MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

KATHLEEN O'MALLEY, District Judge

This case presents a dispute between three governmental authorities regarding the priority of their liens on the proceeds of real property formerly owned by debtors Carmen and Nancy Civiello. The governmental entities are the United States Internal Revenue Service("IRS"), the Ohio Department of Taxation ("Taxation"), and the Ohio Bureau of Worker's Compensation ("OBWC"). Each entity has filed a motion for summary judgment(docket nos. 11, 12, 13). For the reasons stated below, the motion by OBWC is GRANTED as unopposed, the motion by the IRS is GRANTED and the motion by Taxation is DENIED. Accordingly, the $81,312.76 currently being held by the escrow agent shall be distributed as follows:

• $470.17 shall be distributed to Taxation;

• $2,383.97 shall be distributed to OBWC; and

• $78,458.62 shall be distributed to the IRS.

I.

Before the sale occurred, the parties placed a number of liens on the Civiellos' home. Specifically, the IRS placed six liens on the home (referred to below as "IRS-Lien-I" through "IRS-Lien-VT'), Taxation placed five liens on the home (referred to below as `Taxation-Lien-F' through `Taxation-Lien-V"), and OBWC placed one lien on the home (referred to below as "OBWC-Lien-F'). The total of the liens placed by the IRS is $358,467.27; the total of the liens placed by Taxation is $27,540.49; and the value of the OBWC's lien is $2,383.97. Obviously, the existing $81,312.76 in proceeds from the sale of the home is dwarfed by the total amount of the liens.

The critical question presented by this case is the priority of the parties' respective liens on the proceeds. The answer to this question depends, in part, on when each governmental entity assessed its liens against the Civiellos, and when it recorded those liens. The timeline of these events is set out in the chart below. The shaded rows highlight when the IRS-Liens were assessed.

Date Lienor Lien Name Amount Event lien assessed notice of lien filed notice of lien filed lien assessed lien assessed lien assessed lien assessed lien assessed lien assessed notice of lien filed notice of lien filed lien assessed lien assessed notice of lien filed lien assessed notice of lien filed notice of lien recorded notice of lien recorded notice of lien recorded notice of lien recorded notice of lien recorded notice of lien recorded notice of lien re-filed

II.

In addition to agreeing to all of the material facts, the parties also agree that certain general rules apply when determining the priority of liens. The overriding rule is that "[t]he priority of the federal tax lien . . . as against liens created under state law is governed by the common-law rule — `the first in time is the first in right.'" United States v. Pioneer American Ins. Co., 374 U.S. 84, 87 (1963) (quoting United States v. City of New Britain, Conn., 347 U.S. 81, 85-86 (1954)). The parties also agree that "[i]t is critical, therefore, to determine when competing liens, whether federal — or state-created, come into existence or become valid for the purpose of the rule." Id. (emphasis added). Put differently, it is critical to determine when each of the competing liens became choate — "the priority of a lien depends on the time the lien attached to the property in question and became choate." Minnesota Dept. of Revenue v. United States. 184 F.3d 725, 728 (8th Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1075 (2000) (citing New Britain, 347 U.S. at 84). A lien becomes choate when "there is nothing more to be done . . . — when the identity of the lienor, the property subject to the lien, and the amount of the lien are established." New Britain. 347 U.S. at 84.

The date that the six IRS-Liens came into existence is usually easy to determine: "[a] federal tax lien attaches and becomes choate at assessment." In re Nerland Oil, Inc., 303 F.3d 911, 916 (8th Cir. 2002) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 321-22). According to this rule, the six IRS-Liens became choate on the dates they wereassessed, which are highlighted in the chart above. Thus, for example, under this rule, IRS-Lien-I arose and became choate when it was assessed on June 8, 1992. The chart reveals that, by May 17, 1993, the sum of the IRS-Liens that had become choate § that is, IRS-Liens I-IV — was $84,884.62, which is in excess of the existing proceeds.

Importantly, however, there is a statutory exception to the common law rule of "first in time, first in right." The exception is set out in section § 6323(a) of the federal tax code: "[t]he lien imposed by section 6321 shall not be valid as against any . . . judgment lien creditor until notice thereof which meets the requirements of subsection (f) has been filed by the Secretary [of the Treasury]." 26 U.S.C. § 623(a). Section 6323(f), in turn, provides that, in the case of real property, the Secretary must file notice of the federal tax lien "in one office within the State (or the county, or other governmental subdivision), as designated by the laws of such State, in which the property subject to the lien is situated." Thus, pursuant to § 323(a f), the six IRS-Liens were not deemed valid as against a judgment creditor until the date on which the Secretary filed notices of those liens with the Stark County recorder. As the chart above shows, the dates on which the Secretary filed notices of the IRS-Liens were well after the dates on which the IRS-Liens were first assessed, after the dates on which Taxation assessed the five Taxation-Liens, and — most important — after Taxation filed its own notices of lien with the Stark County Court of Common Pleas. In other words, if Taxation became a judgment lien creditor when it filed its notices of lien in the Court of Common Pleas, then the Taxation-Liens would have priority over the IRS-Liens.

