the overflow was conducted across Morrissey's land by a drain to the Wall brook. The work was constructed with brick in a permanent manner in the fall of 1872, and the defendant saw the work of construction during its progress and, of course, knew how the pond was supplied with water, and from that date to the time of the removal of the appliances for supplying water by the defendant the pond was so kept and supplied with water without any objection from the defendant.

On the 11th of September, 1875, the defendant conveyed the lot so leased and the fish pond, except the front part, to the depth of one hundred feet from Congress street, to Morrissey for $3,000. The deed contained the usual covenants of warranty and quiet possession. The part of the lot so conveyed was described in the deed by metes and bounds and conveyed "with the appurtenances thereto," and it is upon the use of these words in the conveyance that the right claimed by the plaintiff has been sustained in the courts below.

At the time of the conveyance, the boxes or reservoirs on the defendant's land, in which the water from the springs was collected for the purpose of supplying the fish pond, through the pipes, were plainly visible to the defendant, and he in fact knew of the existence of the same, and they all were then and for some time before had been in use by the grantee under his lease for that purpose, and without such use the fish pond could not have been used for the purpose for which it had been constructed, that is, for the propagation of fish.

We have examined the case in view of the contention of the learned counsel for the defendant, that some of these findings of fact are not supported by evidence. Without discussing this objection in detail, it is quite sufficient to say generally that the material findings are sustained by the proof. Some of them, it is true, are inferences, but they are drawn from the situation of the property, the relations of the parties to it and to each other, and from other facts and circumstances preceding and surrounding the transaction. Such inferences as the learned trial court drew without other proof were reasonable and legitimate, and only an exercise of that legal process which presumes certain facts from the existence of certain other facts. The facts not proven by the testimony of witnesses were properly inferred from others or from circumstances conceded or established in the case.

It is further found that the principal value of the lot, so conveyed, consisted of the fish pond, and the existence of that depended upon the supply of water from the spring. In consequence of the destruction by the defendant of the reservoirs, conduits and pipes, and the diversion of the water, many of the fish kept therein died or were lost, and the use of the pond was permanently impaired to the damage of the plaintiff. The question, therefore, arises whether, under these circumstances, the right to use the water from the springs on defendant's land, as it was used when the conveyance was made, was so appurtenant to the thing granted that it was carried to the grantee by the terms of the deed.

There is another fact in the case that has some bearing on that question. It appears that two years before the deed to Morrissey of the fish pond lot, and on July 1, 1873, the defendant conveyed to one Southgate the front part of the lot embraced in the lease, or, rather, one hundred feet of the same from Congress street northerly, subject to the lease, and also all the vacant land upon the east in range with this lot to Circular street. This was the situation when Morrissey purchased the remainder of the leased lot, that is to say, one hundred and thirty-six feet in the rear, with the fish pond on it and then in full operation. Some of the conduits for supplying the pond were upon the land conveyed to Southgate, east of the leased lot, but the judgment in this case does not require the defendant to restore anything that he may have disturbed upon this land.

When it was conveyed to Southgate, the defendant took back a purchase-money mortgage, which he subsequently foreclosed, and, at the time of the commission of the trespass complained of, he had become re-invested with the title. It is argued from this that, inasmuch as the defendant, at the time he conveyed the fish pond lot to Morrissey, did not own all the land containing the conduits or means for supplying the pond with water, he could not have intended to convey any such right by the use of the word appurtenances. We do not think that such a conclusion follows from the fact as an absolute legal consequence. It was doubtless a circumstance to be considered, but the mere fact that, at the time of the conveyance, the defendant was not the owner of all the land upon which the easements in question were situated does not prove that he did not intend to convey the right to the use of the water from the land which he did own adjoining and directly east of the fish pond lot. That was the original and principal source of supply which the parties must be deemed to have had in mind when the conveyance was made. The defendant certainly had the power to convey the right to the use of the water for the pond from the lands on the east that remained unsold, and the only question is whether he did so convey. This depends upon the construction which should be given to the deed, having due regard always to the circumstances under which it was given. Whatever rights vested in Morrissey under his deed have been carried to the plaintiff through various mesne conveyances from which his title is derived.

