BENNETT, J.

APPEAL from the Superior Court of the City of San Francisco. The point on which the judgment of the Court is based, is suffi- ciently stated in the opinion of the Court. The cause was twice argued. On the first argument, the Court, taking for its guide the case of Merrifield v. Cooley (4 How. N. Y. Pr. Rep. 272), reversed the judgment of the Superior Court. The opinion was delivered by , as follows: "The action was brought against the defendants, Chandler & Dennison, upon an alleged joint indebtedness. Process was served on both of them; but the plaintiff, at the trial, failed to prove a joint liability against both defendants. He did, however, make out a cause of action against one of the defendants, and a verdict was taken, and judgment rendered, in favor of one defendant and against the other. This was erroneous. (Merrifield v. Cooley, 4 How. Pr. Rep. 272.) "At the common law, in an action against two or more defendants upon an alleged joint undertaking or contract, the judgment must be against all the defendants, or in favor of all. In such case, if the plaintiff fail, at the trial, to establish a joint contract or undertaking, all the defendants are entitled to verdict and judgment, though it be proved that one of them would have been liable had the suit been brought against him alone. Judgment reversed." The plaintiff moved for a rehearing, which was granted; and the cause was again argued by Edward Norton, for Plaintiff, and John Chetwood, for Defendant.

By the Court, BENNETT, J. The complaint alleges an indebtedness by the defendants as partners. The answer denies the indebtedness. At the trial, the plaintiff made out a cause of action against the defendant, Dennison, but failed to establish a joint indebtedness of both defendants. The jury brought in a verdict in favor of Chandler, and against Dennison, and judgment was rendered in accordance with such verdict. The question is thus presented, whether if, in an action on contract against two or more defendants, the plaintiff fails to make out the joint liability of all, he may take judgment against one or more, who are proved to be liable.

The point is to be determined under the provisions of the Practice Act of this State, which, so far as this question is affected, is, in substance, and for the most part, literally a transcript of the Code of Procedure of the State of New York. Under that code it has been held by one of the Justices of the Supremo Court of New York, in the case of Merrifield v. Cooley (4 How. Pr. Rep, 272), in an action, like the present one, against several defendants to recover damages for the breach of a contract, that the plaintiff must recover against all the defendants, or none. Our former decision in this cause was in accordance with the doctrine of Merrifield v. Cooley; but, on a rehearing, and after elaborate arguments by counsel on both sides, we have come to the conclusion that the decision in Merrifield v. Cooley, and our former decision, are both wrong.

It is not disputed that, at common law, as a general rule, where a party brought his action upon a contract against two or more defendants, he was obliged to make out a cause of action against all the defendants, or he could recover against none. (1 Chittys Pl. 34; Mannahan v. Gibbons, 19 J. R. 109.) This general rule was, however, subject to several exceptions. Thus, if one of the defendants, after the making of the contract, had received his discharge in bankruptcy, although the practice in England required all the joint contractors to be sued (Bevil v. Wood, 2 Maule & Selw. 23), yet judgment might be rendered in favor of the person so discharged, and against the others. (1 Chittys Pl. 35; Camp v. Gifford, 7 Hill, 169.) So also, contrary to the English practice (1 Chittys Pl. 51), it has been held in New York and Massachusetts, that where one of several defendants establishes his infancy at the time of making the contract, judgment may be rendered in his favor, and against the other defendants. (Hartness v. Thompson, 5 J. R. 160; Woodworth v. Marshall, 1 Pick. Rep. 500.) In the cases last cited, the Court seems to have considered the question rather as a matter of practice, to be decided upon convenience and policy, than as a matter of principle.

