ADAMS, J. (dissenting).

This is an appeal in the nature of mandamus from an order of the circuit court for Huron county dissolving a temporary injunction issued ex parte against the village of Sebewaing and the members of the public lighting and water commission of that village, defendants and appellees. The injunction issued upon the petition of Sebewaing Industries, Inc., appellant, restrained defendants from the purchase and installation of additional equipment in the municipally-owned electric plant until such transactions were submitted to the electors of the village for approval.

In 1911 the village, by appropriate action and under the provisions of PA 1895, No 3 (CL 1948, § 61.1 et seq. [Stat Ann § 5.1201 et seq.]), acquired a municipal electric plant. The plant has supplied electric energy to the village and its citizens since it was acquired and it is now administered under the jurisdiction of the public lighting and water commission. In 1952 the village council decided to purchase a new generating unit to replace a much smaller one which had been unused since 1947 and, after taking bids, approved of a proposition submitted by the National Supply Company to purchase one 1136-kilowatt, 1600-horse-power diesel engine and electric generating unit, together with certain other equipment for the sum of $122,632. Of this sum, $5,632 was to be paid in cash and the balance of $117,000 in revenue certificates, the certificates to be payable with interest over a period of 14 years from net revenues of the electric system. No approval by the electors of the village was sought for either the purchase of the equipment or the issuance of revenue certificates.

Plaintiff, a taxpayer doing business in the village and a user of electric energy from the municipal system, takes the position that if the revenue certificates are issued by the municipality in payment for the equipment, they will in fact be revenue bonds illegally issued by the village because of failure to comply with provisions of PA 1895, No 3, requiring approval by a 3/5 majority of the electors of the village. It is not claimed that either the members of the village council or the members of the public lighting and water commission have acted fraudulently or with improper intent.

The village obtains its authority to own and operate a municipal electric plant from Constitution 1908, art 8, §§ 23, 24 and 25, as implemented by PA 1895, No 3. This act, known as the general village act, constitutes the charter of the village without amendment insofar as the present litigation is concerned.

Chapter 12, § 5, of that act (CL 1948, § 72.5 [Stat Ann § 5.1424]) reads as follows:

"After lighting works have been purchased or constructed as aforesaid, in such village, the council may then raise and expend in making repairs or alterations, or in extending such works, such sum as it may deem advisable without submitting the question to the electors of the village: Provided, That the sum to be so raised, in any 1 year, shall be included in, and shall not increase the total amount which, by the provisions of section 1 of chapter 9 of this act, the council is authorized to raise: Provided further, That upon approval of 3/5 of the electors of such village, the council may, in lieu of raising such funds by tax, as is provided by section 1 of chapter 9, borrow money and issue bonds for such repair, alteration or extension of such lighting works, under the same provisions of section 3 as apply to the acquiring or construction of such works."

It is the plaintiff's contention that the section above quoted provides a specific and exclusive method of municipal borrowing for the extension and alteration of the electric system, while defendants take the position that the section grants to the village council the authority to make such alterations and changes in the system as it deems advisable without submitting the matter to a vote of the electors and that the 2 provisos establish methods of raising the necessary funds which are not exclusive of other available methods. They conclude that since neither village funds nor avails from bonds is being used to effect the purchase, they are not required to submit the matter to the electorate.

The proposed contract between the village and the National Supply Company specifically states that no indebtedness, obligation or duty created or incurred by the village thereunder shall require payment from taxes or general funds or constitute an indebtedness within the meaning of the provisions of the State Constitution governing the limits of municipal indebtedness. It further provides that the revenue certificates shall be paid from the net revenues of the utility after payment of the legitimate and necessary operations and expenses thereof, and that the village will establish and maintain utility rates which will provide sufficient funds for such purpose. Further, the village will operate the electric plant until all obligations under the contract have been fully discharged and will prevent any competition with such municipal utility during that period. While title to the purchased equipment remains in the National Supply Company until the revenue certificates are satisfied, neither the contract nor the certificates provide any method of foreclosure or enforcement of the obligation other than the right to be satisfied out of net revenue.

