Memorandum Opinion by Justice Moseley

On Appeal from the 102nd District Court Bowie County, Texas
Trial Court No. 13F1051-102
Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Carter, JJ.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Near midnight in the summer of 2013, a 9-1-1 operator received a telephone call reporting a large disturbance at Grady T. Wallace Park (the Park) in Texarkana, Texas. The ensuing arrival of Texarkana Police Officer William Jason Sprague at the Park with the lights on his patrol car ablaze prompted a stampede of automobiles attempting to leave the Park. One of the fleeing cars struck Sprague, who later died from the injuries he sustained. Justin Sanders was accused of having driven the car that struck Sprague and was convicted of felony murder, receiving a sentence of thirty years' imprisonment and a fine of $5,000.00.

On appeal, Sanders contends that the trial court erred (1) by denying his motion to quash the indictment, (2) by submitting a jury charge that was fundamentally defective, (3) in admitting extraneous-offense evidence, (4) overruling his motion to suppress evidence obtained from his cell phone, (5) in denying his motion for mistrial when the State engaged in prosecutorial misconduct in raising before the jury a claim that threats had been directed at witnesses, and (6) in denying his motion for mistrial for prosecutorial misconduct in the wearing by prosecuting attorneys of "fallen officer" wristbands during a part of the trial. Finally, Sanders maintains that the evidence against him is not sufficient to support the verdict.

I. Brief Background Facts

A Texarkana city ordinance prohibits people from using the Park after 10:00 p.m. Nevertheless, reports to the 9-1-1 emergency line were made near midnight June 14, 2013, of a large disturbance at the Park. Police were dispatched, and Officer Sprague (who was dressed in his policeman's uniform and was driving a prominently marked patrol car) was the first officer to arrive, finding about 100 people in the Park. Only minutes after Spragues' arrival, another call to the 9-1-1 emergency operator was placed. This call was from an unidentified person who was at the Park, and that person reported that a police officer had been struck by a vehicle. The caller did not see the vehicle strike the officer, but thought the vehicle was a brown, four-door, Chevrolet Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV).

Officer Chris Phelps, the next officer to arrive at the Park, testified that he saw numerous vehicles driving out of and away from the Park. He also saw Sprague lying unconscious on the ground with blood coming out of his ears and pieces from his uniform scattered around him. Because he believed Sprague to be struggling to breath, he cut Sprague's shirt, vest, and duty belt off. Phelps and other officers interviewed several people still at the scene, and they got several different versions of the event, but none of the interviewees admitted to having seen whose vehicle had struck Sprague. Sprague was taken to Christus St. Michael Hospital where he later died from his injuries.

A. Did the Trial Court Err by Denying Sanders' Motion to Quash the Indictment?

The indictment alleged that Sanders caused Sprague's death by striking him with a motor vehicle while committing or attempting to commit "a felony offense, to-wit: Evading Arrest or Detention." On March 17, about a week before the commencement of voir dire, the State made an attempt to amend the indictment by adding the language "with a vehicle" after the word "detention," but Sanders refused to agree to the amendment. Rather, Sanders filed a motion to quash the indictment. During a hearing on his motion, Sanders argued that the indictment failed to provide notice of how the State intended to prove evading was a felony. The trial court denied Sanders' motion.

In his first point of error on appeal, Sanders contends that the trial court erred by denying his motion to quash the indictment because the indictment failed to allege an offense—that is, that the indictment was insufficient to identify, with enough clarity and specificity, the penal statute under which the State intended to prosecute—thereby depriving the trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction.

A trial court's decision to grant or deny a motion to quash an indictment is reviewed de novo. State v. Barbernell, 257 S.W.3d 248, 251-52 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Tollett v. State, 219 S.W.3d 593, 596 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2007, pet. ref'd). An instrument which is not an indictment under Article V, Section 12 of the Texas Constitution fails to vest the trial court with jurisdiction; the issue of whether an instrument suffices as an indictment under the Texas Constitution is a jurisdictional one that may be first raised on appeal. See Duron v. State, 956 S.W.2d 547, 551 n.3, 555 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (Womack, J., concurring); Cook v. State, 902 S.W.2d 471, 479-80 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). "[T]o comprise an indictment within the definition provided by the constitution, an instrument must charge: (1) a person; (2) with the commission of an offense." Cook, 902 S.W.2d at 477. "[A] written instrument is an indictment or information under the Constitution if it accuses someone of a crime with enough clarity and specificity to identify the penal statute under which the State intends to prosecute, even if the indictment is otherwise defective." Duron, 956 S.W.2d at 550-51.

Here, the indictment specifically alleges that Sanders:

did then and there intentionally or knowingly commit or attempt to commit a felony offense, to-wit: Aggravated Assault of a Public Servant, and while in the course of and in furtherance of the commission or attempt of said offense did then and there commit or attempt to commit an act clearly dangerous to human life, namely, striking Officer William Jason Sprague with a motor vehicle, which caused the death of Officer William Jason Sprague.

Paragraph Two : and it is further presented in and to said Court that the said Justin Miles Sanders heretofore on or about June 14, 2013, did then and there, intentionally commit or attempt to commit a felony offense, to-wit: Evading Arrest or Detention, and while in the course of and in furtherance of the commission or attempt of said offense did then and there commit or attempt to commit an act clearly dangerous to human life, namely, striking Officer William Jason Sprague with a motor vehicle, which caused the death of Officer William Jason Sprague.

Interestingly, Sanders chooses to excise a portion of a sentence from the indictment ("intentionally commit or attempt to commit a felony offense, to-wit: Evading Arrest or Detention") without looking at the rest of the indictment. Following that, one can see where he gleans the belief that the indictment fails to show that the evading arrest portion is a felony. However, the balance of the indictment includes the charge that Sanders was guilty of "striking Officer William Jason Sprague with a motor vehicle, which caused the death of Officer William Jason Sprague." If Sprague was struck with a motor vehicle, surely Sanders would not believe that the State had alleged that Sanders had hefted an automobile in the air and struck Sprague with it. Following Sanders' reasoning would require the reader to render the entire indictment nonsensical. Conversely, read in its entirety, the indictment clearly makes sense and clearly describes the offense with which Sanders was charged.

The State, however, is not required to allege the constituent elements of the underlying felony in an indictment for felony murder under Section 19.02(b)(3) of the Texas Penal Code, even if the accused files a motion to quash. See Barnes v. State, 876 S.W.2d 316, 323 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); Hammett v. State, 578 S.W.2d 699, 707-08 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979). "Under the . . . Penal Code, an indictment charging one offense during the commission of another crime need not allege the elements of the latter offense," Hammett, 578 S.W.2d at 708, and the failure to allege an element of an offense no longer renders the indictment fundamentally defective. See Studer v. State, 799 S.W.2d 263, 272 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). We find that the indictment alleged an offense sufficient to vest the trial court with jurisdiction and, therefore, the trial court properly overruled Sanders motion to quash.