It was settled law, under the old system of practice, that where one of several joint contractors was sued, the plaintiff might proceed and take judgment against him, unless he interposed a plea of non-joinder in abatement (1 Chittys Pl. 52, 53); whereas, in case too many persons were made defendants, it was a fatal defect, according to circumstances, upon demurrer, motion for nonsuit at the trial, motion in arrest of judgment, or writ of error. (Id. 50.) Under that system, it was, therefore, necessary to plead nonjoinder in abatement, or the defendant was deemed to have waived all objection, but it was not necessary to plead misjoinder in abatement, and a defendant might take advantage of this defect at any stage of the proceedings. This distinction proceeded upon the ground, that the law held the plaintiff under no obligation to know that he had not joined a sufficient number of persons as defendants in the suit, and that the person sued must come in and inform him of the defect by plea in abatement, and give him a better writ; but that he was bound to know that he had joined too many persons, and that neither defendant was obliged to give him any information on the subject until after it was too late to correct the mistake. Thus, A is doing business under the name and firm of A & Co., and B is a member of the firm. There is an indebtedness of the firm, upon which suit is brought against A alone. Now, the old system says, that the plaintiff is not bound to know that B was a joint contractor, and that A, if he wishes to have B joined with him in the suit as a co-defendant, must, at an early stage of the proceedings inform the plaintiff of the error into which he has run, in order that he may be enabled to correct it. At the same time, if B were, in truth, not a partner with, but a clerk or servant of A, then the plaintiff must know that fact; and if a suit were brought against them jointly on an indebtedness of A & Co., neither A nor B would be under any obligations to raise the objection and have the mistake corrected in the outset, but might permit the suit to proceed to trial, and then avail himself of the mis-joinder. Now it would seem that, if the plaintiff is bound to know the number and names of the persons who had contracted with him, so as not to excuse him for joining too many, he ought equally to know the number and names of the persons who had contracted with him, so as not to excuse him for joining too few—that if, in the one case, he be required to know who ought to be made defendants, he should be equally bound to know the same thing in the other case. And it strikes us as reasonable, that if a defendant be required to plead a non-joinder in abatement, or be deemed to have waived it, he should, at the same time, be required to plead a mis-joinder in abatement, or be deemed to have waived it, and to subject himself to a judgment, in case the indebtedness in the complaint be proved against him alone.

There is nothing in the form or substance of the old plea of the general issue, which can distinguish the two cases. If it be said that, by the plea of the general issue in an action against two or more, they deny the joint indebtedness where the debt was contracted by one of them, so it may, with equal propriety, be urged in an action against one, where in truth the contract was made by two or more, that the plea of the general issue denies the separate indebtedness. Indeed, the distinction adverted to seems to be one of those arbitrary and unmeaning rules, which disfigure the body of the common law, and which, in many cases, disturb, and, in some, entirely divert, the course of justice.

In Minor et al. v. The Mechanics Bank of Alexandria (1 Peters, 46), the strictness of the common law practice was relaxed still further than it had been in Hartness v. Thompson, and Woodworth v. Marshall. It was held in that case, that, though on a joint and several bond the plaintiff might sue one or all of the obligors, and, in strictness of law, could not sue an intermediate number—that he must either sue all, or not more than one—yet, if there was error in this respect, it could be taken advantage of only by plea in abatement, and was waived by pleading to the merits. Mr. Justice Story says, in that case, that the authorities proceeded upon the ground, that the question was matter of practice, to be decided upon considerations of policy and convenience, rather than matter of absolute principle, and that the Court was left at full liberty to entertain such a decision as its own notions of general convenience, and legal analogies would lead it to adopt; and he adds that, "in the administration of justice, matter of form, not absolutely subjected to authority, may well yield to the substantial purposes of justice."