Under such conditions, the obligation created by the proposed contract does not pledge the general faith and credit of the village and does not create an indebtedness that is limited in amount by our State Constitution.

"'The overwhelming weight of judicial opinion in this country is to the effect that bonds, or other forms of obligation issued by States, cities, counties, political subdivisions or public agencies by legislative sanction and authority, if such particular bonds or obligations are secured by and payable only from the revenues realized from a particular utility or property, acquired with the proceeds of the bonds or obligations, do not constitute debts of the particular State, political subdivision or public agency issuing them, within the definitions of "debts" as used in the constitutional provisions of the States having limitations as to the incurring of indebtedness.'" California Toll Bridge Authority v. Wentworth, 212 Cal. 298, 302 ( 298 P. 485) as quoted with approval in Attorney General, ex rel. Eaves, v. State Bridge Commission, 277 Mich. 373.

There being no constitutional limitation upon the amount of the obligation to be incurred by the village, does it follow that the revenue certificates proposed by the contract can be legally issued without the approval of the electorate?

Defendants contend that no tax money or general fund money is required for the purchase, that no actual borrowing is involved and that therefore they have elected to utilize a method of financing not specifically provided by statute but not prohibited. It is their further claim that in the absence of a specific prohibition, the right to use an alternative method of financing is implied, quoting Justice CAMPBELL as follows:

"If cities were new inventions, it might with some plausibility be claimed that the terms of their charters, as expressed, must be the literal and precise limits of their powers. * * * There are many flourishing cities whose charters are very short and simple documents. Our verbose charters, except in the limitations they impose upon municipal action, are not as judiciously framed as they might be, and create mischief by their prolixity. But if we should assume that there is nothing left to implication, we should find the longest of them too imperfect to make city action possible." Torrent v. City of Muskegon, 47 Mich. 115 (41 Am Rep 715).

It becomes necessary, therefore, to determine whether the method used by the village to purchase and finance equipment falls within 1 of the methods prescribed by statute or Constitution and is governed by established procedural requirements, or is, on the other hand, a permitted alternative not specifically mentioned in either the statute or Constitution.

Constitution (1908), art 8, § 24, grants authority to cities or villages to acquire and operate public utilities and issue bonds therefor beyond the general limit of bonded indebtedness prescribed by law and then says:

"But [such bonds] shall be secured only upon the property and revenues of such public utility, including a franchise stating the terms upon which, in case of foreclosure, the purchaser may operate the same, which franchise shall in no case extend for a longer period than 20 years from the date of the sale of such utility and franchise on foreclosure."

The bonds contemplated by this section of the Constitution are therefore those which are secured upon the property and revenues of the utility, including the franchise, and contemplate foreclosure in the event of default. The revenue certificates to be issued by the village of Sebewaing do not have such characteristics. They are not secured upon the property nor the entire revenues of the utility. No franchise is involved and no foreclosure is contemplated nor can be had.

"(6) It is claimed PA 1933, No 94, is invalid because violative of article 8, § 24 of the Constitution, which provides that a city may issue mortgage bonds beyond the general limit of the bonded indebtedness prescribed by law to be secured only upon the property and revenue of such public utility, including a franchise, stating the terms upon which in case of foreclosure the purchaser may operate the same, et cetera. The difficulty with this contention is that the city of Ann Arbor does not propose to issue mortgage bonds; does not propose to place a mortgage upon its sewage disposal plant; the bonds which it issues are not secured by the property of the sewage disposal plant; there can be no foreclosure under these bonds; the lien granted by the statute is solely upon the revenues to be derived from its operation." Young v. City of Ann Arbor, 267 Mich. 241, 254.