The fish pond upon the land conveyed to the plaintiff's predecessor in title with the artificial appliances for its maintenance, having been placed there, not only with the defendant's knowledge, but also in pursuance of an express provision in the lease to which he was a party, all the legal consequences arise from the present situation that would had he constructed the work himself. The principles of law applicable to the facts of the case are quite well settled. When the owner of a tract of land conveys a distinct part of it to another, he impliedly grants all those apparent and visible easements which at the time of the grant were in use by the owner for the benefit of the part so granted, and which are essential to a reasonable use and enjoyment of the estate conveyed. The rule is not limited to continuous easements or to cases where the use is absolutely necessary to the enjoyment of the thing granted. It applies to those artificial arrangements which openly exist at the time of the sale, and materially affect the value of thing granted ( Paine v. Chandler, 134 N.Y. 385), or, to state the rule in the language of an earlier case, where the owner of land has, by any artificial arrangement, effected an advantage for one portion, to the burdening of the other, upon a severance of the ownership, the holders of the two portions take them respectively charged with the servitude and entitled to the benefit openly and visibly attached at the time of the conveyance of the portion first granted. ( Lampman v. Milks, 21 N.Y. 505.) The purchaser will take the estate with all the incidents and appurtenances which appear to belong to it at the time of the grant, as between it and the portion retained, though not then in actual use, providing the grantor has knowledge of their existence and they are open and visible. ( Simmons v. Cloonan, 81 N.Y. 557.) But no right or easement will pass which the grantor was not, at the time of the conveyance, authorized to impose upon adjoining lands. Only such appurtenances will pass as the grantor, at the time, had the right to convey. ( Green v. Collins, 86 N.Y. 246.) These principles have been applied by this court in a great variety of cases, possessing some, if not all, the essential features of the case at bar. ( Curtiss v. Ayrault, 47 N.Y. 73; Adams v. Conover, 87 N.Y. 422; Scriver v. Smith, 100 N.Y. 471; Voorhees v. Burchard, 55 N.Y. 98; Huttemeier v. Albro, 18 N.Y. 48; Comstock v. Johnson, 46 N.Y. 620; Huntington v. Asher, 96 N.Y. 604; Furner v. Seabury, 135 N.Y. 50.) The thing which the defendant granted was the lot with the fish pond then in use, constituting a very important element in the value of the property. The principal appliances for maintaining it by supplying the water were open and visible, and the defendant knew that there was no reasonable way to maintain it without them. His grant to Morrissey, we think, carried with it the right to collect the water from the springs on the land of the defendant to the east, that were still unsold, and conduct the same by means of conduits and pipes to the pond, and to maintain the appliances in use for that purpose at the time of the grant.

It follows that the act of the defendant in destroying or removing them was unlawful and that the plaintiff was entitled to recover his damages and to have the equitable remedies awarded by the judgment.

There are one or two exceptions in the case, however, which call for examination. The court awarded to the plaintiff, in addition to the value of the fish lost by the diversion of the water, the sum of $2,000 damages for the diminished value of the use of the property. The plaintiff was not entitled to any damages except the natural and proximate loss resulting from the defendant's acts from the date of the trespass, on September 29, 1891, to the time of the trial, which was not later than July 12, 1893, when the judgment was entered, a period of less than two years. The defendant gave no evidence on the question of damages and that of the plaintiff is exceedingly meagre and unsatisfactory.

The plaintiff called a witness at the trial and propounded to him the question as to the value of the fish pond lot in 1875 without the right to use the water from the adjoining premises of the defendant.

This question was objected to by the defendant's counsel as incompetent and calling for an improper measure of damages. The objection was overruled and the defendant excepted. It was probably competent for the plaintiff to show how far the fish pond, as used at the time of the conveyance, constituted an element of value and the relations that its value bore to the whole purchase price, but the question was not admissible for the purpose of proving damages. The value of the lot in 1875 with or without the easement on the adjoining land had no bearing on the question of the damage which the plaintiff sustained by the defendant's trespass in 1891. And since the question was admitted against the specific objection of the defendant that it called for an improper measure of damages, we cannot say that it may not have been considered upon that question to the prejudice of the defendant. Had the inquiry been limited to the importance of the fish pond as an element of the value of the whole thing granted, the ruling could, we think, be sustained; but it is impossible to say from the record that such was the purpose for which it was offered by counsel or received by the court.