There was a time in Texas jurisprudence that it was required that "an indictment should be so certain and definite in charging the offense that it leaves nothing to be supplied by intendment or inference." Northern v. State, 203 S.W.2d 206 (Tex. Crim. App. 1947). This requirement was carried to the extreme and then abandoned. Vaughn v. State, 607 S.W.2d 914, 916 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980). When one looks at the entire indictment (and not the sole phrase emphasized by Sanders), it is plain to see that it was alleged that Sanders used "a vehicle while the actor [was] in flight" during the commission of the act of evading arrest or detention. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.04(b)(2)(A).

We overrule this point of error.

II. Did the Jury Charge Allow the Jury to Convict Sanders for an Unindicted Offense?

In his second point of error, Sanders contends that the jury charge was fundamentally defective because it omitted the factual allegations necessary to elevate evading arrest or detention to a felony and that, therefore, the charge authorized the jury to convict him for an offense not alleged in the indictment.

The pertinent portion of the charge reads:

If you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about June 14, 2013, the defendant did then and there intentionally commit or attempt to commit a felony offense, to-wit: Evading Arrest or Detention, and while in the course of or in furtherance of the commission or attempt of said offense did then and there commit an act clearly dangerous to human life, namely, striking Officer William Jason Sprague with a motor vehicle, which caused the death of Officer William Jason Sprague you will find the defendant guilty of Felony Murder as charged in the indictment.

Sanders lodged no objection to this part of the jury charge. Therefore, if the jury charge was made in error, reversal is not required unless the error was so egregious and created such harm that Sanders was denied a fair trial. See Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984), overruled on other grounds by Rodriguez v. State, 758 S.W.2d 787 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). In looking at this complaint, we must first determine whether the jury charge was erroneous. Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), overruled on other grounds by Gelinas v. State, 398 S.W.3d 703 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). If there was error in it, we must then determine whether the error in the charge resulted in egregious harm to Sanders. Hutch, 922 S.W.2d at 170-71.

Although we do not find the jury charge as submitted to be a paragon for all to follow, we also determine that its submission was not error. The indictment alleges that Sanders, in the course of felony evading arrest or detention, struck Sprague with a motor vehicle. Although the instruction could be read in such a way that Sanders somehow struck Sprague with a motor vehicle but not while he was driving it, logic says that would be impossible. As mentioned above, the only realistic way Sanders could have struck the officer with a vehicle is for Sanders to have been driving the vehicle. That, coupled with his action of doing so while evading arrest or detention, is the offense with which Sanders has been charged.

Even if the charge was defective, any such error is harmless because the record fails to establish that Sanders suffered egregious harm as a result. In examining the record for egregious harm, we consider the entire jury charge, the state of the evidence, the final arguments of the parties, and any other relevant information revealed by the record of the trial as a whole. Olivas v. State, 202 S.W.3d 137, 144 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). "Jury charge error is egregiously harmful if it affects the very basis of the case, deprives the defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affects a defensive theory." Stuhler v. State, 218 S.W.3d 706, 719 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

A. The Entire Jury Charge

The abstract portion of the jury charge correctly set forth the charged and available offenses and their elements. The charge also included the statutory definitions of "public servant," "felony," "serious bodily injury," and "deadly weapon." It explained the offenses of felony murder, assault, aggravated assault, criminally negligent homicide, and evading arrest or detention. The charge also succinctly stated the applicable circumstances under which evading arrest or detention morphs from a misdemeanor to a felony offense:

The offense of Evading Arrest or Detention is a felony if the actor uses a vehicle while in flight or another person suffers serious bodily injury as a direct result of an attempt by the officer from whom the actor is fleeing to apprehend the actor while the actor is in flight.

B. The State of the Evidence

The evidence established that Sprague responded to a 9-1-1 call regarding an after-hours disturbance at a public park in Texarkana. Sprague parked his patrol car next to a curb and got out of the car as the cars at the Park were trying to leave. Sanders was at the Park that night, driving a silver GMC Acadia. The audio recording reveals that Sprague yelled "Stop" (supposedly at the driver of the vehicle that struck him). Witness testimony said that while leaving the Park, the silver Acadia jumped a curb and struck Sprague, with one witness testifying that it ran over Sprague. The medical evidence established that Sprague died of his injuries, those fatal injuries being consistent with being struck or run over by a vehicle.

C. The Parties' Arguments

The State argued, as stated in the indictment, that Sanders struck the officer with his SUV, either in an attempt to commit aggravated assault on a public servant, or while Sanders was trying to evade arrest or detention. Sanders neither testified nor called any witness on his behalf. Rather, his defense consisted of illuminating and concentrating on the many inconsistencies in the State's witnesses' testimony, attacking the credibility of the State's witnesses, questioning the witnesses' motives for testifying, and referring to deficiencies in the investigation. Sanders also argued in closing that the State changed its theory of the case and had attempted to mislead the jury by mischaracterizing and or exaggerating the evidence. Sanders argued that there was no evidence of his motive to evade the police that night and that there was "no credible evidence" indicating either that Sprague was trying to detain Sanders or that Sanders either knew or should have known that Sprague was trying to detain or arrest him.

In support of his argument, Sanders cites Trejo v. State, 313 S.W.3d 870, 873 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. ref'd), where the defendant was charged with aggravated sexual assault. In that case, Trejo argued that the trial court erred in its submission of a charge of aggravated assault as a lesser-included offense of aggravated sexual assault. Id. at 871. Because aggravated assault was not a lesser-included offense of aggravated sexual assault, the court of appeals held not only that the trial court erred in submitting the charge to the jury, but also found that Trejo suffered egregious harm because the jury was allowed to convict the defendant based on an uncharged offense. Id. at 872, 874. Trejo is not on point. Here, the language of the indictment faithfully tracks the language of the charge's application paragraph, and further, Sanders is not arguing that the trial court erroneously submitted a lesser-included offense to the jury. The facts of this case are distinguishable from those of Trejo.

Even if, arguendo, there was an error in the jury charge, the record does not reflect that Sanders suffered egregious harm as a result. Accordingly, we overrule this point of error.

III. Did the State Violate Sanders' Right to a Fair Trial by Wearing "Fallen Officer" Wristbands During Trial?

In his third point of error, Sanders contends that the State violated his right to a fair trial by wearing "fallen officer" wrist bands. The wristbands were black and blue and said, "Jason Sprague E.O.W. 6-15-13."