Taxation argues that: (1) it is, in fact, a judgment lien creditor; (2) accordingly, the exception set out in § 6323(a) applies; (3) pursuant to the exception, Taxation-Liens I-V all became choate before IRS-Liens I-VI were filed; and (4) therefore, the escrow agent should first distribute the remaining proceeds in payment of all of the Taxation-Liens, before any of the IRS-Liens are satisfied. To assess the validity of this argument, the Court must determine whether Taxation is a judgment lien creditor, as that term is used in § 6323(a).

The seminal case on whether a lien-owner is a judgment lien creditor isUnited States v. Gilbert Assocs., Inc., 345 U.S. 361 (1953). In Gilbert, as in this case, a state taxing authority (specifically, the Town of Walpole, New Hampshire) obtained a tax lien on property owned by the insolvent defendant, Gilbert Associates. The federal government also had a tax lien against Gilbert Associates. The Town argued in state court that its lien was "in the nature of a judgment," so that it was a judgment lien creditor and the exception set out in § 323(a) applied. The Supreme Court of New Hampshire agreed with the Town, but the Supreme Court of the United States reversed. The Supreme Court first disagreed with the Town's contention that the question of who constitutes a judgment lien creditor should be governed by state law, ruling "that the meaning of a federal statute is for this Court to decide."Id. at 363. The Supreme Court then addressed the meaning of the term "judgment creditor," as used in the IRS statute, as follows:

A cardinal principle of Congress in its tax scheme is uniformity, as far as may be. Therefore, a "judgment creditor" should have the same application in all the states. In this instance, we think Congress used the words "judgment creditor" . . . in the usual, conventional sense of a judgment of a court of record, since all states have such courts. We do not think Congress had in mind the action of taxing authorities who may be acting judicially as in New Hampshire and some other states, where the end result is something "in the nature of a judgment," while in other states the taxing authorities act quasi-judicially and are considered administrative bodies.

In 1976, the IRS issued a regulation codifying the holding ofGilbert. The regulation explains that the term "judgment lien creditor":

means a person who has obtained a valid judgment, in a court of record and of competent jurisdiction for the recovery of specifically designated property or for a certain sum of money. * * * The term "judgment" does not include the determination of a quasi-judicial body or of an individual acting in a quasi-judicial capacity such as the action of State taxing authorities.

26 C.F.R. § 01.6323(h)-1(g) (emphasis added). This regulation, because it has "long continued without substantial change" and "appl[ies] to unamended or substantially reenacted statutes," is "deemed to have received congressional approval and have the effect of law." United States v. Cleveland Indians Baseball Co., 532 U.S. 200, 220 (2001).

Notably, ever since Gilbert was issued, lower courts have applied its holding uniformly. In every case this Court could find that cites Gilbert, where state and federal taxing authorities argued over the priority of competing liens, the court held that the federal liens had priority because the state taxing authority was not a judgment lien creditor. Even state courts that addressed this question so held. For example, in North Gate Corp. v. North Gate Bowl, Inc., 149 N.W.2d 651 (Wis. 1967), the Wisconsin Supreme Court examined the priority of liens owned by the Wisconsin Industrial Commission ("WIC") and the IRS. The court noted that the WIC lien was "not obtained by going through a court procedure nor . . . by obtaining a judgment in a state court." Id. at 528. Rather, WIC's "method of getting a lien on property is entirely administrative. The requirement of docketing the lien with the clerk of court does not make the proceeding a judicial one." Id. at 527 n. 16. The court concluded that WIC "is not a judgment creditor for purposes of sec. 6323, Int. Rev. Code, because its lien was obtained by an administrative procedure without contest and then docketed in the circuit court." This remained true even though the taxpayer could have, in fact, contested the tax assessment through an administrative proceeding. See id. at 526 n. 15 (setting out the WIC administrative process for challenging tax liability). See also In re South Independence, Inc., 256 B.R. 861, 866-67 (E.D. Va. 2000) (Virginia tax lien did not have priority even though Virginia filed a notice of lien in state court, because "anything less than a judgment in a court of record with judicial authority will not suffice"); United States v. R E Corp., 1999 WL 680376 at *6 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 31, 1999) (Pennsylvania's "[f]iling a notice of a Hen pursuant to section 788.1, involves no `judicial intervention' and' [t]he fact that the legislation stated that the paper should be filed in the office of the Prothonotary does not make it a `judgment,' even though the Prothonotary also is the repository for judicial records'"); Brown v. State of Maryland. 699 F. Supp. 1149, 1153 (D. Md. 1987), affirmed. 1988 WL 124793 (4th Cir. Nov. 10, 1988)("[w]hatever the effect under state law of the recording by Maryland . . . of a notice of assessment, such recording did not within the meaning of § 6323(a) constitute the entry of a judgment in favor of the State of Maryland by a court of record").

