Richman, J.

Attorney for Defendant: Law Offices of Hanlon & Rief, Stuart Hanlon, San Francisco, and Nathan Robert Peterson.

Attorneys for Plaintiff and Respondent: Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Masha A. Dabiza, Deputy Attorney General, Na'Shaun Neal, Deputy Attorney General, Elizabeth W. Hereford, Deputy Attorney General.

Opinion

Richman, J.In People v. Harvey (1979) 25 Cal.3d 754, 758–759, 159 Cal.Rptr. 696, 602 P.2d 396 (Harvey ) our Supreme Court held that facts underlying charges dismissed as part of a negotiated plea may not, absent contrary agreement by the defendant (now called a Harvey waiver), be used to impose adverse sentencing consequences. The principle expanded to cover victim restitution (e.g., People v. Baumann (1985) 176 Cal.App.3d 67, 74–75, 222 Cal.Rptr. 32 ), and was soon codified. (Stats. 1988, ch. 287, § 1, p. 989, adding Pen.Code, § 1192.3, subd. (b) [“If restitution is imposed which is attributable to a count dismissed pursuant to a plea bargain, ... the court shall obtain a waiver pursuant to People v. Harvey (1979) 25 Cal.3d 754, 159 Cal.Rptr. 696, 602 P.2d 396 from the defendant as to the dismissed count.”].)

The novel issue for decision here is whether, notwithstanding a Harvey waiver, a defendant is entitled to an evidentiary hearing in the hope of establishing that no restitution is owing to the victim of a dismissed charge because the defendant did not commit the offense, an issue that arises out of these circumstances:On Christmas Eve 2011, Yasmin Jenkins was cleaning the apartment of 62–year–old, wheelchair-bound Donnie Weatherton. Instead of paying Jenkins as he promised, Weatherton shot her in her hand, and then would not let her leave to seek medical attention. A number of firearms were discovered when Weatherton's apartment was searched on January 5, 2012.

Following a preliminary examination, Weatherton was charged by information with committing the following felonies: (1) assaulting Jenkins with a firearm and personally inflicting great bodily injury (§§ 245, subd. (a)(2), 12022.7, subd. (a)); (2) falsely imprisoning Jenkins by violence and the personal use of a firearm (§§ 236, 12022.5, subd. (a)); (3) being a past-convicted felon in possession of a firearm when he shot Jenkins (§ 29800, subd. (a)(1)); (4) unlawful possession of a firearm in a public place on January 5, 2012 (§ 25850, subd. (c)(1)); (5), (6), (7) and (9) being a past-convicted felon in possession of a firearm on or about January 5, 2012 (§ 29800, subd. (a)(1)); and (8) unauthorized possession of a firearm on or about January 5, 2012 (§ 30305, subd. (a)). It was further alleged in the information that Weatherton had a 1992 prior strike conviction for assault with a firearm.

Shortly thereafter Weatherton entered pleas of guilty to two charges, counts 3 and 7, of being a past-convicted felon in possession of a firearm on December 24, 2011, the date Jenkins was shot, and on or about January 5, 2012. Weatherton also admitted the prior strike allegation. At two points on the change of plea form, Weatherton acknowledged making a “Harvey waiver for restitution” and facing liability for “actual restitution per Harvey waiver.” This understanding was confirmed by the court prior to Weatherton changing his pleas: “Mr. Weatherton, the D.A. is willing to dismiss the other charges as long as you enter into a Harvey waiver, which means I can consider the other counts in determining the sentence and can also order restitution with regards to the dismissed counts. Do you agree and enter into a Harvey waiver at this time?” Weatherton replied, “Yes.”

At the sentencing hearing the court heard and granted Weatherton's motion to strike the prior conviction allegation; suspended imposition of sentence; admitted Weatherton to probation upon specified conditions; and reserved jurisdiction to determine restitution to Jenkins. The court denied Jenkins's request to speak, on the ground that “She is not the victim any more. She is not a victim in this case. That case was dismissed. So, she is not technically a victim.”

At the restitution hearing held three months later, the court received evidence that Jenkins's insurer had paid $22,141.08 for the treatment of her gunshot injury. However, Weatherton would not stipulate to this amount because, as his counsel explained: “Mr. Weatherton has always adamantly stated steadfastly that he never committed any crime against Ms. Jenkins,” and was present to testify to that effect. With respect to the Harvey waiver, Weatherton's counsel argued “it allows the Court to consider uncharged conduct, but ... it's not an admission to the conduct. I think the burden is still on the People to prove that by a preponderance of the evidence.”