On the fourth day of the trial, Sanders' counsel noticed that both of the attorneys for the State were wearing the black and blue "fallen officer" wristbands described above. At the bench, Sanders argued that the wristbands were "highly improper and prejudicial." After the jury was excused, the following colloquy occurred:

[THE STATE, KELLEY CRISP]: Judge, prior to trial, Mrs. Sprague gave Samantha and I these tiny little bands that have been on our arms since Sunday. It's Thursday. Nobody has seen anything, and I've been sitting right there, and Sam has been sitting right there by him. Obviously, nobody has seen it.

[THE STATE, SAMANTHA OGLESBY]: Your Honor, for the record, they are black and dark blue. They have black writing. There is no way that any
of those jurors can read what is on our bands. It is just a plastic band on our arm, no more, no less.

THE COURT: [Defense Counsel], let me hear from you.

[Defense Counsel]: Your Honor, that'd be [defense counsel] wearing shirts that said innocent or anything. This is highly improper. They're wearing propaganda pieces that are the same as the fallen officer marking. I'm not worried about the words. It's the blue and black that's everywhere. There's stickers on cars with it. I mean, today was the first time I saw it, and I haven't been looking. You know I've been quite busy over here, but if they've been wearing this the whole trial, that's highly improper and prejudicial.

THE COURT: [Defense Counsel], I've been sitting up here the whole time, and I'll be quite honest with you, I've watched I know Samantha and Kelley both pull rubber bands off their wrist to put around photographs back and forth, and I'll be quite honest with you, I hadn't -- I thought they were rubber bands. And you can't tell what they are. You can't see any of the writing. I mean, they've been right here two feet in front of me numerous times since Sunday and Monday. I didn't notice them. I tell you what, ladies, --

[THE STATE, KELLEY CRISP]: I took it off.

THE COURT: -- out of an overabundance of caution, just take them off while we're in the courtroom. If the officer has one on, he can slip his off and just put it in his pocket right there. So, [Defense Counsel], you weren't accusing the witness of having one?

[Defense Counsel]: No, the district attorney's office. So that objection was sustained, Your Honor?

THE COURT: I understand. As the defense, you have to watch everything. But I'm just telling you, I've been sitting here for four days now, and they look like rubber bands to me. I still think they look like rubber bands. You can't tell anything that's on them, but, again, out of an overabundance of caution, if that's a motion, I'll grant it for you. If it's just a request, you know --

[Defense Counsel]: It is an objection and a motion, and then our follow-up would be we would request a mistrial on that, as well, which if I can get a ruling on the mistrial.

THE COURT: Your objection?
[Defense Counsel]: No. My understanding is you sustained the objection, but as far as to the mistrial?

THE COURT: It's denied.

On appeal, Sanders has raised this point as a claim for denial of due process. Assuming, arguendo, that Sanders' objection raised such a due process complaint, even constitutional due process claims must be preserved for appeal by timely objection or motion. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); Shipp v. State, 292 S.W.3d 251, 261 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2009, no pet.). Three steps are necessary to preserve error regarding either prosecutorial misconduct or other improper evidence or remarks placed before the jury: (1) a specific and timely objection, (2) a request for an instruction to disregard if the objection is sustained, and, (3) if the requested instruction is given, a motion for mistrial. See Fuller v. State, 827 S.W.2d 919, 926 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); see Penry v. State, 903 S.W.2d 715, 764 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995), abrogated on other grounds by Wall v. State, 184 S.W.3d 730 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). To preserve error, counsel must obtain an adverse ruling at one of those steps required for preservation: the objection, the request that the jury be instructed to disregard, or the motion for mistrial. Fuller, 827 S.W.2d at 926. The sequence of those steps is not so critical as is the fact that the movant persisted in seeking all available relief from the trial court, until the trial court effectively denies relief to which the movant is entitled. Id.; see Coe v. State, 683 S.W.2d 431, 436 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (counsel preserved error for not granting mistrial when overruled motion for mistrial was followed by request for instruction to disregard). Unless a complained-of event is so highly inflammatory that an instruction to disregard could plainly not cure its prejudicial effect, the failure to seek the instruction waives the error. McGinn v. State, 961 S.W.2d 161, 165 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (requesting an instruction to disregard required for preservation unless error is incurable); see Kemp v. State, 846 S.W.2d 289, 308 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); Sawyers v. State, 724 S.W.2d 24, 38 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (en banc), overruled on other grounds by Watson v. State, 762 S.W.2d 591 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988).

Here, while his objection was apparently sustained and the wristbands were removed, Sanders failed to ask the court to instruct the jury to disregard the wristbands. An instruction to disregard is presumed to cure the harm from almost any improper question, remark, or argument. See Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 115 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); see Ladd v. State, 3 S.W.3d 547, 567 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). It is presumed that the jury will follow a court's instruction to disregard a comment. Wesbrook, 29 S.W.3d at 116. It is apparent from the record that the wristbands were rather inconspicuous in nature as State's counsel had been wearing the wristbands for the previous three days of trial and voir dire before Sanders finally noticed them and objected. By its own admission, the trial court failed to notice them until Sanders pointed them out. Based on the record, we find that an instruction to disregard the wristbands would have been sufficient to cure any harm or prejudice they caused. Accordingly, Sanders' failure to request an instruction caused a failure to preserve this issue for our review.

IV. Did the Trial Court Err in Admitting Extraneous-Offense Evidence?

During its case-in-chief, the State introduced text messages, forensically recovered from Sanders' cell phone, that indicated Sanders possessed and sold marihuana on the day in question (albeit ten to twelve hours before the events at issue). In his fourth point of error, Sanders contends that the trial court erred in admitting the texts because they are evidence of extraneous offenses.

The trial court admitted the following text messages over Sanders' objections:

6/13/13 1:03 p.m. From "Taylor": lol pretty much bout to go run at Grady t now
6/13/13 1:04 p.m. From Sanders to Taylor: Imma come see you
6/13/13 1:35 p.m. From Sanders to Taylor: It start at 2
6/13/13 1:35 p.m. From Taylor to Sanders: Ok well I'm at the park now
6/13/13 1:52 p.m. From Sanders to Taylor: Lmao, I'll have you a lil something! & I've never seen you buzzed
6/13/13 1:55 p.m. From Sanders to Taylor: You gone smoke?
6/13/13 1:58 p.m. From Sanders to Taylor: Oh okay, cause I sho wanna get you high as shit!
6/13/13 6:01 p.m. From Rollins to Sanders: What time and where do you want me to meet you? Is a half 30$?
6/13/13 6:02 p.m. From Sanders to Rollins: That's Reggie, I got some GOOD stuff in. I can get you 2G's for 30
6/13/13 6:09 p.m. From Sanders to Rollins: Okay, I'm at work . . . I get off at 9
6/13/13 6:12 p.m. From Rollins to Sanders: Dang I was wanting to burn one now but that's cool just text me when you get off
6/13/13 6:22 p.m. From Sanders to Rollins: You can come up here to my job if you want
6/13/13 6:27 p.m. From Sanders to Rollins: I got it up here
6/13/13 6:27 p.m. From Rollins to Sanders: Where do you work at?
6/13/13 6:28 p.m. From Sanders to Rollins: At the liquor store by Arkansas side Tamollys
6/13/13 9:44 p.m. From Unknown to Sanders: Come to Grady t
6/13/13 9:46 p.m. From Sanders to Unknown: Ight

The admission of extraneous-offense evidence is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. Moses v. State, 105 S.W.3d 622, 627 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). If the trial court properly admits the evidence in light of the factors enunciated in Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990), and the court's decision to admit the evidence is within the zone of reasonable disagreement, the trial court's decision will be upheld. Moses, 105 S.W.3d at 627.

