Summary
In Smith, an employee was struck by a car on a public street while walking from the employer-provided parking lot to his worksite.
Summary of this case from Simkins v. General MotorsOpinion
Docket No. 119090.
Decided September 17, 1990. Leave to appeal applied for.
William G. Reamon, for plaintiff.
Clary, Nantz, Wood, Hoffius, Rankin Cooper (by Charles F. Grzanka), for defendant.
Before: REILLY, P.J., and MacKENZIE and SULLIVAN, JJ.
On remand from the Supreme Court for consideration as on leave granted, 432 Mich. 930 (1989), plaintiff appeals from an opinion and order of the Workers' Compensation Appeal Board denying disability compensation. We reverse and remand.
Plaintiff, an hourly employee of defendant, was struck by an automobile while crossing a public street on his way to work. Defendant provided parking for its employees in a lot situated on the south side of an east-west street. The street dead-ends at defendant's plant. The salaried employees' parking area was immediately to the east of defendant's plant. The hourly employees' parking area was, in turn, located immediately to the east of the salaried employees' parking area. On the morning of February 8, 1980, plaintiff parked his car in the hourly employees' parking area. He then left the lot intending to walk to the plant along a sidewalk on the opposite (north) side of the street from the parking area. As noted, plaintiff was struck while crossing the street.
The appeal board concluded that plaintiff's injury did not occur in the course of his employment because plaintiff left defendant's "protected zone" when he crossed the street and because defendant did not control the route plaintiff traveled to work. We disagree.
The general rule is that injuries suffered by an employee while going to or coming from work are not compensable. Bush v Parmenter, Forsythe, Rude Dethmers, 413 Mich. 444, 451; 320 N.W.2d 858 (1982); Thomas v Staff Builders Health Care, 168 Mich. App. 127, 129; 424 N.W.2d 13 (1988), lv den 430 Mich. 886 (1988). This general rule is supplemented by MCL 418.301(3); MSA 17.237(301) (3) [formerly MCL 418.301(2); MSA 17.237(301)(2)], which provides in relevant part:
An employee going to or from his or her work, while on the premises where the employee's work is to be performed, and within a reasonable time before and after his working hours, is presumed to be in the course of his or her employment.
This provision, when read literally, requires that the injury occur on the employer's premises to give rise to the presumption. Upton v General Motors Corp, 124 Mich. App. 61, 65; 333 N.W.2d 384 (1983), lv den 417 Mich. 1100.12 (1983). Nevertheless, cases decided by this Court in the 1960s and 1970s expanded the meaning of "premises" to encompass areas outside the employer's actual property. Upton, supra; Fischer v Lincoln Tool Die Co, 37 Mich. App. 198, 202; 194 N.W.2d 476 (1971), lv den 387 Mich. 755 (1972).
When plaintiff's accident occurred, he was within the zone, environments and hazards of his labor and, therefore, was presumed to be in the course of his employment under the coming-and-going provision at issue, MCL 418.301(3); MSA 17.237(301)(3). In discussing a coming-and-going provision virtually identical to the one at issue in this case, our Supreme Court in Lasiewicki v Tusco Products Co, 372 Mich. 125, 131; 125 N.W.2d 479 (1963), quoted a pertinent "important principle" from Hills v Blair, 182 Mich. 20, 27; 148 N.W. 243 (1914), an early case in which the Court construed the language "arising out of and in the course of employment" relative to place of injury:
"In applying the general rule that the period of going to and returning from work is not covered by the act, it is held that the employment is not limited by the exact time when the workman reaches the scene of his labor and begins it, nor when he ceases, but includes a reasonable time, space, and opportunity before and after, while he is at or near his place of employment. One of the tests sometimes applied is whether the workman is still on the premises of his employer. This, while often a helpful consideration, is by no means conclusive. A workman might be on the premises of another than his employer, or in a public place, and yet be so close to the scene of his labor, within its zone, environments, and hazards, as to be in effect at the place and under the protection of the act." (Emphasis supplied.)
