PER CURIAM.

Plaintiff Matthew J. Schumacher appeals and defendant Department of Natural Resources cross-appeals a trial-court order granting plaintiff an easement by necessity over state land, but limiting it to nonmotorized transportation. We affirm in part, reverse in part and remand for a determination regarding the proper scope of the easement.

In 1896, the state acquired a square, nine-parcel block of land located in Midland County. The state also acquired a tenth parcel that was immediately south of the parcel in the southwest corner of the block. The other adjacent parcels immediately to the south and north of this square, nine-parcel block were privately owned.

Between 1902 and 1904, the state sold the eastern column of three parcels, the western column of three parcels, and the tenth parcel to third parties, retaining only the middle column of three parcels (the subject property). Although the sale left the subject property without ingress and egress, there is no evidence indicating that the state retained an express easement to provide access. Between 1904 and 1911, the state conveyed the subject property to Charles A. Trumbull, and there is, again, no evidence that this conveyance contemplated ingress and egress. The subject property remained undeveloped, and was eventually conveyed to plaintiff.

In 1932, the eastern and western columns of three parcels, as well as two parcels to the south of the subject property, reverted back to the state. The state purchased the third parcel (the easternmost parcel) to the south of the subject property in 1942. The state purchased two of the three parcels to the north of the subject property in 1946. The evidence suggests that the third parcel to the north (the westernmost parcel) remains privately owned.

In 1990, the state granted one of Trumbull's successors in interest to the subject property a permit to clear a trail running across state land to provide ingress and egress. However, the trail was never cleared, and the permit expired.

In 1995, plaintiff purchased the subject property. He applied for, but was denied, a similar permit to clear a trail running across state land.

Plaintiff brought suit against the state, contending that the subject property had an "implied easement of necessity" for ingress and egress as a result of the state's conveyances between 1902 and 1912. The trial court agreed that plaintiff was entitled to an implied easement by necessity. However, the trial court limited the scope of the easement to nonmotorized vehicles, opining that nonmotorized vehicles were the only form of transportation that the state could have contemplated when making the conveyances. The trial court rejected plaintiff's contention that the scope of the implied easement could reasonably expand with technological advances. Plaintiff appeals as of right from these rulings.

Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred when it limited the easement's scope to transportation methods used when the properties were split in the early 1900s. The scope of an easement by necessity is that which is reasonably necessary for proper enjoyment of the property, with minimum burden on the servient estate. Frey v Scott, 224 Mich. App. 304, 310; 568 N.W.2d 162 (1997). The scope of an express easement cannot be unilaterally expanded. Schadewald v Brulé, 225 Mich. App. 26, 38 n 1; 570 N.W.2d 788 (1997). However, our courts have not clarified whether the scope of an easement by necessity, or an implied easement, changes when what is reasonably necessary changes.

The approach taken in a majority of foreign jurisdictions is to limit the scope to present and future uses within the reasonable expectations of the original parties. See, e.g., Tobias v Dailey, 196 Ariz. 418, 421; 998 P.2d 1091 (2000); Tungsten Holdings, Inc v Kimberlin, 298 Mont. 176, 182; 994 P.2d 1114 (2000); Thompson v Whinnery, 895 P.2d 537, 541-542 and n 8 (Colo, 1995). It is noteworthy, however, that normal development may be included within the reasonable expectation of the parties. Tobias, supra at 1095; Tungsten Holdings, supra at 182-183. Similarly, in Sides v Cleland, 436 Pa. Super. 618, 625 n 5; 648 A.2d 793 (1994), the court noted that a grantor "envisions certain evolutionary advances" and that, therefore, an easement need not be limited to the transportation used when it was created.

These rulings are consistent with 1 Restatement Property, Servitudes, 3d, § 4.10, which states, in pertinent part:

[T]he holder of an easement . . . is entitled to use the servient estate in a manner that is reasonably necessary for the convenient enjoyment of the servitude. The manner, frequency, and intensity of the use may change over time to take advantage of developments in technology and to accommodate normal development of the dominant estate. . . . Unless authorized by the terms of the servitude, the holder is not entitled to cause unreasonable damage to the servient estate or interfere unreasonably with its enjoyment.