The question of evidentiary admissibility rests on the bedrock notion of relevancy. Evidence is "relevant" if it has "any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." TEX. R. EVID. 401. "All relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by . . . these rules. . . . Evidence which is not relevant is inadmissible." TEX. R. EVID. 402.

A. Rule 404(b)

The relevancy issue sometimes appears to run afoul of Rule 404, which provides, "Evidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith." TEX. R. EVID. 404(b). Here, some of the text messages that were introduced clearly constitute evidence of other crimes or bad acts. If they were offered for the purpose of showing Sanders' character or his actions in conformity with that character, they would be inadmissable. See id. However, evidence of "other crimes, wrongs or acts" may be admissible if that evidence has relevance apart from its tendency "to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith." TEX. R. EVID. 404(b). "Rule 404(b) sets out an illustrative, not exhaustive, list of exceptions to the prohibition against admitting evidence of extraneous offenses including 'proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.'" Daggett v. State, 187 S.W.3d 444, 451 n.13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (quoting TEX. R. EVID. 404(b)). Here, the State contends that the text messages were admissible to prove Sanders' intentions and his motive to "evade detention (and certain arrest) and/or run over the officer to avoid the confrontation" on the night in question.

Although the existence of a motive is not essential to a conviction, the presence or absence of a motive for a crime is a factor related to the question of a defendant's guilt or innocence; therefore, proof of any existing motive for the offense is generally admissible. Knox v. State, 934 S.W.2d 678, 682 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Rule 404(b) permits admission of evidence of extraneous offenses to show the existence of a motive to assault an officer and evade arrest or detention. Powell v. State, 189 S.W.3d 285, 287-89 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (evidence of defendant's parole admissible under Rule 404(b) to show motive to evade detention and admission did not violate Rule 403); DeLeon v. State, 937 S.W.2d 129, 135-36 (Tex. App.—Waco 1996, pet. ref'd) (appellant's prior theft of automobile admissible as it created inference that his motive for beating police officer at subsequent traffic stop was to escape); Peterson v. State, 836 S.W.2d 760, 762 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1992, pet. ref'd) (evidence that defendant possessed marihuana, a pistol, and ammunition admissible to show motive for assaulting officer and attempting to flee).

Here, although the text messages were exchanged some six to ten hours earlier in the day that Sprague was killed, the text messages indicated that Sanders was selling marihuana, that he would get people high, that he had the marihuana with him at work, that he got off work at 9:00 p.m., and that as of 9:46 p.m., he intended to go to the Park. Sprague arrived at the Park at about 12:30 a.m. and was struck and killed shortly thereafter. Having, selling, or distributing marihuana at the Park when Sprague arrived provided Sanders with a logical motivation to assault the officer and/or evade arrest or detention. See id.; see Knox, 934 S.W.2d at 682-83.

It is not outside the zone of reasonable disagreement to find that the evidence was admissible for the legitimate purposes stated by the trial court. The court properly provided an instruction to the jury limiting the jury's consideration of the evidence to legitimate grounds. Therefore, we find that the trial court was within its discretion to overrule Sanders' Rule 404(b) objection regarding the extraneous-offense evidence.

B. Rule 403

At trial, Sanders argued that even if the text messages were admissible under Rule 404, they were inadmissible under Rule 403 because their probative value was substantially outweighed by their prejudicial effect. TEX. R. EVID. 403, 404. After a hearing and lengthy arguments, the trial court found the evidence admissible under Rules 403 and 404. On appeal, Sanders contends that the trial court erred in finding that their admission into evidence did not violate Rule 403 of the Texas Rules of Evidence.

If the trial court determines the evidence is relevant beyond character conformity, further objection based on Rule 403 imposes a duty on the court to balance the probative value of the evidence against the danger of unfair prejudice and to admit the evidence unless its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 387. Our analysis is guided by the following factors, known as the Montgomery factors: (1) how compellingly the extraneous-offense evidence serves to make a fact of consequence more or less probable; (2) the potential the other-offense evidence has to impress the jury "in some irrational but nevertheless indelible way"; (3) the time the proponent needed to use in developing the evidence (during which, the jury will be distracted from consideration of the indicted offense); and (4) the force of the proponent's need for this evidence to prove a fact of consequence (that is, does the proponent have other probative evidence available to him to help establish this fact, and is this fact related to an issue in dispute?). Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 389-90; see Wheeler v. State, 67 S.W.3d 879, 888 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Hartsfield v. State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 873 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref'd).

We review a trial court's Rule 403 determination for abuse of discretion. Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 391. In determining whether the trial court abused its discretion in making its Rule 403 determination, the appellate court must not only determine that the trial court did in fact conduct the required balancing test and did not simply rule arbitrarily or capriciously, but must also measure the trial court's ruling against the relevant criteria by which a Rule 403 decision is to be made. Id. at 392. Where this review leads to the conclusion that the danger of unfair prejudice substantially outweighs the probative value of the evidence, the court should find that the trial court erred in failing to exclude the evidence. Id.

The first factor weighs in favor of admission of the text messages. The text messages implied that Sanders was a drug dealer and that he had marihuana with him while at the Park. Therefore, the evidence is relevant to Sanders' motive to evade detention or arrest when Sprague arrived at the Park. Sanders contends that the text messages did not make it any more probable that his motive to evade detention was "superior" to that of others at the Park; however, he fails to cite authority in support of such a standard and we are aware of none.

