The plaintiff, as citizen, taxpayer and registered voter of the city of Asheville, brought this action on behalf of himself and all other persons similarly situated against the city, its mayor, members of its City Council, its city manager, and the Asheville Cablevision, Inc., hereinafter called Cablevision, to enjoin the performance of an agreement between the city and Cablevision on the ground that it is void because the city has no authority to enter into it.

The case was tried without a jury upon an agreed statement of facts. The following is a summary of the material facts so stipulated:

The City Code of Asheville was enacted as Chapter 16 of the Private Laws of 1923. (This Act is entitled, "An Act To Amend, Revise And Consolidate The Statutes That Constitute The Charter of The City of Asheville.") Section 212 provides:

"No franchises shall be granted by the City of Asheville, until the question has been submitted, at a special or general election to the qualified voters of the city, and until a majority of those voting upon the proposition have voted in favor of granting such franchises * * *"

Section 213 provides:

"No franchise shall be granted for a longer time than 35 years from the date of the granting of such franchise. Every grant of every franchise or right, as hereinbefore provided, shall make provision by way of the forfeiture of the grant or otherwise, for the purpose of compelling compliance with the terms of the grant and to secure efficiency of public service at reasonable rates, * * * and before any such grant of any such franchise or right shall be made, the proposed specific grant shall be embodied in the form of an ordinance, with all the terms and conditions that may be right and proper, including a provision for fixing a rate, fares, and charges to be made if the grant provides for the charging of a rate, fares and charges."

The city and Cablevision entered into a written agreement, which is designated "Lease-License Agreement." It provides:

"The Lessor [the city] grants to the lessee [Cablevision], its successors or assigns the right to erect, install, construct, reconstruct, replace, remove, repair, maintain and operate in or upon, under, above, across and from the streets, avenues, highways, sidewalks, bridges and other public ways * * * in the City of Asheville, all equipment * * * and apparatus * * * for the purpose of receiving, amplifying, transmitting and distributing * * * television, radio, electrical and electronic energy, pictures, sounds, * * * and communications, uni-directional and multi-directional, of every nature and description * * * and to otherwise engage in the business * * * generally known as * * * community antenna television and audio communications services, * * *"

The agreement provides it will continue in force for 20 years, the rights granted will be exclusive and, in consideration of the grant, Cablevision will pay the city certain percentages of its gross receipts from monthly service charges to the users of its service. Cablevision also agrees to furnish to the city hall, fire and police stations and schools of the city certain facilities and services free of charge. The agreement requires Cablevision to file with the city a full schedule of the charges to be made to its subscribers for its services, and forbids any preference, prejudice or disadvantage as to rates or otherwise, but contains no provision requiring such rates to be reasonable or subjecting them to regulation by the city or by any other authority. It provides that Cablevision will, at its expense, replace and restore paving or other street or sidewalk surface which is disturbed. It authorizes Cablevision to trim trees and provides restrictions upon its location of poles. It requires Cablevision to maintain its system in reasonable repair, to furnish adequate and efficient community antenna reception services to all residents of the city served by any public utility and to comply with all rules and regulations of the Federal Communications Commission or other authorized agency of the United States Government. It provides for its recision by the city in event of default by Cablevision not corrected within a specified time and that upon its termination, by recision or otherwise, Cablevision will transfer all "its right, title and interest" in the plant and equipment to the city (there being no covenant against encumbrances at such time).

"Said agreement was entered into without submitting the question of the issuance of said right, authority, license and franchise to a vote of the qualified voters of the City of Asheville," without the enactment of an ordinance relating thereto and without the prior issuance to Cablevision of a certificate of public convenience and necessity by the North Carolina Utilities Commission.

The system proposed to be constructed and operated by Cablevision includes a master television antenna which is to receive television signals from distant channels. These signals are then to be increased in intensity by electronic means and relayed to a network of coaxial cables running throughout the community and into individual homes. In some areas of the city the cables are to be placed in underground conduits beneath streets and sidewalks. In other areas they are to be suspended on poles, existing poles to be used wherever necessary agreements with the owners thereof can be made. The city's share of the gross receipts from such operation by Cablevision will be paid into its general operating fund.

Prior to entering into the agreement, the city officials negotiated with various persons interested in supplying such service. They advertised for bids. Several bids having been received, the City Council adopted a resolution accepting the bid of Cablevision and authorizing the mayor and city clerk to execute the agreement, which they did.