Thus, the Restatement contemplates allowing for reasonable technological developments, but protects the servient estate by prohibiting unreasonable damage or interference.

The inference that the grantor intended to allow for modification of the easement as technology develops is consistent with the essence of easements by necessity — allowing individuals to make reasonable use of their property, so long as it does not unduly burden the servient estate. Thus, we believe that the trial court erred when it strictly limited the easement to transportation used in the early 1900s. This does not mean that plaintiff should have unfettered access to his property. Rather, this case must be remanded for a determination of the uses reasonably contemplated by the original grantor in the early 1900s, considering both anticipated evolutionary change and the isolated, wild condition of both properties. The easement must be limited to what is necessary for reasonable enjoyment of the property, with minimum burden on the servient estate. Frey, supra at 310.

On cross-appeal, defendant contends that the trial court's order violated the separation-of-powers doctrine, Const 1963, art 3, § 2, because (i) the Constitution assigned management of state land to the Legislature, Const 1963, art 10, § 5; and (ii) the Legislature set forth conditions for the granting of easements on state land, which plaintiff did not meet, MCL 324.2123, 324.2124. We review de novo, as a matter of law, whether there has been a violation of the separation-of-powers doctrine. Armstrong v Ypsilanti Charter Twp, 248 Mich. App. 573, 582-583; 640 N.W.2d 321 (2001).

However, we initially note that statutes and constitutional provisions are presumed to apply prospectively, unless the drafters clearly manifested a contrary intent. Lansing v Michigan Power Co, 183 Mich. 400, 409; 150 N.W. 350 (1914); Boyne City v Crain, 179 Mich. App. 738, 745; 446 N.W.2d 348 (1989). Further, "statutes affecting property rights are presumed not to operate retrospectively." Boyne City, supra at 745-746. Here, there is no indication the provisions at issue were intended to apply retroactively. Because the provisions did not exist when the easement was purportedly created, we do not believe that the provisions controlled the creation of the easement at issue. Thus, the trial court's recognition of the easement could not have violated these provisions and we reject defendant's contention that the trial court's order violated the separation-of-powers doctrine.

Finally, defendant argues that any easement was extinguished when the state regained ownership of the servient estate by tax reversion. Indeed, in Moceri v St. Clair Shores, 366 Mich. 380, 384-385; 115 N.W.2d 103 (1962), our Supreme Court opined that an easement is extinguished when title in the servient estate reverts back to the state. Our Supreme Court based its decision on 1948 CL 211.359, which provided in pertinent part that the state conveyed land that it received by tax reversion free of all encumbrances. Id.

However, we believe that the instant matter is factually distinguishable because defendant was the original "grantor" of the easement by necessity. Indeed, it was defendant's sale of the property to plaintiff's predecessors in title that created the easement by necessity. Accordingly, defendant's subsequent sale of the servient estate and reacquisition by tax reversion should not operate to extinguish the easement. Had the original "grantor" of the easement by necessity been a third party, and not defendant, we would agree that the tax reversion in 1932 extinguished the easement. Under these facts, the tax reversion merely returned the servient estate to its status before defendant improvidently sold it. Consequently, we are not persuaded that the easement was extinguished by the 1932 tax reversion.

Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for a determination regarding the proper scope of the easement. We do not retain jurisdiction. No taxable costs pursuant to MCR 7.219, neither party having prevailed in full.

Table 1

E D D A X A A X A A X A A B C

Legend:

• Plaintiff owns the parcels that are shaded and labeled "X." This is the subject property.

• The state acquired the parcels labeled "A" by tax reversion in 1896, and conveyed them to third parties between 1902 and 1912. These properties reverted back to the state in 1932.

• The state acquired the parcel labeled "B" by tax reversion in 1932.

• The state purchased the parcels labeled "C" and "D" in 1942 and 1946, respectively.

• Neither party owns the parcel labeled "E."