The second factor weighs in favor of admission of the text messages. There was other evidence before the jury that indicated Sanders was involved in drugs. In Sanders' statement to Detective Matt Cashatt, he admitted to smoking marihuana on the day in question. Police Officer Troy Daniels testified that in his opinion, Sanders was high on marihuana the night Sprague was killed, and he also testified that it could be smelled "in the air once you got out there." A crime scene technician and Detective Brad Thacker both smelled marihuana when they examined Sanders' vehicle the day after the murder. Further, although the trial court admitted the texts into evidence, at Sanders' urging, the court gave a contemporaneous instruction to the jury:

You are instructed that if there is any testimony before you in the case regarding the defendant's having committed offenses other than the offenses alleged against him in the indictment in this case, you cannot consider said testimony for any purposes unless you find and believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed such other offenses, if any, were committed, and, even then, you can only consider the same in determining the motive or intent of the defendant, if any, in connection with the offense, if any, alleged against him in the indictment of this case and for no other purposes.

After voir dire on Monday, the State's case-in-chief lasted from Tuesday through Friday and involved about two dozen witnesses. Sanders rested without calling a single witness. Sanders contends that this third factor weighs against admission because the fifth day of the trial "consisted exclusively of the State presenting testimony from two witnesses [Jeff Shaffer and Clay McClure] centering on the extraneous offense evidence" and because the State left them as the last witnesses before a weekend. The State argues that the time consumed by the primary witness, Shaffer, was "almost entirely attributed to [Sanders'] trial counsel." Shaffer and McClure testified for about seventy pages of the reporter's record; however, McClure's testimony was very short and much of the time involved in Shaffer's testimony was attributable to the arguments of counsel and times during which the witness was taken on voir dire. This factor is neutral.

The remaining factor (the proponent's need for the extraneous-offense evidence) weighs slightly in favor of admission. The text messages were admitted for the purpose of showing motive and intent. While motive is relevant, it is not a required element for the charged offense.

Based on the foregoing, we find that the factors weigh in favor of admitting the text messages for the purpose of showing the motive of the accused. Therefore, we overrule this point of error.

V. Did the Trial Court Err by Overruling Sanders' Motion to Suppress?

At trial, Sanders moved to suppress the evidence obtained from his cell phone, arguing that the telephone and the information within it were improperly seized without a valid warrant. After a hearing, the trial court overruled Sanders' motion. Sanders renewed his objection at trial and was granted a running objection.

We review a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress under a bifurcated standard of review, giving almost total deference to the trial court's determination of historical facts that turn on credibility and demeanor while reviewing de novo other application-of-law-to-fact issues. See Johnson v. State, 68 S.W.3d 644, 652-53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 327 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Appellate courts should also afford nearly total deference to trial court rulings on application-of-law-to-fact questions, also known as mixed questions of law and fact, if the resolution of those ultimate questions turns on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Appellate courts may review mixed questions of law and fact not falling within this category on a de novo basis. Id. We must affirm the decision if it is correct on any theory of law that finds support in the record. Osbourn v. State, 92 S.W.3d 531, 538 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

The Fourth Amendment provides individuals "[t]he right . . . to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures[.]" U.S. CONST. amend. IV.

Here, we note that the evidence taken from the cell phone was obtained only after a search warrant had been obtained, after which an expert retrieved various text and email messages. There is no evidence that the expert used the cell phone's pass code in retrieving the data from the phone. There was only paltry information obtained from Sanders' cell phone after it was seized and before a search warrant was obtained. That information was limited to the make and identification number of the cell phone itself; that information was used by the police to describe the telephone when they obtained a search warrant to glean the information contained within it. Antecedent to that search, however, the police obtained Sanders' cell phone, and it was only because the police had possession of it that they were able to describe the object of the search in the affidavit supporting the request for a search warrant.

Accordingly, in order to examine whether the content of the cell phone was properly permitted as evidence, we must first determine if Sander's cell phone was seized or whether it was voluntarily turned over to the police. If it was seized, we must determine if the initial seizure of Sanders' cell phone was proper. It is undisputed that the police did not obtain possession of the telephone through a validly issued search warrant. When an item has been seized or a search has been conducted without a warrant, such a seizure or search would be per se unreasonable unless the State proved that the search or seizure fell within one of the exceptions to the warrant requirement. See Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 219 (1973); see Amores v. State, 816 S.W.2d 407, 413 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).

Voluntary consent to a seizure or a search is a well-established and "long approved" exception to the warrant requirement, and the State contends that Sanders turned over the cell phone to Texarkana Police Detective Billy Giddens voluntarily. See Florida v. Jimeno, 500 U.S. 248, 250 (1991); State v. Weaver, 349 S.W.3d 521, 525-26 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Here, after conducting a suppression hearing, the trial court found that Sanders "voluntarily gave his cellular phone to Detective Giddens." However, the record does not support that finding. During the suppression hearing, Giddens was asked by Sanders, "[S]o you didn't ask him for it: You told him to give it to you, correct?" Giddens responded, "Told him to give me the cell phone." Later, Giddens clarified that he considered the direction for Sanders to hand over the cell phone an order. Sanders complied with the officer's order.

Second, the State contends that the phone was seized incident to a lawful arrest. See Riley v. California, 134 S.Ct. 2473, 2486 (2014) (search incident to lawful arrest is reasonable intrusion upon Fourth Amendment rights). The record and audio/video recorded interview establish that Giddens took possession of Sanders' cell phone more than half an hour before an arrest was effected. Giddens admitted that at the time Sanders handed over his cell phone, Sanders had not yet been arrested, but had been merely "detained." Cashatt testified that at the time Giddens seized the phone, "probable cause had not been established, . . . and [they] had not gotten a warrant to seize the phone." Therefore, the seizure of the cell phone did not occur incident to a lawful arrest because the arrest did not attend the seizure.

The State maintains that the lawfulness of the seizure of Sanders' cell phone is not a pertinent question, on the basis that "[A]ny and all property on [Sanders'] person would have been lawfully seized" at the time of his arrest. The rationale here is what is known as the "inevitable discovery" rule. This argument fails because Article 38.23(a) of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure specifically bars the introduction of "evidence obtained by an officer or other person in violation of" the State or Federal Constitution or the laws of either in a trial of any criminal case. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.23(a) (West 2005). The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has specifically determined that the "'inevitable discovery' doctrine is inapplicable in Texas based on that doctrine's inconsistency with the plain language of the statutory exclusionary rule." Wehrenberg v. State, 416 S.W.3d 458, 471 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (citing State v. Daugherty, 931 S.W.2d 268, 269-73 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Garcia v. State, 829 S.W.2d 796, 798-800 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)).

Third, the State argues that Sanders' phone was seized to prevent the destruction of evidence. The need to prevent the imminent destruction of evidence has long been recognized as a sufficient justification for a warrantless search. Kentucky v. King, 131 S.Ct. 1849, 1856 (2011). This argument falls within the purview of what is usually called the "exigent circumstances" doctrine. However, "the mere possibility that evidence may be destroyed does not rise to a finding of exigent circumstances." Turrubiate v. State, 399 S.W.3d 147, 153 n.4 (citing United States v. Menchaca-Castruita, 587 F.3d 283, 295-96 (5th Cir. 2009)). In determining whether exigent circumstances exist, the court considers whether there is proof that the officer reasonably believed removal or destruction of evidence was imminent. Id.