The court was not persuaded: “Looking at the minutes of the plea proceedings ..., the pleas were to counts 3 and 7, which were violations of Penal Code section 29800(a) [1], which were possession of a firearm by a felon. But the minutes say, quote, ‘Dismissed counts may be considered at time of sentencing in re: Harvey .’ Dismissed counts would include Count 1, which was the ... assault with a firearm charge [on Jenkins]. [¶] So it's clear that the Harvey waiver embraced Count 1. [¶] Then looking again at the minutes of the sentencing ... it says, quote, ‘Defendant shall make restitution in amount to be determined by the probation officer. Restitution to victim Yasmin Jenkins,’ end quote.... [¶] So the Court made a determination already at that sentence hearing that restitution would be ordered for Yasmin Jenkins. So that's ... a ship that has sailed, and the Court will not revisit that.” The court then ordered defendant to pay restitution to Jenkins in the amount of $22,141.08. Weatherton challenges only the ruling that he could not present evidence, i.e., his testimony, disputing any liability for either of the two dismissed charges which posited Jenkins as the victim of Weatherton's criminal acts. He contends that denial deprived him of “his due process right to present evidence at the restitution hearing that would controvert his culpability for the dismissed counts.” The supporting argument runs as follows:

“It is unquestioned that restitution may be granted to a victim in a dismissed count so long as there is a valid Harvey waiver by the defendant. ( Cal. Pen[.] Code, § 1192.3 ; People v. Ozkan (2004) 124 Cal.App.4th 1072, 1078, 21 Cal.Rptr.3d 854 ; see also People v. Harvey (1979) 25 Cal.3d 754, 758, 159 Cal.Rptr. 696, 602 P.2d 396.) However, even where there is a valid Harvey waiver, if the defendant contests the allegations in the dismissed counts, the prosecution bears the burden of proving the allegations in said counts by a preponderance of the evidence. (People v. Baumann (1985) 176 Cal.App.3d 67, 80, 222 Cal.Rptr. 32 (When the defendant denies having committed uncharged or dismissed offenses, the prosecution has the burden or [sic ] proving the defendant's culpability by a preponderance of the evidence.)”

“While the judge [i.e., Judge Runde] was correct in noting that there was a valid Harvey waiver, he erred by denying Appellant his due process right to present evidence at the restitution hearing controverting the record from the preliminary hearing and showing that he was not culpable for the shooting of Jenkins.... Appellant was prepared to testify at the restitution hearing, as he was entitled to do, and the judge erred by refusing to hear his evidence and take it under consideration before determining that Jenkins was entitled to restitution.”

Concerning Judge Runde's “ship that has sailed” comment, Weatherton argues: “Judge Runde was also mistaken as to the determination made by the sentencing judge, Judge Karesh. There was no finding made by the sentencing judge as to the culpability of Appellant for any dismissed counts. In fact, Judge Karesh stated on the record that Yasmin Jenkins was ‘not a victim in this case’ and refused to allow her to testify as a victim. Judge Karesh did order a hearing on restitution, but that ... is not a dispositive ruling that an alleged victim is entitled to restitution.”

Finally, believing that Jenkins's testimony at the preliminary examination was “destroyed,” and thus she had “zero credibility” after being “thoroughly impeached and contradicted,” Weatherton concludes that by using that testimony ‘the prosecution could not meet its burden for proving the assault charge.” The appropriate remedy, he concludes, is reversal for a new restitution hearing.

Until this appeal there appears to be no reported decision directly challenging the logical and settled consequence of Harvey, namely, that “[b]ecause restitution on the dismissed counts was part of the plea bargain and was a condition of appellant's plea, and there being no dispute that appellant's plea was freely and voluntarily made, had factual basis, and was approved by the court, the court did not err in ordering restitution on [the dismissed counts].” (People v. Beck (1993) 17 Cal.App.4th 209, 217, 21 Cal.Rptr.2d 250.) In mounting that challenge, Weatherton cites People v. Baumann, supra, 176 Cal.App.3d 67, 222 Cal.Rptr. 32, where the defendant pled guilty to one count of embezzlement and five identical counts were dismissed. The defendant was admitted to probation on condition she make restitution to the victim in an amount that reflected the dismissed counts, as well as uncharged embezzlements.