Nor are the revenue certificates such evidence of indebtedness as is contemplated by chapter 12, § 5 of the general village act (CL 1948, § 72.5 [Stat Ann § 5.1424]). That section authorizes the village to borrow money or issue bonds for the repair, alteration or extension of lighting works under the provisions of chapter 12, § 3, of the same act. Section 3 (CL 1948, § 72.3 [Stat Ann § 5.1422]), after granting authority for the issuance of bonds which may exceed debt limitations, further defines such bonds as securing indebtedness "on the general faith and credit of such village." The revenue certificates contemplated by the instant contract clearly and unequivocally state that they do not involve the general faith and credit of the village. They are not obligations of the village that may be satisfied out of any village funds, but leave the holder to an exclusive means of satisfaction out of net revenues of the utility.

"'That bonds issued only against a fund to be created from the revenues of the system would not create a debt against the city.'" Faulkner v. City of Seattle, 19 Wn. 320 ( 53 P. 365), as quoted with approval in Young v. City of Ann Arbor, supra.

While those sections of the Constitution and statute last referred to provide for financing repairs and extension of municipal utilities by taxes or the borrowing of money through the issuance of bonds, it must be conceded that these methods of financing or paying such costs are not the only available avenues. The payment for such acquisition could be, and in the case of minor repairs would inevitably be made out of current utility revenues. In addition, more substantial sums could properly be accumulated in a depreciation fund to provide for the cost of major repairs or alterations. The establishment of a depreciation fund was considered by this Court in the case of Wolgamood v. Village of Constantine, 302 Mich. 384, and the existence of such a fund acknowledged and approved but held to be not necessarily a mandatory item of municipal utility financing, at least to the extent of equaling replacement costs.

We conclude in summation that the revenue certificates which the village of Sebewaing has agreed to issue in payment for new utility equipment are not evidence of such indebtedness as is specified in constitutional limitations and that they are not a type of obligation contemplated by sections 23, 24 and 25 of article 8 of our State Constitution (1908) nor by PA 1895, No 3, chap 12, § 5. It is our further conclusion that the methods of financing municipal utility extensions set forth in the Constitution and in PA 1895, No 3, are not exclusive methods of obtaining funds for such extensions and that there are other acceptable alternatives.

We have held that the right of a city to acquire property includes the power to enter into a contract for its purchase. City of Pontiac v. Ducharme, 278 Mich. 474. We have also held that the Court will not intervene in the exercise of the granted discretion of public officials.

"'In order to warrant the interposition of a court of equity in municipal affairs, there must be a malicious intent, capricious action or corrupt conduct, something which shows the action of the body whose acts are complained of did not arise from an exercise of judgment and discretion vested by law in them.'" Veldman v. City of Grand Rapids, 275 Mich. 100, 113, as quoted with approval in Wolgamood v. Village of Constantine, supra.

Under the provisions of PA 1895, No 3, the village council had the right to extend the public utility and to expend such sums as they deemed advisable without submitting the question to the electors of the village. In the exercise of their discretion they elected to purchase certain equipment which they deemed essential to the proper operation of the utility and to pay for it in a manner not specifically spelled out by law and not prohibited. Since they were carrying out an authorized activity of the village government, this Court will not disturb their decision.

"'Whether, under the statute, a town may adopt municipal ownership of utilities seems to be a question of policy to be determined by an election. But, having once entered into the business, as here shown, an election is not necessary for the purpose of deciding an engineering choice as to the type of equipment that shall be originally installed, or for necessary replacements because of inefficiency or obsolateness. The board of trustees of the town must, of necessity, be and they are authorized to exercise a business discretion in the management, operation, and maintenance of the utility intrusted to their care. These are affirmative duties resting upon town boards, and to that end they may do the things necessary to accomplish a complete performance of the several items of the plant in order to render to the public the service contemplated when the utility was acquired.'" Indiana Service Corp. v. Town of Warren, 206 Ind. 384 ( 189 N.E. 523), as quoted with approval in Veldman v. City of Grand Rapids, 275 Mich. 100, 118.