Here, after Cashatt had left the interview room, Giddens said that he observed Sanders being "busy" on his cell phone. Giddens testified that he deduced that Sanders "might have been destroying evidence." The recording reveals that Giddens then entered the room and told Sanders, "I need . . . your phone[]" and that Sanders responded by handing over his cell phone. Giddens explained, "[W]hen we have people in the interview rooms, and they're sitting there texting stuff, and there's a chance they could clear stuff off their phones, we're going to take their phone from them." About half an hour into his interview (before Sanders turned the cell phone over to Giddens), Sanders received two calls and two text messages on his cell phone. Sanders neither viewed the messages nor answered the calls at that time. According to the time of day listed on the recorded interview, Cashatt left the interview room where Sanders was sitting at about 9:05 and it is clear from the recording that Sanders was indeed "busy" on his cell phone from about that time until about 9:08, when he put his phone down on the table. However, Giddens did not enter the room and obtain the cell phone until 10:04, almost an hour later. There is no evidence that Sanders was using his cell phone, let alone deleting information therefrom, in the intervening time. This contradicts the State's position that there is sufficient proof that Giddens reasonably believed that the seizure of the cell phone was prompted by a belief that removal or destruction of evidence was imminent. (However, the error in Giddens' reasoning here did not prevent Giddens from truly believing that he had the right to seize the cell phone, an impression which would possibly have been strengthened by Sanders' subsequent delivery of the phone's pass code.)

We must conclude that the initial seizure of the cell phone by the police did not fall within a recognized exception to the need for a warrant. However, after the warrantless seizure, Sanders consented to having his phone searched. Sanders contends that the illegal seizure of his phone taints his subsequent consent to search the phone and renders the evidence found through the search fruit of the poisonous tree. The primary purpose of determining whether consent is tainted is to ensure that evidence that is the fruit of an unreasonable search or seizure by police is not admissible in court. Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 488 (1963). However, consent may be sufficiently attenuated from the taint of a prior illegal search or seizure to allow the admission of the evidence. See Brick v. State, 738 S.W.2d 676 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). Before it can be determined whether evidence derived from a warrantless (but consensual) search following an illegal search or seizure, is admissible, the State must first prove, by clear and convincing evidence, that the consent was voluntarily rendered and that the taint otherwise inherent in the illegality had dissipated. See id. at 680-81 (taint of illegal arrest must be attenuated from voluntary consent before evidence discovered pursuant to consent is admissible). The Brick factors by which attenuation of the taint is measured are: (1) the proximity of the consent to the illegality; (2) whether the seizure was brought about by police observation of the particular object for which they sought consent to search; (3) whether the illegal seizure was the result of flagrant police misconduct; (4) whether the consent was volunteered rather than requested by the detaining officers; (5) whether the defendant was made fully aware of the fact she could decline to consent and thus prevent an immediate search; and (6) whether the police purpose underlying the illegality was to obtain the consent.

Here, Giddens seized the phone about thirty minutes before he asked Sanders for his consent to search it. Consent given "soon after" the rise of the illegality weighs in favor of suppression. State v. Bagby, 119 S.W.3d 446, 453 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2003, no pet.). When the time between the illegality and the consent is only a few minutes, this weighs in favor of suppression. See Stone v. State, 279 S.W.3d 688 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2006, no pet.); Beaver v. State, 106 S.W.3d 243, 250 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. ref'd). However, in this case, about thirty minutes intervened between the time that Giddens obtained the cell phone from Sanders and the request he made for its pass code. The expiration of this time weighs slightly in favor of admission.

The seizure of Sanders' cell phone alone did nothing to allow the police to examine its contents. Even after being supplied with the pass code, Giddens testified that even though he "went through" the phone's text messages, he failed to find anything pertinent. Therefore, even though the police had possession of the cell phone, it did not provide any real fruit. The second factor weighs in favor of admission.

Here, Giddens testified that he believed that Sanders might be destroying evidence, and while we previously concluded that based on that belief, the seizure of the phone was not reasonable, it indicates that Giddens believed, albeit mistakenly, that he was justified in seizing the phone. See Self v. State, 709 S.W.2d 662, 667-68 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (conduct not in accord with state law does not necessarily rise to level of flagrant conduct); see Stone, 279 S.W.3d at 693-94. Even though Giddens' seizure of the phone was in violation of the Fourth Amendment, it was not shown to have been calculated by him to cause fear, surprise, or confusion, or to have been done to see if "something might turn up." Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 605 (1975); see Bagby, 119 S.W.3d at 453 (citing Renfro v. State, 958 S.W.2d 880, 886 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1997, pet. ref'd)). Therefore, the police misconduct in this case was not flagrant, and the third factor weighs in favor of admission.

The fourth factor regards whether the consent was volunteered or whether the consent came after a request from law enforcement. It is undisputed that Sanders only gave consent after that consent was requested by Giddens. This factor weighs in favor of suppression of the evidence.

Sanders was told of his Miranda rights, both orally and in writing. Accordingly, he was made fully aware that he could terminate the interview at any time. Even though the Miranda warnings involve the right to terminate an interview, it would seem that they also would imply that Sanders did not need to subjugate himself to each demand by the police, including the right to refuse to consent. This appears to be a neutral factor.

The sixth factor considers the rationale or purpose of the police in performing the warrantless action. As discussed above, Giddens testified that he believed he was obtaining possession of the cell phone for the purpose of preventing the destruction of evidence, and the record does not indicate that his actions were calculated to obtain consent from Sanders. This factor weighs in favor of admission.

Having examined the Brick factors and viewing the record in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling, we find that Sanders' consent was sufficiently attenuated from the illegal seizure to permit the admission of the evidence from his cell phone. See Bagby, 119 S.W.3d at 454. Even though the trial court denied the motion to suppress on other grounds, we must affirm the trial court's ruling if it is correct on any theory of law supported by the record. See Osbourn, 92 S.W.3d at 538.

Having found Sanders' consent to the search was sufficiently attenuated from the illegal seizure, we overrule this point of error.

VI. Did the Trial Court Err in Denying Sanders' Motion for Mistrial?

In his sixth point of error, Sanders contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a mistrial because the State engaged in prosecutorial misconduct by implying that Sanders had threatened a witness.