The sum of this authority seems to make clear that, in this case, Taxation is not a judgment lien creditor, because its assessments were not judgments issued by an Ohio court of record with judicial authority. Rather, pursuant to Ohio statute: (1) the Ohio "tax commissioner . . . ma[d]e an assessment against [the Civiellos] for [their tax] deficiency," Ohio Rev. Code § 5747.13(A); (2) "the assessment [became] final," after the Civiellos did not timely "file with the tax commissioner . . . a written petition for reassessment," id. § 747.13(B); and (C) "a certified copy of the tax commissioner's entry making the assessment final [was then] filed in the office of the clerk of the court of common pleas in [Stark County], id. § 747.13(C). As noted in the cases cited above, this last step does not transform the commissioner's assessment into a judgment issued by a court of record. See, e.g., RE Corp., 1999 WL 680376 at *6 ("[t]he fact that the legislation stated that the paper should be filed in the office of the Prothonotary does not make it a `judgment,' even though the Prothonotary also is the repository for judicial records");Brown v. State of Maryland. 699 F. Supp. 1149, 1153 (D. Md. 1987), affirmed. 1988 WL 124793 (4th Cir. Nov. 10, 1988)("the recording by Maryland . . . of a notice of assessment . . . did not within the meaning of § 6323(a) constitute the entry of a judgment in favor of the State of Maryland by a court of record").

Despite this overwhelming authority, Taxation insists it is a judgment lien creditor because Taxation, itself, is "the functional equivalent" of a court of record. Motion at 5. To support this assertion, Taxation draws a series of parallels between the administrative process before the Ohio Board of Tax Appeals and the normal judicial process that occurs in a court of record. Taxation notes, for example, that the tax commissioner's "assessment must be served upon the taxpayer or his agent by certified mail or personal delivery. The function of the assessment is similar to a civil complaint. The assessment requires an `answer' to be filed by the taxpayer by means of a petition of reassessment." Id. at 7. Taxation further notes that, if the taxpayer files a petition for reassessment "and the petition is denied, then the taxpayer can appeal to the Board of Tax Appeals (`BTA')." Id Taxation goes on to note that, when in front of the BTA, the taxpayer

may be represented by an attorney. * * * Testimony is taken under oath and a record of such testimony is kept. Proceedings of the BTA are public. The courts reviewing such determinations are bound by the findings of fact and issues raised in the BTA. Discovery is permissible. The BTA and Taxation have subpoena powers. If the BTA affirms the Tax Commissioner, the taxpayer can appeal to the Ohio Supreme Court. Finally, after such an appeal is ultimately exhausted at the Ohio Supreme Court level or U.S. Supreme Court level, should the Tax Commissioner prevail, he files the same certified copy of the assessment with the Clerk of Common Pleas Court to obtain judgment as was filed in this case. Any appeal serves only to confirm or overturn the initial determination of the Tax Commissioner.

The only case that Taxation points to in support of its argument isAir Power Inc., v. United States. 741 F.2d 53 (4th Cir. 1984). In Air Power, the lien contest was between the IRS and a private lien-holder (Air Power) — not, as here, between the IRS and a state taxing authority. The odd wrinkle in Air Power was that "the Virginia legislature ha[d] characterized the Virginia general district court from which Air Power secured its judgment as a `court not of record.'" Id. at 54. Given that Air Power's judgment was from a "court not of record," the federal district court held that Air Power could not be deemed a judgment lien creditor under § 323(a) and IRS regulation 26 C.F.R. § 01.6323(h)-1(g). The Air Power appellate court reversed, holding that: (1) the question of "whether a judgment issues from a `court of record' for purposes of section 6323 priority under the Internal Revenue Code is a question of federal law," not Virginia law; and (2) the Virginia general district court was, in fact a court of record, despite the Virginia legislature's own label to the contrary. Id.