Quoted in Hills v Blair, supra, as authority for the proposition above stated, is [one] of the earlier authorities from English compensation law, a progenitor of the Michigan statute. In Hoskins v Lancaster, 3 BWCC 476, 480, it was held (26 TLR 612):
"It is not a sufficient test that the workman should be on the premises of the employer; but it may be sufficient that he is in such a state of proximity as may be treated as a reasonable margin in point of space."
Relying in part on the language quoted above, a panel of this Court later held that an employee injured while crossing a highway on his way from his employer's factory to an employer-leased parking lot for employees fell within the language of the pertinent coming-and-going provision. Jean v Chrysler Corp, 2 Mich. App. 564; 140 N.W.2d 756 (1966). Reaching the employee parking lot after his shift was over, with no unwarranted lapse of time, was a "necessary adjunct of the [employee's] employment." Id., p 570. Jean was good law then. It is good law today. Also see Adair v Metropolitan Building Co, 38 Mich. App. 393; 196 N.W.2d 335 (1972).
Nor does the case of McClure v General Motors Corp (On Rehearing), 408 Mich. 191; 289 N.W.2d 631 (1980), reh den 408 Mich. 1109 (1980), compel a different result. In McClure, the question was whether injuries suffered off the employer's premises at lunch hour were compensable. A majority of the Supreme Court declined to extend the workers' compensation act to injuries suffered any place in which the employee may be during the work day. A plurality opinion, warning against expansion of workers' compensation coverage by judicial decision, held that, although it may have been a "circumstance" of the plaintiffs' employment that they had been injured off-premises during lunch hour, the Legislature has not yet seen fit to provide compensation for off-premises activity of a personal character. Id., p 207. Although plaintiff here had another route to defendant's plant which would not require him to cross the street, we do not believe that he was engaged in an activity of a personal character when he was crossing the street.
Panels of this Court have been reluctant to extend the meaning of the word "premises" in MCL 418.301(3); MSA 17.237(301)(3). See, e.g., Denny v Kostadinovski, 117 Mich. App. 517; 324 N.W.2d 19 (1981). Although we understand that reluctance, we do not believe that we should mount a retreat from established law. While we should not be enslaved to precedent, it would be well to remember what was written in Mahnich v Southern Steamship Co, 321 U.S. 96, 113; 64 S Ct 455; 88 L Ed 561 (1944):
The tendency to disregard precedents . . . has become so strong [as] . . . to shake confidence in the consistency of decision and leave the courts below on an uncharted sea of doubt . . . without any confidence that what was said yesterday will hold good tomorrow.
Accordingly, we reverse the appeal board's conclusion that plaintiff's injury did not occur in the course of his employment. This case is remanded to the appeal board to resolve the two-member board's split over whether plaintiff was disabled. MCL 418.261(2); MSA 17.237(261)(2).
Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.
REILLY, P.J., concurred.
I would affirm the decision of the Workers' Compensation Appeal Board.
As noted by the majority, the general rule is that injuries suffered by an employee while going to or coming from work are not compensable. Bush v Parmenter, Forsythe, Rude Dethmers, 413 Mich. 444, 451; 320 N.W.2d 858 (1982); Thomas v Staff Builders Health Care, 168 Mich. App. 127, 129; 424 N.W.2d 13 (1988), lv den 430 Mich. 886 (1988). MCL 418.301(3); MSA 17.237(301)(3) [formerly MCL 418.301(2); MSA 17.237(301)(2)] creates an exception to this general rule when the employee's injury occurs on the employer's "premises":
An employee going to or from his or her work, while on the premises where the employee's work is to be performed, and within a reasonable time before and after his working hours, is presumed to be in the course of his or her employment. [Emphasis added.]