Judging by the page he cites, Weatherton apparently relies on this passage in Baumann : “In People v. Hartley (1984) 163 Cal.App.3d 126, 130, 209 Cal.Rptr. 131, it was said: ‘Since a defendant will learn of the amount of restitution recommended when [s]he reviews the probation report prior to sentencing, the defendant bears the burden at the hearing of proving that amount exceeds the replacement or repair cost.’ (Fn. omitted.) ‘The purposes of an order for restitution are ... rehabilitating the offender and deterring future criminal conduct; these purposes differ from those underlying a civil restitution order.... Due process is considered satisfied in the criminal law as long as a separate hearing is held to determine the value of the victim's loss. [Citation.] As noted, however, there is no requirement that the order be limited to the exact amount of loss in which the individual is actually found culpable.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Baumann, supra, 176 Cal.App.3d 67, 80, 222 Cal.Rptr. 32.) The “As noted” is an obvious incorporation of the preceding paragraph: “The requirements of due process are satisfied by providing the defendant a hearing on ability to pay as well as the extent of the loss occasioned by the defendant's criminal conduct. An order of restitution as a condition of probation is not an abuse of discretion as long as the defendant is given an opportunity to present evidence rebutting her civil liability at the sentencing hearing. [Citations.]” (Id. at pp. 79–80, 222 Cal.Rptr. 32.)

Neither the “extent of the loss occasioned by the defendant's criminal conduct” nor the “opportunity to present evidence rebutting ... civil liability” language in Baumann can—or should—be read as reopening the actual existence or occurrence of a criminal act as alleged in a dismissed count. To do so would not only be contrary to the plain logic of Harvey, it would result in absurd consequences—and largely strip Harvey of its intended utility. Baumann was obviously considering only the context of restitution, not a belated attempt to resolve the substantive issue of guilt. When the Supreme Court allowed that, with the appropriate waiver, a trial court could take account of “the facts underlying, and ... pertaining to, the dismissed counts[s]” (Harvey, supra, 25 Cal.3d 754, 758, 159 Cal.Rptr. 696, 602 P.2d 396 ), it was clearly authorizing, because of the defendant's personal acquiescence, a sentencing court to take cognizance of such relevant “facts” as might be shown from the court record.

A court considering victim restitution has an even broader authorization. Baumann acknowledged that liability for restitution is not co-extensive with demonstrated criminal culpability. Our Supreme Court has subsequently explained the broadened scope of that authorization, at the same time reiterating the point made in Baumann : “California courts have long interpreted the trial courts' discretion to encompass the ordering of restitution as a condition of probation even when the loss was not necessarily caused by the criminal conduct underlying the conviction.... [R]estitution has been found proper where the loss was caused by related conduct not resulting in a conviction [citation], by conduct underlying dismissed and uncharged counts [citation], and by conduct resulting in an acquittal [citation]. There is no requirement the restitution order be limited to the exact amount of the loss in which the defendant is actually found culpable, nor is there any requirement the order reflect the amount of damages that might be recoverable in a civil action.” (People v. Carbajal (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1114, 1121, 43 Cal.Rptr.2d 681, 899 P.2d 67.)Moreover, pursuant to constitutional mandate, the statutory scope of restitution has widened even further. (See Cal. Const., art. I, § 28, subd. (b) (13)(B) [“Restitution shall be ordered from the convicted wrongdoer in every case, regardless of the sentence or disposition imposed ... .”]; § 1202.4, subds. (d) [“the court shall consider any relevant factors, including ... losses as a result of the crime [which] may include pecuniary losses ... as well as intangible losses, such as psychological harm caused by the crime”], (f)(3) [listing some expenses and losses]; People v. Williams (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 142, 147, 108 Cal.Rptr.3d 772 [“A victim's restitution right is to be broadly and liberally construed”].) Weatherton points to no authority suggesting that this expansive discretion is confined to probationary restitution.

Restitution hearings are intended to be informal. “ ‘ “Section 1202.4 does not, by its terms, require any particular kind of proof. However, the trial court is entitled to consider the probation report, and, as prima facie evidence of loss, may accept a property owner's statement made in the probation report about the value of stolen or damaged property.” [Citations.] “ ‘This is so because a hearing to establish the amount of restitution does not require the formalities of other phases of a criminal prosecution. [Citation.] When the probation report includes information on the amount of the victim's loss and a recommendation as to the amount of restitution, the defendant must come forward with contrary information to challenge that amount.’ ” [Citation.]' ” (People v. Lockwood (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 91, 96, 153 Cal.Rptr.3d 663.) This is invariably a dollars and cents dispute. As we stated in People v. Chappelone (2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 1159, 1172, 107 Cal.Rptr.3d 895, it is up to the defendant “ ‘ “to demonstrate that the amount of the loss is other than that claimed by the victim,” ’ ” namely, that the amount claimed is excessive. (See People v. Gemelli (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 1539, 1543, 74 Cal.Rptr.3d 901.)