The plaintiff alleges that the agreement is void, that he will be irreparably damaged if it is carried out, and that he has no adequate remedy at law.

In its judgment under the heading "FINDINGS OF FACTS" the superior court stated:

"4. That on October 7th, 1965, the Council, by resolution, authorized and directed the Mayor to execute a Lease-License Agreement with Asheville Cablevision, Inc., which said agreement was duly and lawfully entered by the City of Asheville and Asheville Cablevision, Inc.;

"5. That the entering of the Lease-License Agreement did not constitute the granting of a franchise, and the operation of a cable television system, or community antenna television system, is not a public utility;

"6. That the construction, operation, and maintenance of a community antenna system, as described in the Lease-License Agreement, will not be an obstruction, nor will it unreasonably interfere with streets, avenues, highways, sidewalks, bridges, and other public ways now existing, or extensions or additions thereto, in the City of Asheville."

Under the heading "CONCLUSIONS OF LAW," the court, in its judgment, stated:

"1. That the City of Asheville had the legal right to enter the Lease-License Agreement with Asheville Cablevision, Incorporated.

"2. That the Lease-License Agreement does not constitute the granting of a franchise to a public utility.

"3. That the terms and conditions of the Lease-License Agreement violate no Constitutional right of the plaintiff.

"4. That the resolution of the Asheville City Council of October 7th, 1965, and the Lease-License Agreements, entered, were lawful and proper acts of the defendants."

The court thereupon denied the plaintiff's prayer for relief and adjudged the agreement to be a valid act of the city.

The plaintiff assigns as error the entry of the judgment and each of the above quoted provisions thereof.

LAKE, J.

The plaintiff is stipulated by the parties and found by the superior court to be a citizen and taxpayer of the city. As such, he was authorized to maintain this action on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated. In Wishart v. Lumberton, 254 N.C. 94, 118 S.E.2d 35, suit was instituted by a citizen and taxpayer of the defendant city to enjoin it from using a city owned park as a parking lot for motor vehicles. This Court held that a demurrer to the complaint was properly overruled, saying, through Rodman, J., "If the governing authorities were preparing to put public property to an unauthorized use, citizens and taxpayers had the right to seek equitable relief." Similarly, in Merrimon v. Paving Company, 142 N.C. 539, 55 S.E. 366, though holding that the complaint was demurrable for failure to state a cause of action, the Court, through Connor, J., said, "That a citizen, in his own behalf and that of all other taxpayers, may maintain a suit in the nature of a bill in equity to enjoin the governing body of a municipal corporation from transcending their lawful powers or violating their legal duties in any mode which will injuriously affect the taxpayers — such as making an unauthorized appropriation of the corporate funds, or an illegal or wrongful disposition of the corporate property, etc., — is well settled." See also 52 Am. Jur., Taxpayers' Actions, 4, 14, 17 and 28, where the right of the taxpayer to sue for equitable relief is likened to that of a stockholder in a private corporation to sue in equity for a wrong done or about to be done to the corporation.

The present action is distinguishable from Angell v. Raleigh, 267 N.C. 387, 148 S.E.2d 233, in which, at the time the taxpayer instituted his action, the city had adopted an ordinance providing for the issuance of "licenses" for the operation within the city of community antenna television systems, but had not issued or contracted to issue a license thereunder. This Court held that, in such situation, the plaintiff taxpayer was not authorized to maintain a suit for declaratory judgment to test the validity of the ordinance. In the present case, it is stipulated that the city of Asheville has made an agreement with Cablevision and the suit is brought to enjoin the performance of that specific agreement.

The agreement here in question, among other things, purports to grant to Cablevision the right to lay cables under the streets, sidewalks and other public ways of the city of Asheville, and to erect poles and lines of cable therein for the purpose of carrying on thereby a business for private profit. Such action will, of necessity, require substantial expenditures to repair and restore the pavements or other surfaces of such public ways. The agreement provides that such expenses will be borne by Cablevision. If, however, the purported grant of rights to Cablevision is, as the plaintiff contends, unlawful and void, the undertakings by Cablevision in the agreement would be without consideration and unenforceable. Elizabeth City v. Banks, 150 N.C. 407, 64 S.E. 189. Part or all of the expense of such repair to the streets and other public ways may fall upon the taxpayers of the city. This, without more, is sufficient to give to the plaintiff the right to institute and maintain this action to determine the validity of the agreement and to enjoin the performance thereof if it be unlawful. We are, therefore, brought to the question of the validity of the agreement between the city and Cablevision.