It is matter of every day practice in Courts of Equity to add or strike out parties, to render a decree against some defendants, and in favor of others; and, in actions at law sounding in tort, it is always permitted to take judgment against such of the defendants as are proved to be guilty of the wrong, while judgment of acquittal may be rendered in behalf of others. In some cases, such as actions against common carriers, where the cause of action in reality arises out of contract express or implied, the plaintiff has his election to found his action on the contract, in which case the strict rules of nonjoinder and misjoinder are applied; or to bring his action on the case, founded on the breach of duty imposed on the defendants by law, and sounding in tort, in which case it matters not whether he joins too many or too few persons as defendants, for in either event he takes a verdict and judgment against so many as he proves to be liable, and has a verdict and judgment rendered against him in behalf of those who are not proved to be guilty of the grievances complained of. So, also, where an action is brought against one of two joint contractors, and a plea in abatement of nonjoinder is put in by the defendant, and judgment given thereon in his favor, and a fresh suit is brought against him and the person whose nonjoinder was pleaded in abatement, here, if, on the trial, there be not sufficient proof to establish the joint liability of the person last brought in, he shall have judgment in his favor, but the verdict and judgment shall, nevertheless, be given against the other defendant, if the proof establish his sole liability.

It must be confessed that it is difficult to perceive any solid reason, why the same rule which is applied in equity should not be adopted at law—why a misjoinder should have any other effect than a nonjoinder—and why either should be more fatal in an action at law on contract, than in an action at law in tort —why an action against common carriers, when called assumpsit, should be subject to rules, and be followed by consequences, differing from those which apply in an action against the same defendants, and based upon the same facts, but which is denominated an action on the case—why, if judgment may be rendered in favor of one defendant and against another in an action on contract, where a plea of nonjoinder has been interposed in a former suit, the same thing may not be done in case of misjoinder, where the substantial purposes of justice require it, and where the defendants have neglected to raise the proper objection at the earliest opportunity.

We have thus adverted to some of the distinctions in the old system of practice, and have noticed that there was not in any of them any "matter of absolute principle," but that they were rather "matters of practice decided upon considerations of policy and convenience."

We will now direct our attention to the late sweeping reforms, or at least changes, which have been introduced in pleading and practice. The first section of the Practice Act of this State, which is taken from the 62d section of the Code of Procedure of New York, reads as follows: "There shall be in this State hereafter but one form of action for the enforcement or protection of private rights and the redress of private wrongs, which shall be denominated a civil action." By this section, all distinction between actions at law and suits in equity, and between the forms of such actions and suits, was abolished.

Mr. Justice Wells says in Merrifield v. Cooley (4 Howard Pr. Rep. 274), that he is prepared to hold that the rules of law, in force at the passage of the code, in regard to actions at law, still prevail, and apply to actions under the code which are based upon legal, as contradistinguished from equitable principles; and, in like manner, that those equitable principles, which were in force under the old regime, are still applicable to actions founded upon those principles, except when the code in express terms provides otherwise. He holds, in other words, that the old distinction between the rules applicable to actions at law, and to equitable actions, so far at least as the former are con- cerned, still continues, notwithstanding it was declared by the new system that such distinction was abolished. We think it would be giving a more proper construction to the code to say, that the rules, recognized under the old system, whether legal or equitable, should be applied, irrespective of former distinctions, to all actions under the new system, when they can be applied, and are not inconsistent with the provisions of the code.

So far as the pleadings are concerned, it is manifest that the spirit of the new system is to require the plaintiff to state in his complaint the facts constituting his cause of action, whether legal or equitable (sub. 2, of sec. 38 of Pr. Act), and the defendant to set forth in his answer his true ground of defence, to whichsoever of the former classes of legal or equitable defences it may belong. Every action is to be prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest (Sec. 6); any person may be made defendant who claims an interest in the controversy adverse to the plaintiff (Sec. 13), and all those united in interest must be joined as plaintiffs or defendants (Sec. 14). The plaintiff may unite several causes of action in the same complaint, but the causes of action so united must belong to one only of the classes specified in section 61, and must affect all the parties to that action and be separately stated (Sec. 61). The defendant may demur to the complaint, when it shall appear upon its face, among other causes of demurrer, that there is a defect of parties, plaintiff or defendant; or that several causes of action have been improperly united; or that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action (Sec. 40); and when any of the matters, which are cause of demurrer, do not appear upon the face of the complaint, the objection may be taken by answer. (Sec. 43.)