The two decisions cited by Weatherton take due process no further. (See In re Brittany L. (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 1381, 1391, 122 Cal.Rptr.2d 376 [“statutory directive is meant to afford the minor a reasonable opportunity to challenge the accuracy or validity of the victims' claimed losses. It is a crucial part of the overall statutory scheme, necessary to satisfy due process, and ensure fundamental fairness in the determination of the restitution ultimately ordered. [¶] In the present case the court refused to consider appellant's proffered evidence challenging the amount and necessity of the victims' claimed economic losses. The court's action thus did not comply with the statutory directives ... which expressly allow a minor to challenge the amount of the victims' claimed loss” (fn. & citation omitted) ]; People v. Hartley, supra, 163 Cal.App.3d 126, 130, 209 Cal.Rptr. 131 [“At the conclusion of the hearing the trial court must then make an independent judicial determination of the amount of restitution the defendant shall be required to pay based on the available evidence of the replacement or repair cost of the stolen or damaged property.”].) Weatherton cites no authority that the prosecution is required to prove the corpus delicti of the dismissed counts, whether by a preponderance of the evidence or other standard, above and beyond what was produced at the preliminary examination.

While it is one thing to respond that a victim has inflated a claim for restitution, or may even have no claim at all, it is an entirely different matter to assert, as Weatherton does, that while it is undisputed that the victim suffered compensable losses, he bears no responsibility in that there was no crime because he was acting in self-defense. (See § 197, subd. 2; People v. Goins (1991) 228 Cal.App.3d 511, 517, 279 Cal.Rptr. 42.) The startled prosecutor, expecting to litigate only the restitution issue, could hardly be expected to let Weatherton's claim go unchallenged. Weatherton was prepared to testify, but how and with what was the prosecutor to respond? Not with Jenkins, who refused to testify. And the prosecutor would face tactical decisions about a number of issues, such as: (1) whether Weatherton entertained an honest and reasonable belief of the necessity to use deadly force to defend himself from Jenkins; (2) whether Weatherton's use of deadly force was reasonable in the circumstances; and (3) whether Weatherton was not entitled to claim self-defense because he provoked a quarrel that created the ostensible need for self-defense. (See 1 Witkin, Cal. Criminal Law (4th ed. 2012) Defenses, § 68, pp. 509–510.) The court would be equally taken aback, expecting only the regular Friday restitution calendar and now looking at presiding over a felony mini-trial.

It strains credulity to think the concept of a Harvey waiver meant to approve such a situation. The obvious point of the concept was to regularize and streamline the circumstances in which dismissed charges could be considered at the time of sentencing on charges to which the defendant had pled guilty. Even if Weatherton were allowed to present his version of events, and even if that version were disbelieved, valuable court time would have been consumed. Thus, if Weatherton's connection is accepted, a Harvey waiver's utility would be undermined, if not severely curtailed. Indeed, it could truly be asked that if a Harvey waiver could be so easily repudiated and evaded, what would be the point of section 1192.3, subdivision (b) requiring one?

“Simply stated, the Harvey rationale is that ‘a deal is a deal.’ ” (People v. Martin (2010) 51 Cal.4th 75, 80, 119 Cal.Rptr.3d 99, 244 P.3d 496.) So is a Harvey waiver. Yet, having expressly agreed to a deal, and received the benefits of it, Weatherton now wants to repudiate it by trying to recast or reinterpret in his favor “the facts underlying, and ... pertaining to, the dismissed counts[s].” (Harvey, supra, 25 Cal.3d 754, 758, 159 Cal.Rptr. 696, 602 P.2d 396.) Weatherton has never argued he was unaware that he faced having to pay restitution to Jenkins even if the counts naming her as the victim were dismissed, and it is reasonable to assume that the other counts involving Jenkins were dismissed in the expectation that restitution to her would be ordered. Weatherton never asked to have his guilty pleas withdrawn because of a misapprehension on this point.Weatherton lays considerable emphasis on Judge Karesh's comment at the sentencing hearing that Jenkins was “not a victim.” The comment was true for purposes of that proceeding, not for all time. Judge Runde was correct to treat that comment as not binding at the restitution hearing because Weatherton had personally agreed at the time he changed his pleas and made his Harvey waiver that restitution to Jenkins for the dismissed counts was a reserved issue. Only the amount of that restitution remained at issue, not Jenkins's entitlement to what restitution could be proven. Weatherton had the opportunity to dispute the amount but he elected not to do so.

A deal is a deal.

The restitution order is affirmed.

We concur:

Kline, P.J.

Stewart, J.