The plaintiff assigns as error the inclusion in the judgment of the above quoted paragraphs 4, 5 and 6 under the caption "FINDINGS OF FACT." He contends that since this matter was submitted to the superior court upon an agreed statement of facts, the court had no authority to find additional facts. It is unnecessary for us to determine the validity of this contention for the reason that paragraphs 4 and 5 are, in reality, conclusions of law reviewable by us (see Woodward v. Mordecai, 234 N.C. 463, 67 S.E.2d 639) and the finding, in paragraph 6 that the construction and maintenance of the proposed system will not "unreasonably interfere" with streets and other public ways, is not material to the determination of the validity of the agreement if, as the plaintiff contends, the proposed use of the streets is one beyond the authority of the city to grant. In such case, the degree to which the unlawful use of the streets will impair their use by the plaintiff and others so situated is not material. The reasonableness or unreasonableness of such interference is of importance only where the municipality has been granted authority to permit the use of its streets for the kind of operation proposed. See Clayton v. Tobacco Co., 225 N.C. 563, 35 S.E.2d 691.

It is well established that a municipal corporation of this State "has only such powers as are granted to it by the General Assembly in its specific charter or by the general laws of the State applicable to all municipal corporations, and the powers granted in the charter will be construed together with those given under the general statutes." Riddle v. Ledbetter, 216 N.C. 491, 5 S.E.2d 542. "Any fair, reasonable doubt concerning the existence of the power is resolved against the corporation." Elizabeth City v. Banks, supra.

The fact that this agreement is denominated by the parties a "Lease-License Agreement" is not controlling. Its nature, not its title, determines the power of the city to enter into it. Paragraph 1 purports to grant to Cablevision, its successors or assigns, "the right to erect, install, construct, reconstruct, replace, remove, repair, maintain and operate in or upon, under, above, across and from the streets * * * and other public ways * * * in the City of Asheville, all equipment, facilities, appurtenances and apparatus of any nature, for the purpose of receiving, amplifying, transmitting and distributing * * * television, radio, electrical and electronic energy, pictures, sounds, signals, impulses and communications, * * * of every nature and description * * *." Obviously, this is not a right possessed by inhabitants and citizens of Asheville in general. In any event, that is made clear by paragraph 3 of the agreement, which provides expressly that the right so "to use and occupy said streets * * * shall be exclusive."

In Black's Law Dictionary we find: "FRANCHISE. A special privilege conferred by government on individual or corporation, and which does not belong to citizens of country generally of common right." In Ballentine's Law Dictionary, it is said "[I]t is the privilege of doing that which does not belong to the citizens of the country generally by common right which constitutes the distinguishing feature of a franchise." See also 23 Am. Jur., Franchises, 2; 37 C.J.S., Franchises, 1.

In Elizabeth City v. Banks, supra, it is said, "A franchise is property, intangible, it is true but none the less property — a vested right, protected by the Constitution — while a license is a mere personal privilege, and, except in rare instances and under peculiar conditions, revocable." To the same effect, see 23 Am. Jur., Franchises, 3.

In New Orleans Gas Co. v. Louisiana Light Co., 115 U.S. 650, 659, 6 S.Ct. 252, 29 L.Ed. 516, Harlan, J., speaking for the Court said, "[T]he right to dig up the streets and other public ways of New Orleans, and place therein pipes and mains for the distribution of gas for public and private use, is a franchise, the privilege of exercising which could only be granted by the State, or by the municipal government of that city acting under legislative authority." In Crescent City Gaslight Co. v. New Orleans Gaslight Co., 27 La. Ann. 138, 147, the Supreme Court of Louisiana said:

"The right to operate gas works and to illuminate a city, is not an ancient or usual occupation of citizens generally. No one has the right to dig up the streets and lay down gas pipes, erect lamp posts and carry on the business of lighting the streets and the houses of the city of New Orleans, without special authority from the sovereign. It is a franchise belonging to the State and in the exercise of the police power, the State could carry on the business itself, or select one or several agents to do so."