According to these provisions, if it appear upon the face of the complaint that there is a nonjoinder of plaintiffs or of defendants, the latter may demur; and the same rule must Apply, if there be a misjoinder, for we construe the word defect in the Act, to mean a defect in the complaint by reason of having either too many or too few parties. In case of a demurrer being interposed, the complaint may be amended (Sec. 42), and thus the suit put in a proper condition for a trial on the merits. In case the defect does not appear on the face of the complaint, the defendant may bring it forward by his answer, and then, in certain cases, as a matter of course, and, in others, on application to the Court and on such terms as may be proper, the plaintiff may amend by adding or striking out the name of any party, or by correcting a mistake in the name of a party, or a mistake in any other respect, &c. (Secs. 67, 68), and upon the amended complaint and the answer to that, the parties are ready to proceed to trial upon the substantial merits.

It is then provided by section 44 that, if no objection be taken to the complaint by demurrer or answer, the defendant shall be deemed to have waived the same, excepting only the objection to the jurisdiction of the Court, and the objection that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action.

Let us now apply these provisions of the statute to the case in hand. There was a mis-joinder of defendants in the complaint. This defect not appearing on the face of the complaint, the objection might have been taken in the answer; the plaintiff could then have amended by striking out the name of the defendant improperly united in the suit; the other defendant could then have filed a new answer, and introduced his separate claim of set-off, if he had any, or any other separate defence. We have above seen that there is nothing more incompatible with principle in requiring a mis-joinder to be pleaded in abatement, than in requiring a non-joinder to be thus objected to; and we think that the former objection, equally with the latter, ought to be taken in the answer. By section 44, above cited, the defect is waived, unless the objection be to the jurisdiction of the Court, or that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. There is no ground for the former objection. Is there for the latter? We have above noticed in cases of bankruptcy, infancy, &c, that, although one party were discharged, judgment might be rendered against the other, which could not be done, if it were considered that the declaration did not state sufficient facts to constitute a cause of action against him. We think that the complaint stated facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action against the defendant, Dennison, alone, and that he cannot object on this ground.

An objection is raised to this construction of the statute under the third subdivision of section 31. This declares that when the action is against two or more defendants, and the summons has been served on all, "judgment may be taken against any or either of them severally, when the plaintiff would be entitled to judgment against such defendant or defendants, if the action had been against them or any of them alone."

In the case before us the summons was served on both the defendants, and the verdict shows that if the suit had been commenced against Dennison alone, the plaintiff would have been entitled to judgment against him. So far as the literal construction of this subdivision is concerned, there is no validity in the objection of the appellant, and it receives plausibility only by reference to distinctions under the old system, which it was the object of the new to abolish.

The provision of the Act in relation to suits on promissory notes and bills of exchange is referred to in support of the appellants position. Section 15 says: "Persons severally liable upon the same obligation or instrument, including parties to bills of exchange and promissory notes, may all or any of them be included in the same action, at the option of the plaintiff." Full effect may be given to all parts of this section without resorting to the construction given by the appellant. Thus, a suit is brought on a promissory note against A as maker, and C as endorser. Now, if A claims B is a joint maker with him, he must plead that fact in abatement, or judgment may go against him, even though it should be proved at the trial that B was a joint maker. So, according to the interpretation which we give to the statute, if a suit be brought against A and B as joint makers, and C as endorser, and either A or B claims that there is a misjoinder of the other, he may insist upon that fact in his answer and set up any several defence, by way of set-off or otherwise, which he might have relied upon if he were charged as sole maker. If he neglects to do this, he must be deemed to have waived the objection, and if, at the trial, he appears to have been the sole maker, there is no injustice done in giving judgment against him.