Plaintiff raises a further question as to the legality of the election in 1911 authorizing the acquisition of the electric system. We decline to pass upon that issue for the reason that it is not raised in the pleadings nor does the record show any evidence of impropriety. Plaintiff simply speculates as to the existence of error in the election because the records have not been disclosed. It is not the province of the Court to counsel with parties as to what their rights may be if undisclosed circumstances are subsequently shown to exist.

The order of the trial court dissolving the temporary injunction should be affirmed. No costs, a public question being involved.

DETHMERS, C.J.

I do not concur in affirmance. Mr. Justice ADAMS writes that it is necessary "to determine whether the method used by the village to purchase and finance equipment falls within 1 of the methods prescribed by statute or Constitution * * * or is * * * a permitted alternative not specifically mentioned in either the statute or Constitution." He finds that it does not fall within Constitution 1908, art 8, §§ 23, 24 and 25, or either of the 2 alternatives provided in chapter 12, § 5, the general village act, PA 1895, No 3 (CL 1948, § 72.5 [Stat Ann § 5.1424]). I agree. In that connection, he develops the reasons for that view as relates to the noted sections of the Constitution and the second alternative (pertaining to a borrowing approved by 3/5 of the electors) contained in chapter 12, § 5 of the statute, without discussing the inapplicability of its first alternative. Defendants' projected course of action does not fall within the first alternative because that clearly applies to and contemplates expenditures for improvements to be made out of revenues from taxes derived from the exercise of the general taxing power. The words "the council may then raise and expend * * * such sum as it may deem advisable" make obvious the legislative intent that the sum thereby authorized to be "expended" is a sum which is to be "raised", and the entire section makes manifest that the word "raise", as therein used, means the levying of a tax. Even if it were to be conceded that the word "expend", as there employed, is broad enough to include the spending of current revenues of the utility or reserves built up from previous revenues, on the theory that the express grant of power to operate the utility gives rise to the implied right to operate it at a profit and to use such profits for the benefit of the utility, the first alternative in chapter 12, § 5 definitely does not authorize defendant to borrow or become obligated for the cost of purchased equipment, to pledge future utility revenues for that purpose, to agree to raise electric rates to consumers in the future, if necessary for the purpose of paying the obligation, or to promise not to dispose of, but, on the contrary, to keep the utility in operation and competition out of business until the equipment is paid for, all as provided in defendants' contract with the seller. That the intended transaction involves borrowing, secured by specific pledges and funds of defendant, there can be no doubt. The equipment is to be delivered to defendant in exchange for its delivery to seller of coupon-bearing revenue certificates, due at specified dates, serially, with interest thereon at 3-1/2%. Even though the obligations to be incurred by defendant are not, under the holdings of cited cases, debts within the meaning of constitutional limitations because they do not constitute charges against the general fund or revenues to be derived from taxation on which such limitations were designed to place a ceiling, the revenue certificates are, nevertheless, evidences of indebtedness, chargeable against future revenues — promises to pay in the future, with interest, an obligation presently assumed. The first alternative of chapter 12, § 5 of the statute contains no express, implied, or included authority therefor.

Having determined that defendants' proposal does not fall within the mentioned or any other constitutional or statutory provisions or grants of power, Mr. Justice ADAMS points out that no constitutional or statutory provision prohibits it and concludes that, therefore, the methods provided in the statute are not exclusive and "the right to use an alternative method of financing is implied", quoting, in support of such theory of implied power, from Torrent v. City of Muskegon, 47 Mich. 115 (41 Am Rep 715). With that conclusion I do not agree.