At a pretrial hearing, the State made the statement that "some of the State's witnesses are being threatened" and went on to add that one of the witnesses had been assaulted. It did put a boundary on its assertion of witness tampering by saying that although "there are people saying they are doing it on [Sanders'] behalf," the State had "received no information that these threats or assaults were done at the request of Mr. Sanders or his friends and family." During the trial, the State called Earnest Terrell Young, who testified that when Sprague arrived at the Park on the night of his death, he (Young) saw a silver SUV that looked like Sanders' vehicle jump a curb while attempting to exit the Park. Young stated that although he did not see the silver SUV strike Sprague, when the SUV jumped the curb, he "saw a flashlight go up in the air." He stated that the police officer was the only one Young saw who had a flashlight and that the silver SUV continued on its way out of the Park after the flashlight soared. On cross-examination, Sanders attacked Young's credibility and his motivation for testifying, indicating that Young had a very limited view of the impact site, that several different lights (headlights, overhead lights, flashing lights) were in his face, that his testimony of when and why he left the Park did not match the recording of the 9-1-1 call he had made to report Sprague having been injured, and that at the time of trial, he was on "probation" for burglary after having been arrested for burglarizing a church.

On redirect examination, Young stated that he was testifying because he was under subpoena and that he understood he would be arrested when he arrived at the courthouse due to the outstanding warrant for his arrest. After this admission, the State began a question of Young: "[H]ave you, in fact, also been threatened because people knew you were At that juncture, the State's question was interrupted by Sanders' objection. The trial court sustained Sanders' objection and removed the jury from the courtroom. Then, with the jury outside the courtroom, the trial court conducted a short hearing regarding the propriety of the question. During the hearing, Sanders moved for a mistrial, arguing that because the State admittedly had no evidence of Sanders' involvement with the alleged threats, its proposed question was "so outrageous and so inflammatory" that its taint rendered it impossible for the jury to render a fair decision. The State responded that its question was meant to rebut Sanders' attempts to impeach Young's credibility and Sanders' attempt to question Young's motives in testifying. Although the trial court sustained Sanders' objection to the line of questioning, it denied his motion for mistrial.

We review a trial court's denial of a motion for mistrial under an abuse of discretion standard. Trevino v. State, 991 S.W.2d 849, 851 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). "'Only in extreme circumstances, where the prejudice is incurable, will a mistrial be required."' Archie v. State, 221 S.W.3d 695, 699 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (quoting Hawkins v. State, 135 S.W.3d 72, 77 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)). As stated above, in order to preserve error regarding prosecutorial misconduct or other improper evidence or remarks placed before the jury, three things are required: (1) a specific and timely objection, (2) a request for an instruction to disregard if the objection is sustained, and, (3) if the instruction is given, a motion for mistrial. See Fuller, 827 S.W.2d at 926; see Penry, 903 S.W.2d at 764.

Although Sanders' objection was sustained, he failed to request the intermediate remedy of providing an instruction for the jury to disregard the objectionable matter, moving directly to a request that the trial court grant a mistrial. By failing to request an instruction to disregard, the trial court was deprived of the ability to take that intermediate step. See Penry v. State, 691 S.W.2d 636, 649-50 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985); Bryant v. State, 25 S.W.3d 924, 926 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, pet. ref'd). Mistrial is appropriate only when the objectionable event is so inflammatory or pervasive that a curative instruction is not likely to prevent the jury from being unfairly prejudiced against the defendant. See Bauder v. State, 921 S.W.2d 696, 698 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), overruled on other grounds by Ex parte Lewis, 219 S.W.3d 335 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

Sanders cited Rogers v. State, 725 S.W.2d 350 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, no pet.), for the proposition that a request for an instruction to disregard is not necessary in order to preserve error. In Rogers, the court of appeals held that error was preserved and a mistrial was required due to the State's unobjected-to (albeit pervasive) misconduct which "could serve no purpose other than to inflame and prejudice the minds of the jurors." Id. at 358-61. In Rogers, while cross-examining the defendant and defense witnesses, the State made numerous side-bar comments regarding the witnesses and the evidence and suggested inflammatory facts that lacked any evidentiary support in the record. In contrast with the situation in Rogers, the State's conduct here does not rise to the outrageous and pervasive levels seen in that case. Id. Therefore, the facts of Rogers are distinguishable from those we observe here.

Sanders also argues that the facts of this case are similar to those of Anderson v. State, 635 S.W.2d 722, 723 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982) (en banc). In Anderson, the State asked the complaining witness if he was scared and nervous to be in the courtroom, and he responded affirmatively. Id. The State then asked, "In fact, did your wife receive a threatening phone call?" Id. The defendant objected, and his motion for mistrial was granted. Id. The appeal resulted from a subsequent guilty plea by Anderson. However, Anderson is inapplicable to this case because it did not examine the merits of the granted mistrial; rather, the only role that the objectionable line of questioning bore to the case on appeal was that Anderson claimed that the State engineered the mistrial through improper questioning. Anderson, therefore, claimed that he had been subjected to double jeopardy. Id.

The isolated act of asking an improper question will rarely require a mistrial because, in most cases, any resulting harm can be cured by an instruction to disregard—an instruction which the jury is presumed to follow. Ladd, 3 S.W.3d at 567; Sharper v. State, 22 S.W.3d 557, 558-59 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, no pet.). Here, the State's improper question was not so very inflammatory or its effect so pervasive that an instruction for the jury to disregard it would fail to cure any resulting harm. Accordingly, we find that Sanders failed to preserve this issue for our review. See Fuller, 827 S.W.2d at 926; see Penry, 903 S.W.2d at 764.

VII. Was There Sufficient Evidence to Support the Verdict?

In his final point of error, Sanders contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction.

In evaluating legal sufficiency of the evidence, we review all evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational fact-finder could have found guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); Brown v. State, 333 S.W.3d 606, 608 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.). We examine legal sufficiency under the direction of the Brooks opinion, while giving deference to the responsibility of the jury "to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts." Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318-19).

Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined by a hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The hypothetically correct jury charge "sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State's burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State's theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was tried." Id.

Sanders was charged under Section 19.02(b)(3) of the Texas Penal Code, which states that a person commits the offense of murder if he

commits or attempts to commit a felony, other than manslaughter, and in the course of and in furtherance of the commission or attempt, or in immediate flight from the commission or attempt, he commits or attempts to commit an act clearly dangerous to human life that causes the death of an individual.

(a) A person commits an offense if the person commits assault as defined in § 22.01 and the person:

(1) causes serious bodily injury to another, including the person's spouse; or

(2) uses or exhibits a deadly weapon during the commission of the assault.

(b) An offense under this section is a felony of the second degree, except that the offense is a felony of the first degree if:

. . . .

(2) regardless of whether the offense is committed under Subsection (a)(1) or (a)(2), the offense is committed:

. . . .

(B) against a person the actor knows is a public servant while the public servant is lawfully discharging an official duty.