There are several other sections of the statute in addition to those already cited, which clearly indicate the intention of the Legislature to have been, that all technical and formal defects should be disregarded, and that the rights of all the parties to a suit should be determined in that suit, without turning the parties round to a new action for the purpose of obviating some technical difficulty. Thus it is declared in section 17, that "the Court may determine any controversy between the parties before it, when it can be done without prejudice to the rights of others, or by saving their rights; but when a complete determination of the controversy cannot be had without the presence of other parties, the Court shall order them to be brought in." Section 61 declares that "the Court shall, in every stage of the action, disregard any error or defect in the pleadings or proceedings which shall not affect the substantial rights of the adverse party, and no judgment shall be reversed or affected by reason of such error or defect." Section 279 authorizes this Court, on appeal, "to render such judgment as substantial justice shall require, without regard to formal or technical defects, errors or imperfections, not affecting the very right and justice of the case." It was not pretended on the argument, that the defendant Dennison had any set-off or other matter, which he could have urged as a defence in case the suit had been brought against him alone, or that the verdict or judgment was for a greater amount than his individual indebtedness to the plaintiff, and it does not appear how substantial justice would be secured by a judgment in any respect different from that which has been already rendered.

By section 167, "judgment may be given for or against one or more of several plaintiffs, and for or against one or more of several defendants, and it may determine the ultimate rights of the parties on each side as between themselves. In an action against several defendants, the Court may, in its discretion, render judgment against one or more of them, leaving the action to proceed against the others whenever a several judgment may be proper." The appellant urges, and the same view was taken by the Court in Merrifield v. Cooley, above cited, that the words, whenever a several judgment may be proper, imply that there may be cases in which such a judgment would be improper. Undoubtedly they do; and we can conceive of cases in which, under our interpretation of the statute, such a judgment would be improper. For instance, in the illustration above given of an action on a promissory note against A as maker, and C as endorser, A may plead the nonjoinder of B in abatement; judgment may then be taken against C, leaving the action to proceed against A on the issues made by his pleadings. So also in an action against A and B as joint makers, and C as endorser, either A or B may plead the misjoinder in abatement, judgment may be taken against the endorser, leaving the action to proceed against the persons charged as makers, to be determined according to the issues made; or in the case last supposed, if neither of the makers should see fit to plead the misjoinder, then judgment may be rendered against the one proved to be liable, and for the one not proved to be liable, leaving the action to proceed against the endorser. The same practice, mutatis mutandis, would apply in case of several persons sought to be charged as joint endorsers, when sued in the same action with the maker. We think, therefore, that full effect may be given to this section of the statute, without resorting to the construction which was given in Merrifield v. Cooley.

We have, in the outset, noticed that the provisions of our Practice Act are, for the most part, taken from the Code of Procedure of New York; and the first clause of section 167 above quoted is a copy verbatim of section 230 of that code. The commissioners of the code, in reporting the result of their labors to the Legislature, say in reference to that section: "The object of this section is to prevent a failure of justice when there happen to be too many or too few parties brought into Court. The questions arising on the nonjoinder or misjoinder of parties, are the cause of much delay, vexation and disappointment, resulting not unfrequently in an entire failure of justice. This section will prevent them hereafter." This shows the object in view in submitting this section to the Legislature, and we think the section may, although, perhaps, with occasional clashings with some other sections, be fairly interpreted so as to realize the intentions of the commissioners.

We do not see that this construction can work prejudice to any defendant, for, should it appear for the first time at the trial, that there is either a nonjoinder or a misjoinder, by reason whereof any party has been prevented from urging any defence, which, without such defect, he would be entitled to insist upon, it would not, we apprehend, be too late for him to apply to the Court to be permitted to amend on such terms as would be proper.

On the whole, we think that the practice should be established as adopted in the Court below. But as the question is new in this State, and the defendants have been guided by an adjudicated case upon the same statutory provisions, it is no more than just that the defendant Dennison should have an opportunity of setting up any defence, by way of set-off or otherwise, which he may have separately against the plaintiff. The cause must be remanded to the Court below, with leave to the defendant Dennison to apply within ten days after the filing of the remittitur for permission to amend his answer by setting up any set - off or other matter, which would be a defence to the action in whole or in part, if the suit had been brought against him alone. If such application be made and granted, the cause will be brought to trial and disposed of in the ordinary way; if such application shall not be made, or if made, it be denied, then the judgment appealed from will become final.

Ordered accordingly.