Villages are not autonomous entities with inherent powers. They have only those granted by the State through constitutional provision or statutory enactment. Despite the holding in cases such as Gallup v. City of Saginaw, 170 Mich. 195, and City of Pontiac v. Ducharme, 278 Mich. 474, that cities enjoy a general grant of rights and powers under the home-rule act, subject only to certain enumerated restrictions, instead of the former method of having only enumerated rights and powers definitely specified, the home-rule act and the constitutional provision upon which it is based have not altered the fact that cities must find their powers in the statute directly and can exercise only those expressly or impliedly conferred by statute. Streat v. Vermilya, 268 Mich. 1; City of Niles v. Michigan Gas Electric Co., 273 Mich. 255; Skutt v. City of Grand Rapids, 275 Mich. 258; City of Pontiac v. Ducharme, supra; Hudson Motor Car Co. v. Detroit, 282 Mich. 69 (113 ALR 1472). Not only is defendants' projected course of action outside the contemplation of article 8, §§ 23, 24, 25, but in the area in which those sections have application they are not self-executing, do not of themselves confer power upon a municipality, but require statutory implementation. Sault Ste. Marie City Commission v. Sault Ste. Marie City Attorney, 313 Mich. 644. In this connection it is of interest to note that article 8, § 20, in directing the legislature to provide by general law for the incorporation of cities and villages, provides that such law shall restrict their powers of borrowing money and contracting debts. If it be found, then, that chapter 12, § 5 of the act operates restrictively in this particular, it can scarcely be said to be without constitutional sanction.

The power contended for by defendant not having been expressly granted nor prohibited, is it to be implied from others which are conferred? The quotation from Torrent v. City of Muskegon, supra, that charters cannot be expected to spell out in detail all powers conferred upon a city and that, of necessity, something must be left to implication was apt enough when, as there, the question was whether a city might acquire a city hall without express statutory authorization. The statute conferring the express power to function as a city being silent on the subject of where the functions of city government should be performed, it was but natural to infer from that express grant of power the implied right to function in a building acquired by the city for that purpose. The case is not authority, however, for the proposition that from the express power to operate as a city an implied power could be inferred to borrow money and assume an obligation for the purpose of acquiring a city hall. Neither does it follow from the express power conferred upon defendant to acquire and improve its utility that a power is to be implied to borrow for that purpose. Further distinguishing the instant case from Torrent is the fact that here the statute is not silent on the subject for which an implied power is asserted by defendant. Chapter 12, § 5 of the statute expressly provides 2 methods of financing the acquisition of the equipment in question. Expressum facit cessare tacitum. That which is expressed puts an end to or renders ineffective that which is implied. Galloway v. Holmes, 1 Doug (Mich) 330. So stated in the opinion of 4 members of this Court, the other concurring in the result, in Taylor v. Public Utilities Commission, 217 Mich. 400 (PUR1922d 198). Expressio unius est exclusio alterius. Express mention in a statute of one thing implies the exclusion of other similar things. Perry v. Village of Cheboygan, 55 Mich. 250; Weinberg v. Regents of the University of Michigan, 97 Mich. 246; Marshall v. Wabash Railway Co., 201 Mich. 167 (8 ALR 435); Taylor v. Public Utilities Commission, supra; Van Sweden v. Van Sweden, 250 Mich. 238. When a statute creates an entity, grants it powers and prescribes the mode of their exercise, that mode must be followed and none other. Taylor v. Public Utilities Commission, supra (4 Justices); (2 Lewis' Sutherland Statutory Construction [2d ed], §§ 491-493). When powers are granted by statute to its creature the enumeration thereof in a particular field must be deemed to exclude all others of a similar nature in that same field. So held in Bank of Michigan v. Niles, 1 Doug (Mich) 401 (41 Am Dec 575), in which this Court, in considering powers conferred upon a bank by its charter, said:

"The very grant of specified powers under restrictions, is an exclusion of other powers in reference to the same subject matter, not granted by the charter."

Similarly, as relates to the powers of a corporation created under a general statute, 4 members of this Court, speaking in People v. Gansley, 191 Mich. 357 (Ann Cas 1918E, 165), said:

"It has been held that the powers are simply such as the statute confers, and that the enumeration of them implies exclusion of all others. Thomas v. Railroad Co., 101 U.S. 71 ( 25 L ed 950); Pennsylvania R. Co. v. Railroad Co., 118 U.S. 290, 309 ( 6 Sup Ct 1094, 30 L ed 83)."

