Opinion
Nos. 00-3034, 00-3035.
Argued January 26, 2001.
Decided March 25, 2002.
Michael T. Hannafan, Cory A. Johnson, argued, Hannafan Associates, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiff-Appellant in Nos. 00-3034, 00-3035.
Theodore William Grippo, Jr., argued, Lindenbaum, Coffmen, Kurlander, Brisky Hayes, Chicago, IL, for Defendant-Appellee in No. 00-3034.
Cornelius P. Brown, argued, Cohon, Raizes Regal, Chicago, IL, for Appellee in No. 00-3035.
Stephanie W. Kanwit, Epstein, Becker Green, Washington, DC, for Amicus Curiae in Nos. 00-3034, 00-3035.
Before BAUER, MANION, and ROVNER, Circuit Judges.
These appeals arise from two rulings by the district court quashing non-wage garnishments served by The Society of Lloyd's, a foreign corporation that oversees the London insurance market, against Patrick J. Collins and Eugene Callahan, American members of insurance syndicates that Lloyd's manages. Lloyd's asserts district court error but we affirm.
I. Background
Although Lloyd's oversees the London insurance market, the insurance is written by its underwriting members. See Soc'y of Lloyd's v. Ashenden, 233 F.3d 473 (7th Cir. 2000). Because these members, also known as "names," do not have limited liability, their personal assets are at risk if insured parties were to obtain a judgment worth more than the assets of the member that insured them. In the late 1980s and early 1990s the Lloyd's-supervised members incurred aggregate underwriting losses exceeding $12 billion. Facing financial ruin, Lloyd's created a company in 1996 to reinsure the risks underwritten by its members. Lloyd's financed this reinsurance venture by levying a mandatory assessment against its names. Ninety-five percent of the names took advantage of a discounted rate and voluntarily paid this reinsurance premium. In 1998 Lloyd's obtained money judgments in England against names who refused to pay, including Collins, for approximately $433,000, and Callahan, for approximately $551,000.
Collins and Callahan, however, refused to pay the money judgments. Consequently, Lloyd's initiated proceedings to collect on the judgments by filing them in the district court in Chicago and issuing "citations" pursuant to the Illinois Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition Act, 735 ILCS 5/12-618-626. The Act allows a judgment holder to depose judgment debtors regarding their assets; to impose a lien on those assets; and to command the debtors to turn over seizable assets to satisfy the judgments. See Soc'y of Lloyd's, 233 F.3d at 475-76; Bank of Aspen v. Fox Cartage, Inc., 126 Ill.2d 307, 127 Ill.Dec. 952, 533 N.E.2d 1080, 1083 (1989). The district court upheld the validity of the judgments against Collins and Callahan; this court affirmed in November 2000, see Soc'y of Lloyd's, 233 F.3d 473.
While the above-described litigation was pending, Lloyd's issued garnishments to execute the judgments against Collins and Callahan. Lloyd's caused a garnishment summons and interrogatories to be served on the Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company ("Northwestern"), which answered that it held nine life insurance policies owned by Collins and valued at more than $1 million. Collins then moved to declare the policies exempt from garnishment on the ground that his wife is the intended beneficiary of the policies. Lloyd's responded that it was seeking only those premium payments (totaling approximately $120,000) paid since 1996, when the debt arose. The district court, however, declared that Lloyd's could not garnish Collins's life insurance policies for the value of those premiums because it did not establish that Collins made the premium payments with intent to defraud or to convert nonexempt assets into exempt assets.
Lloyd's also caused a garnishment summons to be served on the First National Bank of LaGrange, where Callahan had a joint checking account with his wife, Kathleen. The bank answered that it held over $12,000 in the account. Kathleen then moved to release the funds from the account. The district court granted her motion, quashed the garnishment, and released the funds. The court concluded that Lloyd's could not garnish funds from the account because they belonged to Kathleen.
II. Discussion
On appeal Lloyd's argues that the court erred by declaring Collins's life insurance premiums exempt from garnishment and by concluding that the funds in the Callahans' joint checking account really belonged to Kathleen and not her husband, the judgment debtor. We disagree.
A. Collins
Collins is a retired insurance agent for Northwestern. Between 1966 and 1980 he purchased nine life insurance policies with his wife as the direct beneficiary. Collins became a Lloyd's name in 1988. Lloyd's is attempting to garnish a sum equal to the insurance premiums paid by Collins since 1996 (approximately $30,000 per year). Under Illinois law life insurance policies may be garnished in limited circumstances: (1) if purchased with the intent of converting nonexempt property into exempt property; or (2) if purchased in fraud of creditors. 735 ILCS 5/12-1001. Lloyd's contends that it is entitled to garnish Collins's premium payments under either exception, but it wrongly assumes that the statutory provision applies in the first place. Collins purchased the policies years before his involvement with Lloyd's and therefore could not have purchased the policies to avoid his obligations to Lloyd's. Consequently, the statutory exceptions do not apply and Collins's premium payments are exempt from garnishment under Illinois law.