In reaching the conclusion that the court from which Air Power had obtained its judgment was, in fact, a court of record, the Air Power court examined "the true character of the issuing court in light of Congress' expressed desire to confer special protection to certain qualifying state-created property interests." Id. at 58. TheAir Power court stated that "[t]he dispositive question is not whether the tribunal carries the rubric `court of record,' but whether it has been cloaked by its host state with the usual and conventional powers of a `court of record' and operates as a judicial body." The Air Power court catalogued some of the powers wielded by the Virginia general district court,id. at 58, and concluded that these powers showed that the general district court was a court of record.

Taxation compares the catalogue of court powers listed in Air Power to the powers and procedures that Taxation follows in its own administrative process, as listed above. Taxation then concludes that it is as much a "court of record" as is the Virginia general district court. For at least three reasons, however, the Court finds Taxation's conclusion is not well-supported.

First, Air Power is easily distinguished on its facts.Air Power was examining whether a court, with a defined jurisdiction, was a "court of record." Air Power did not involve in any way a governmental tax authority, and theAir Power court was not assessing whether the administrative procedures provided by a governmental tax authority met the requirements of a "court of record and of competent jurisdiction." 26 C.F.R. § 301.6323(h)-1(g). Moreover, Air Power did not address at all the explicit provision in the IRS regulation stating that a "`judgment' does not include the determination of a quasi-judicial body or of an individual acting in a quasi-judicial capacity such as the action of State taxing authorities." Id. Air Power ignored this provision because it was not at issue in that case; Taxation ignores this provision, even though it is central to this case.

Second, the unanimity of the reported cases in concluding that, when state and federal taxing authorities argue over the priority of competing liens, the federal liens have priority because the state taxing authority is not a judgment lien creditor, includes cases that citeAir Power favorably. In re South Independence, Inc., 256 B.R. at 866-67; Brown. 699 F. Supp. at 1153. TheBrown court, for example, squarely rejects the same argument that Taxation advances in this case:

Maryland's reliance on the Air Power. Inc. case is misplaced. There, a private judgment lien creditor was involved, and the critical question was whether the judgment had been obtained in a court of record in Virginia. In concluding that the Virginia court in question was a court of record under federal law, the Fourth Circuit, in applying federal law, emphasized the importance of nationwide uniformity. The principle of nationwide uniformity would not be advanced were this Court to rule that Maryland became a judgment lien creditor merely by

recording a notice of the existence of its tax lien in the County land records.

Brown. 699 F. Supp. at 1153. Put simply, Air Power does not truly stand for the proposition for which Taxation cites it.

Finally, it is important to note that, to varying degrees, the state taxing authorities in virtually every state provide for administrative procedures similar to the ones Taxation identifies as the "functional equivalent" of a court of record. See, e.g., North Gate Corp., 149 N.W.2d at 526 n. 15 (setting out the administrative process for Wisconsin tax assessments). Thus, Taxation does not show how the circumstances of this case are critically different from those in other cases where state taxing authorities argued unsuccessfully that they were judgment lien creditors.

Taxation adds one last argument, noting that its own administrative process "is the only `court of record', de facto or otherwise, with jurisdiction to establish sales, withholding, and personal income tax debt in the State of Ohio." Motion at 8. The inference that Taxation asks the Court to draw is that, because the State of Ohio has created the administrative process that Taxation uses as the sole mechanism for finally determining tax debt, that mechanism must be construed as a court of record. That the Ohio General Assembly chose to allow Taxation to create and enforce a lien through an administrative process, rather than through obtaining a judgment in a traditional court of record, however, is within the State's prerogative. One benefit of that choice is to streamline the process through which tax assessments occur and become final; one cost of that choice is to remove from Taxation the opportunity to avail itself of judgment lien creditor status under § 6323(a). There is no requirement that the State must make available a court of record to adjudicate tax liens from the inception of the assessment of the tax, and Ohio has chosen not to do so.

In sum, the IRS-Liens in this case became choate on the dates they were assessed; the Taxation-Liens became choate when the State filed notices of lien with the Stark County Court of Common Pleas; and there is no exception which justifies deviation from the principle of "first in time, first in right" when determining the priority of those respective liens. Because the IRS-Liens I-TV were all choate before Taxation-Liens II-V and take priority over those state liens, the IRS's motion for distribution must be granted.