Both the appellants and the appellees argue at length in their briefs their respective views as to whether Cablevision, by engaging in the operation described in the agreement, would become a "public utility" subject to regulation by the North Carolina Utilities Commission. The brief of the amicus curiae is devoted entirely to this question. In our view, the determination of that question is not necessary to the decision of this case and we do not now determine it. The term "franchise," as used by the courts and by textwriters, is not limited to a special right granted to a public utility, as defined in G.S. 62-3. See Taylor v. Racing Asso., 241 N.C. 80, 84 S.E.2d 390; State v. Felton, 239 N.C. 575, 80 S.E.2d 625. The definitions of "public utility" and "franchise" contained in G.S. 62-3 are not controlling in determining the nature of the present agreement. By the express terms of that statute, those definitions set forth the meaning to be given those terms "as used in" Chapter 62, and do not purport to be authoritative definitions of those terms as used elsewhere. We are presently concerned with the meaning of "franchise" as used in the City Code (charter) of Asheville.

Even if Cablevision be a public utility as defined in G.S. 62-3, it is not required that it obtain from the Utilities Commission a certificate of public convenience and necessity before a franchise be issued by the city to it. Such certificate is required by G.S. 62-110 before such a public utility may commence construction of its plant or operation of its business. Thus, whether Cablevision's proposed operation would or would not subject it to the authority of the North Carolina Utilities Commission, the validity of the agreement before us is not determined by the fact that no such certificate had been issued prior to the execution of the agreement.

G.S. 160-2 (6) provides that a municipal corporation is authorized "to grant upon reasonable terms franchises for public utilities." In Power Co. v. Membership Corp., 253 N.C. 596, 117 S.E.2d 812, Rodman, J., speaking for the Court, said, "Every town has by statute G.S. 160-2 (6), the power to grant franchises to public utilities, that is, the right to engage within the corporate boundaries in business of a public nature." (Emphasis added.) The illustrative list of such businesses there given is not confined to businesses within the definition of "public utility" in G.S. 62-3. It may well be that the term "public utility" as used in G.S. 160-2 is a broader term than it is as used in Chapter 62 of the General Statutes. If not, this would not lead to the result that the agreement in question is not a franchise. It would mean only that a city or town may not grant a franchise for an operation such as that now proposed, unless such operation be within the regulatory power of the Utilities Commission, or authority to grant a franchise for such an operation is contained in the charter of the particular municipal corporation. See Elizabeth City v. Banks, supra.

We hold that the agreement in question undertakes to grant to Cablevision a franchise. We come, consequently, to the questions of whether the city of Asheville has the authority to grant such franchise and, if so, whether it is authorized to grant one by the procedure followed in this instance.

If, but only if, the proposed operation is a "public utility," as that term is used in G.S. 160-2, a franchise, otherwise valid, would be within the authority conferred upon Asheville, and every other municipal corporation of this State, by that statute. If not, a franchise, otherwise valid, would be within the implied authority conferred upon Asheville by 212 and 213 of the City Code, i. e., the city charter (Private Laws of 1923, Chapter 16, 239 and 240). These sections, by their terms, impose limitations upon the power of the city to grant franchises. They do not contain the term "public utility." The necessary implication is that the Legislature intended the city to have the power to grant franchises free from the limitation of G.S. 160-2 that the grantee be a "public utility." Nevertheless, the authority, whether conferred upon the city by G.S. 160-2 or by its own charter, is subject to the procedural restrictions imposed by the city's own charter upon its power to grant a franchise.

Section 212 of the city's charter provides, "No franchises shall be granted by the City of Asheville, until the question has been submitted, at a special or general election to the qualified voters of the city, and until a majority of those voting upon the proposition have voted in favor of granting such franchises." It is stipulated that there has been no such submission to the voters. Section 213 of the charter provides that the grant of a franchise must be in the form of an ordinance, which this agreement, of course, is not. Section 213 also provides that the grant must contain a provision for "fixing a rate, fares and charges to be made if the grant provides for the charging of a rate, fares and charges." The agreement in question plainly contemplates that Cablevision will make charges for its services but it contains no provision for fixing such charges. Section 213 also provides that, "Every grant of every franchise * * * shall make provision by way of the forfeiture of the grant or otherwise * * * to secure efficiency of public service at reasonable rates." There is no such provision in the agreement.

It follows that the agreement between the city and Cablevision has not been adopted by the procedures which are prescribed by the city charter as conditions precedent to its validity. The agreement is, therefore, beyond the authority of the city and is void.

It is unnecessary for us to determine, and we do not determine, whether the agreement is also void as an attempt to grant an exclusive emolument in violation of Article I, 7, or a monopoly in violation of Article I, 31, of the Constitution of North Carolina.

The plaintiff is entitled to the entry of a judgment granting him the injunctive relief prayed for in the complaint, and this action is remanded to the superior court for the entry of such judgment.

Reversed and remanded.