But even if the statute did apply, Lloyd's would not prevail. With regard to the first exception, Lloyd's has not demonstrated that Collins intended to convert nonexempt property to exempt property. Collins continued merely to pay the premiums on long-standing policies that predated his involvement with Lloyd's. Collins did not change his behavior after the Lloyd's judgment; instead, he paid the premium to keep the policies in force. Consequently, the district court correctly concluded that he lacked the requisite intent under the Illinois garnishment exemption provision.
Nor did Collins's continued payment of the premiums constitute fraud. Lloyd's acknowledges that there is no evidence of actual fraudulent intent, but nevertheless argues that Collins's premium payments constituted "fraud in law," a doctrine under which fraud may be presumed from circumstances surrounding the transactions. Under Illinois law fraudulent intent may be presumed without regard to actual intent or motives in two instances: (1) where an insolvent debtor pays premiums rather than the debt, see Borin v. John Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co., 21 Ill. App.2d 139, 157 N.E.2d 673, 675 (1959) (emphasis added); or (2) where a debtor makes a voluntary transfer without consideration or for inadequate consideration (particularly between relatives) that hinders or delays the rights of creditors, see Casey Nat'l Bank v. Roan, 282 Ill.App.3d 55, 218 Ill.Dec. 124, 668 N.E.2d 608, 611 (1996); Crawford County State Bank v. Marine Am. Nat'l Bank, 199 Ill.App.3d 236, 145 Ill.Dec. 224, 556 N.E.2d 842, 856-57 (1990); Montgomery Ward Co. v. Simmons, 128 Ill.App.2d 186, 261 N.E.2d 555, 556 (1970).
Lloyd's fails to demonstrate either scenario. Collins is solvent, and he did not transfer property for inadequate consideration — he and his family received comprehensive life insurance coverage in exchange for the premium payments. Lloyd's would like to extend Illinois precedent to mean that any payment which hinders or delays the rights of creditors amounts to fraud. Such an approach, however, ignores the facts in those cases that gave rise to the implication of fraud, i.e., insolvency, or giving away property for nothing or next to nothing. See Casey, 218 Ill.Dec. 124, 668 N.E.2d at 611; Crawford County, 145 Ill.Dec. 224, 556 N.E.2d at 857; Montgomery Ward, 261 N.E.2d at 555-56; Borin, 157 N.E.2d at 675. The factors identified under Illinois law that suggest fraud are missing here. Lloyd's argues that fraud may be presumed whenever a debtor's movement of assets frustrates a creditor's efforts to collect. But the broad "hindrance and delay" standard advocated by Lloyd's would give creditors unfettered license to challenge a wide range of debtor transactions without regard to the nature of the transactions and the circumstances surrounding them — an approach inconsistent with the exemption statute's goal of protecting the subsistence of debtors and their families. See Gen. Fin. Corp. v. Rainer, 20 Ill.App.2d 192, 155 N.E.2d 833, 835 (1959). Accordingly, we agree with the district court's decision to declare the policies exempt from garnishment.
B. Callahan
Lloyd's garnishment action against Callahan is a closer call. After Lloyd's caused the garnishment summons to be served, Callahan's bank answered that it held over $12,000 in the joint checking account that he held with Kathleen. Because the money was in a joint account, Lloyd's established a prima facie case that the money in the account belonged to the debtor. See Leaf v. McGowan, 13 Ill. App.2d 58, 141 N.E.2d 67, 71 (1957). As a result, the burden is on Kathleen to prove what portion of the account belonged to her. See id. She met that burden by demonstrating that all of the money in the account came from rent payments from property she owned with her son. Lloyd's argues that it can recover because Eugene had use of the funds in the account. Indeed, had Eugene used the funds for his own personal debts, Lloyd's might be entitled to the money. But the evidence indicates that the funds were used either by Kathleen herself ($9,000 used to pay taxes and redecorate their home), or by Eugene to pay joint bills. The strongest evidence in Lloyd's favor is that Eugene paid an American Express bill with a check written on that account to pay for personal purchases. But Kathleen was also on the credit card account and therefore jointly obligated to pay that bill. As a result, we cannot attribute that payment to Eugene exclusively. And it matters not that Eugene benefitted from payment of the taxes, bills, and household expenses — the issue is whether the source and use of the funds support the district court's finding that they belonged to Kathleen. Because the record supports the court's finding that the funds belonged to Kathleen, we conclude that the court properly granted her motion to release the funds.
AFFIRMED.