In Michigan Wolverine Student Co-operative, Inc., v. Wm. Goodyear Co., 314 Mich. 590, this Court said:

"While section 57, supra, states in the affirmative the manner in which a corporation may sell all or substantially all of its assets, under a well-established rule of statutory construction it must be held that no other or greater power is given to boards of directors by the statute than as thus specified therein.

"'It is a well-established rule of statutory construction that where powers are specifically conferred they cannot be extended by inference, but that the inference is that it was intended that no other or greater power was given than that specified.' Eikhoff v. Detroit Charter Commission, 176 Mich. 535, 540.

"'Under the legal maxim of construction that express mention of one thing implies the exclusion of other similar things, there is reason in the contention that, the act having expressly named certain liens made subordinate, it by implication excludes others not mentioned, upon the presumption that, having designated some, the legislature designated all it was intended the act should include.' Marshall v. Wabash Railway Co., 201 Mich. 167, 172 (8 ALR 435).

"'It is a familiar rule that inclusion by specific mention excludes what is not mentioned.' Van Sweden v. Van Sweden, 250 Mich. 238, 241.

"'It is a general principle of interpretation that the mention of one thing implies the exclusion of another thing; expressio unius est exclusio alterius." 25 RCL, p 981.' Dave's Place, Inc., v. Michigan Liquor Control Commission, 277 Mich. 551, 555."

The Eikhoff Case, mentioned in the above quotation, involved the statutory powers of a city charter commission. There we held that the power to unseat one of its members, being absent from its statutorily enumerated powers, such power in the commission could not be implied. In Dearborn Township v. Dearborn Township Clerk, 334 Mich. 673, the Michigan Constitution of 1908, art 7, § 16, was the subject of construction. It reads:

"In civil cases, justices of the peace shall have exclusive jurisdiction to the amount of 100 dollars and concurrent jurisdiction to the amount of 300 dollars, which may be increased to 500 dollars, with such exceptions and restrictions as may be provided by law. They shall also have such criminal jurisdiction and perform such duties as shall be prescribed by law." (Emphasis supplied.)

The question was whether the words "such duties", as therein used, included nonjudicial duties. We said:

"There being other judicial duties not enumerated in section 16, it appears that the rule of ejusdem generis applies inasmuch as judicial duties are specifically mentioned and such inclusion by specific mention thereof excludes other types of duties not mentioned." (Emphasis supplied.)

Accordingly, it was held that a justice of the peace might perform judicial duties only. In City of Detroit v. Township of Redford, 253 Mich. 453, plaintiff city, after annexing portions of defendant township, claimed the right to division not only of the township's real property, as provided in the home rule act, but also of the township's personal property. After giving expression to the maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius — that express mention in a statute of one thing implies the exclusion of other similar things — this Court held that because the statute provided for division of realty without a like provision as relates to personalty, the expression of the former right excluded the latter and that, hence, plaintiff could not share in defendant's personalty. In Schurtz v. City of Grand Rapids, 208 Mich. 510, the defendant city had for some years owned and operated a city water plant. It contended for the right to add thereto by the acquisition of a privately-owned waterworks, without vote of the people. Section 28, title 8, of the city charter provided that a utility might be acquired, if approved by a vote of the electors. Defendant city insisted that it was not seeking the acquisition of a utility, but merely the extension of the city's existing utility and that, hence, a vote of the people was not required. In rejecting defendant city's theory, and holding that such vote was required, this Court said:

"The unequivocal language of section 28 of title 8 of the charter does not permit the construction claimed for it by defendant's counsel. It is a familiar maxim that, 'That which is expressed makes that which is implied to cease.'"

Order dissolving temporary injunction reversed and cause remanded for trial, if deemed necessary by the parties, in accord herewith. No costs, a public question being involved.

BUTZEL, CARR, BUSHNELL, SHARPE, BOYLES, and REID, JJ., concurred with DETHMERS, C.J.