While earlier cases relied on by the majority expanded the meaning of "premises" to encompass areas outside the employer's actual property, since McClure v General Motors Corp (On Rehearing), 408 Mich. 191; 289 N.W.2d 631 (1980), this Court has been reluctant to extend the meaning of the word "premises" in MCL 418.301(3); MSA 17.237(301)(3) to include off-premises areas of injury such as that involved here. I am of the opinion that these post- McClure cases should control the disposition of this case.
In Tedford v Stouffer's Northland Inn, 106 Mich. App. 493; 308 N.W.2d 254 (1981), lv den 412 Mich. 928 (1982), the plaintiff had alighted from a bus and was walking to work across a parking lot that was not part of the defendant's premises when she fell and was injured. The appeal board applied the "zone, environments and hazards" test of Fischer v Lincoln Tool Die Co, 37 Mich. App. 198; 194 N.W.2d 476 (1971), lv den 387 Mich. 755 (1972), and granted compensation. This Court reversed, noting that the premises rule is in the nature of a limitation and quoting McClure's warning against judicial dilution of legislative limitations on compensation. Tedford, supra at 500-502. This Court held that, because the defendant had no control over plaintiff's route or the condition of the parking lot where she fell, there was no logical justification for expanding the premises exception to the general rule of no compensation. Id. at 503.
Likewise, in Denny v Kostadinovski, 117 Mich. App. 517; 324 N.W.2d 19 (1981), the plaintiff slipped and fell in a public alley while on her way home from work. Id. at 518. The plaintiff was injured at a point ten to twenty feet from her workplace. Id. This Court cited the leading pre- McClure cases but distinguished them on the ground that the plaintiff was not crossing between areas controlled by the defendants nor was the alleyway controlled by the defendants. Id. at 521. The Denny Court concluded that the "zone, environments and hazards" test only applies to particular situations "where the employer has held out to employees designated parking areas and adjacent unowned property to be traveled over." Id. at 521. The plaintiff's injuries thus did not occur in the course of her employment, and the award of compensation was reversed. Id.
In Beneteau v Detroit Free Press, 117 Mich. App. 253; 323 N.W.2d 498 (1982), the plaintiff was struck by a car in a public street while walking from a parking structure to her workplace. Id. at 254. There was no claim that defendant owned or controlled the parking structure, that the street was anything other than a public road, or that the defendant had control over the route which the plaintiff traveled. Id. at 259. This Court concluded on the basis of Tedford that the plaintiff was not within the "zone, environments and hazards" of her work at the time of injury. Id.
Finally, in Upton v General Motors Corp, 124 Mich. App. 61; 333 N.W.2d 384 (1983), lv den 417 Mich. 1100.12 (1983), the plaintiff was injured when his automobile was struck by another as he turned into the driveway of his workplace. Id. at 63. This Court held that McClure placed no limitation on compensation for injuries arising out of on-premises lunchtime injuries. Id. at 67. The defendant argued that McClure created an absurd result by awarding compensation merely because the plaintiff's automobile was struck in the driveway of the defendant's plant, rather than the public street, where, under McClure, the injury would not be compensable. Id. This Court noted:
Although it may be arbitrary to rule that an employee injured within the employer's gate during lunchtime sustains a compensable injury while another employee, also on his lunch break and injured several feet away but outside the employer's premises, sustains a non-compensable injury, that is the result dictated by McClure and earlier case law. As Justice LEVIN observed: "A line must be drawn at some point." [ 124 Mich. App. 67.]
In this case, although plaintiff was traveling from one part of defendant's premises to another, defendant did not create a necessity that plaintiff involuntarily encounter traffic risks; there was evidence that plaintiff had two alternative routes available to him which did not involve crossing a public street. Defendant did not own or control the street where plaintiff was injured. There is no evidence that defendant had any control over the route plaintiff chose to take. In light of the McClure plurality's unwillingness to further expand the premises exception, the McClure concurrence's suggestion that an employee must be on the premises to qualify for workers' compensation coverage, and the plain language of MCL 418.301(3); MSA 17.237(301)(3), I would conclude that the appeal board did not err in determining that plaintiff was not entitled to compensation and would accordingly affirm.