John McGee testified that Sanders was present at the Park that night and that he was driving a silver SUV, but he did not believe Sanders ever got out of the vehicle. As McGee was leaving, he saw the SUV attempting to exit the parking lot. Although McGee said that he observed the SUV jump the curb and then saw the officer on the ground, he candidly admitted that he did not see the silver SUV strike Sprague. McGee testified that he stopped his vehicle and stayed with the injured Sprague while he and others called the 9-1-1 operator to report the injury. On cross- examination, McGee admitted that at the time the officer was struck, he (McGee) was in the process of backing his car up when he saw the SUV jump the curb.

As discussed above, Sanders was interviewed at the Texarkana police station by Cashatt. Sanders admitted that he was at the Park that night and that he was the sole occupant and driver of a silver 2010 GMC Acadia (an SUV) that night. Although he saw Sprague arrive at the Park before the commotion began and saw Sprague activate the overhead lights on his patrol car, he denied hitting anything with his SUV as he drove out of the Park. Although Sanders initially maintained that he rolled through the Park and did not stop, he later changed his story somewhat to indicate that he did stop there to see his cousin. After the interview, Cashatt obtained a warrant for Sanders' arrest, charging him with responsibility for Sprague's death. At trial, Cashatt admitted that at an earlier writ hearing, he testified that whomever hit Sprague had not done so intentionally and that he believed it to have been an accident. At the time of the previous hearing, it was his opinion that Sanders had not seen Sprague when Sprague was run down.

Kechelle Dansby testified that she was at the Park at the time Sprague was run over by a car. Dansby testified that she saw Sprague get out of his patrol car and stand under the brightest part of the street light. She also saw a silver SUV back into a parking space before driving toward one of the Park exits, then jump the curb and bounce over that curb as Sprague was waiving his hands in a fruitless attempt to stop the SUV. Dansby testified that she then saw the silver SUV run over Sprague and saw his body go underneath it. Although she saw Sanders driving a silver SUV that night, she did not testify as to the identity of the vehicle's driver at the time it struck the officer. When she spoke with the police on the night in question, she falsely identified herself by her sister's name because she had outstanding warrants for her arrest at the time. She did not reveal to the police what she had seen that night until after she had been arrested on an outstanding warrant.

Earnest Young was also present at the Park at the time of the events in question. He saw Sanders standing next to a silver SUV, but never saw him get into it or drive it. At trial, he testified that the car that struck Sprague "looked sorta like [the] one" Sanders had been standing near. He testified that he did see the SUV jump the curb, and he saw the officer's flashlight go up in the air, but he did not see which car actually struck Sprague. From what he saw, it did not appear to him that the SUV's driver saw the officer before the vehicle struck him.

Troy Daniels was also at the Park when Sprague was run over. He testified that he thought he saw Sanders sitting on the driver's side of a silver SUV before the police officer arrived at the Park and believed Sanders was high on marihuana at that time because you could smell it in the area. He said that although he saw the silver SUV drive toward the exit from the Park, the officer waved his flashlight at traffic, and then that SUV jumped the curb, but he did not see it drive towards the officer. He testified that he then believed that the SUV was about to get pulled over and, if so, that circumstance would allow the other cars to escape. After he saw the SUV jump the curb, he observed it hesitate before leaving the area, and it was at that time that Daniels saw the officer and his flashlight on the ground. He indicated that there were many cars attempting to leave the Park after Sprague arrived. Because he was trying to leave the Park himself, he wasn't "paying attention to details."

A silver GMC Acadia, owned by Sanders' mother, was searched and subjected to tests by the police. Officer Spencer Price testified that when he entered the vehicle, he smelled the faint odor of marihuana. After examining the SUV and removing its right front tire, Price placed a different tire on the vehicle so that the car could be released back to its owner. Tests revealed that although there were no scratches or dents on the car, the plastic brush guard of the vehicle had been pushed out about a quarter of an inch. Although a search was made by police investigators for them, none of Sprague's DNA, fingerprints, fluids, or personal effects were found on the car. A search warrant was obtained for the electronic "black box" from the SUV, but it contained no data indicating that the vehicle had been in an accident.

The medical examiner who autopsied Sprague opined that the cause of death was the injuries sustained by Sprague, those injuries being consistent with being struck by a vehicle. He further testified that the abrasions on Sprague's body were consistent with being dragged over either asphalt or a rocky surface and that the cause of death was blunt force injuries.

Crime Scene Investigator Price noted a reddish-brown mark and tears on the officer's duty shirt that he believed were transfers of dirt caused by a vehicle. There were small marks on the back of the officer's shirt that appeared to be caused from the uniform catching on a rocky surface or asphalt. Sprague's duty gear, including his badge, radio, radio clip, handcuffs, and his handgun were also damaged in a manner consistent with being dragged on a rough surface.

Officer Marc Sullivan, a crime scene technician, stated that he examined the undercarriage of Sander's mother's SUV and that it appeared some dirt had been removed on the passenger side of the car and the passenger side wheel well, though it could have been caused by something as simple as a tire rub. He also noticed that the bumper was pushed out about one quarter of an inch and retention clips were broken, but he indicated that there was no way to tell when the retention clips had been broken or what happened that caused them to break. Due to the presence of water spotting, Sullivan deduced that the car appeared to have been wiped down; while there were a few marks on the tires, those marks did not come from anything worn by Sprague. Shawna Yonts, another crime scene technician, testified that she saw a disturbance in the dust on the hood of the SUV and the presence of partial fingerprint impressions in the dust, but she acknowledged that there was no way of telling when the disturbance in the dust or the fingerprints occurred.

Given the state of chaos that apparently erupted when Sprague suddenly appeared on the scene at the Park that night and the scarcity of witnesses who would be sympathetic to the cause of law enforcement at that time and place and under the circumstances that were described, an absence of more credible eye witness evidence is somewhat understandable. Even though physical evidence was minimal, Sanders' vehicle was largely undamaged, and key eyewitness testimony could be considered questionable, there is, nevertheless, sufficient evidence to support a rational jury's determination that all of the elements of the offense had been proven beyond a reasonable doubt. "It is axiomatic that, in gauging the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support a particular criminal conviction, reviewing courts are obliged to view all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury's verdict, in deference to the jury's institutional prerogative to resolve all contested issues of fact and credibility." Delay v. State, 443 S.W.3d 909, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). Following this rule, we find that there was legally sufficient evidence from which the jury in this case, acting reasonably, could have found Sanders guilty of striking Sprague (who died as a result of the injuries that were thus caused) with a vehicle in the course of evading arrest or detention in a vehicle. Accordingly, we overrule this point of error.

We affirm the trial court's judgment.

Bailey C. Moseley

Justice
Date Submitted: June 3, 2015
Date Decided: August 12, 2015
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