Another witness, who was shown to have had charge of the club house for thirteen years, was asked to express his opinion as to the value of the fish pond lot without the right of supplying the pond with water from defendant's land. The question was objected to by the defendant as immaterial and irrelevant, and on the further ground that the witness was not shown to be competent. The objection was overruled and the defendant excepted. The answer was that it might be worth ten to twelve hundred dollars. Since the plaintiff was awarded the equitable relief demanded, which was a mandatory injunction requiring the defendant to restore the appliances for the conduct of the water from the springs to the pond, he was not entitled to recover any fee damages, and yet this question seems to have been directed to that end. It does not appear to what date or period of time the opinion of the witness referred, but that the inquiry was made with reference to the question of damages is quite obvious from the fact that, as a part of his answer, he stated the effect of the loss of water to the pond, the value of the annual use of the pond with and without the supply of water from the springs. His opinion as to the value of the use of the pond as it was before the defendant disturbed the water supply was evidently based upon two improper assumptions: (1) That the plaintiff was entitled to recover for the loss of the supply from the Southgate lot as well as from the lot directly east of the pond. (2) That the plaintiff was entitled to recover for the loss of profits in the club house by reason of the defendant's act in diminishing the supply of trout from the pond, but, as there was no specific objection to this testimony or motion to strike it out, the defendant is, perhaps, in no condition now to complain if it stood alone. The plaintiff, as already observed, could recover only what he lost in the diminished value of the use of the pond without reference to his particular business or the special uses to which the products might be applied.

But the inquiry as to the fee value of the property with and without the easements, as above described, was not admissible on the question of damages, and, as the objections made were sufficient, we cannot say that the error did not operate to the prejudice of the defendant.

The amount of the damages and the vague character of the proof on that subject entitles the defendant to the benefit of any tenable exception taken to rulings on that subject.

The defendant's counsel requested the court to decide that no right was conveyed by the deed to Morrissey to the use of water from springs upon that part of the defendant's land which he did not own at that time, and which had been previously conveyed to Southgate, or any right to maintain drains, conduits or reservoirs thereon for the use of the fish pond. This request was refused by the court and the defendant excepted. We think that the principle embodied in this request was correct, and as it is impossible to say to what extent the omission to discriminate between easements which the defendant had no power to grant and those that he could lawfully convey, may have influenced the question of damages, the error must be regarded as material. This is not an action upon any of the covenants in the deed, but proceeds upon the theory that all attachments in use at the time the defendant conveyed the fish pond lot to Morrissey for the benefit of the pond, whether upon lands which the defendant then owned or had previously conveyed to Southgate, passed to the grantee as appurtenant to the estate granted. The deed to Morrissey describes the premises conveyed as bounded on the south by lands conveyed to Southgate, so that the plaintiff's remote grantee, under whom he claimed, had notice from his deed, if not otherwise, that there was no intention to convey any easement over lands which the defendant had conveyed to another two years before. The fact that the Southgate property was subsequently transferred to the defendant, and that he owned the same at the time of the alleged trespass by virtue of his judgment of foreclosure of the purchase-money mortgage, does not affect the questions in this case. The question now is solely with respect to the rights which passed to Morrissey under his deed, and not such rights as he might acquire in equity or assert through the covenants in his deed. Since he did not acquire by his deed any easement in lands which then, to the knowledge of all the parties, belonged to another, and which his grantor had no power to convey, the defendant's acts, so far as they were confined to this land, were not unlawful, whatever liability might arise from the covenants. The request called upon the court to define the plaintiff's rights in an action founded upon a trespass with respect to easements, some of which were upon the defendant's land, which he conveyed to Morrissey, and, therefore, had the power to grant, and others upon land which he did not own and had no power to grant. The defendant's liability could not have been fixed with precision without discriminating between the two pieces of property, and hence the request should have been granted.

The judgment should be reversed and a new trial granted, costs to abide the event, unless the plaintiff shall, within twenty days from the service of the order, stipulate to strike out from the judgment the sum of $2,000 and the interest thereon from date of entry. If such stipulation be given, the judgment, as thus modified, should be affirmed, without costs to either party.

All concur, except VANN, J., not voting.

Judgment accordingly.