Summary
In People v Stevens, 88 Mich. App. 421; 276 N.W.2d 910 (1979), the Court of Appeals ruled that the admonitions set forth in GCR 1963, 785.7, which prescribes the advice which must be given to a defendant who pleads guilty of an offense, must also be given to a defendant who pleads guilty to a charge of being an habitual offender.
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Docket No. 77-3434.
Decided February 6, 1979. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, and Frank R. DelVero, Prosecuting Attorney (by Keith D. Roberts, Assistant Attorney General, Prosecuting Attorneys Appellate Service), for the people.
Lawrence R. Greene, for defendant on appeal.
Before: DANHOF, C.J., and BRONSON and CYNAR, JJ.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of unarmed robbery, MCL 750.530; MSA 28.798. He subsequently pled guilty to a supplemental information charging him as a habitual offender pursuant to MCL 769.12; MSA 28.1084 and was sentenced to a prison term of 15 to 30 years. He now appeals as of right.
On July 20, 1976, a lone gunman entered Val's Pizzeria in Brighton, Michigan, and demanded that the contents of the cash register be placed in his hat. The gunman fled the store and entered a red Chevrolet Nova, which left the area. This car was spotted by Trooper Gary Groth of the Michigan State Police and he pursued and stopped the vehicle. After a back-up unit arrived, the occupants were told to leave the car. The officers then saw a gun in the car and the occupants were placed under arrest. Defendant was one of these occupants, although the testimony at trial established that he was not the gunman who had entered Val's. A subsequent search of the car uncovered a hat containing cash and a Val's menu card.
At trial, defendant objected to the admission of various exhibits offered by the prosecution on the ground that there were breaks in the chain of custody. The trial court overruled the objection. We find no error in the trial court's ruling. The fact that there are breaks in the chain of custody does not require that the evidence be excluded. To be admissible, the prosecution must merely lay a foundation identifying the articles as what they are purported to be and showing that they are connected with the crime or the accused. People v Kremko, 52 Mich. App. 565, 573; 218 N.W.2d 112 (1974), People v Burrell, 21 Mich. App. 451, 456-457; 175 N.W.2d 513 (1970). In the present case there was sufficient evidence of the exhibits' identity and connection to the crime to support their admission at trial. Any breaks in the chain of custody go to the weight of the evidence, not its admissibility. People v King, 58 Mich. App. 390, 398-399; 228 N.W.2d 391 (1975), People v Mitchell, 37 Mich. App. 351, 356; 194 N.W.2d 514 (1971). Thus, no error occurred.
The pistol was identified by the robbery victim as similar to that used by the robber and was identified by police officers as the pistol found in the car and placed in the box. The menu card was identified by a pizzeria employee as one used at the store. The hat was identified by the robbery victim as similar to that used by the robber and was further identified by police officers as the hat found in the car. The envelopes were identified by the officers as those in which the money found in the hat and in the car had previously been placed. Furthermore Chief Eugene Alli of the Brighton State Police Post testified that he retained custody of all eight exhibits commencing July 23, 1976, with the exception of one day when they were subjected to tests at the State Police laboratory.
Defendant next contends that his guilty plea to the habitual offender information should be vacated because the plea proceedings did not comply with the requirements of the guilty plea rule, GCR 1963, 785.7. The prosecution contends that compliance with the guilty plea rule is not mandatory, and a plea proceeding is proper as long as the trial court has complied with the procedures set forth in the habitual offender act. For the reasons stated below, we hold that GCR 1963, 785.7 is applicable to proceedings in which a defendant pleads guilty to a habitual offender information.
"If at any time after conviction and either before or after sentence it shall appear that a person convicted of a felony has previously been convicted of crimes as set forth in any of the 3 foregoing sections, the prosecuting attorney of the county in which such conviction was had, in his discretion, may file a separate or supplemental information in such cause accusing the said person of such previous convictions. Whereupon the court in which such conviction was had shall cause the said person whether confined in prison or otherwise, to be brought before it and shall inform him of the allegations contained in such information, and of his right to be tried as to the truth thereof according to law, and shall require such offender to say whether he is the same person as charged in such information or not. If he says he is not the same person, or remains silent, the court shall enter a plea of not guilty, and a jury of 12 jurors shall be empanelled from the petit jurors serving at the then or a following term of said court to determine the issues raised by such information and plea. The accused may waive trial by jury in the manner provided by this act. The usual practice in the trial of criminal cases shall be followed * * *." (Emphasis added.) MCL 769.13; MSA 28.1085.
As the dissent points out, unlike a regular criminal information, a supplemental information charging defendant as a habitual offender does not charge a defendant with a separate crime, but instead provides for enhanced punishment for the current conviction. People v Hendrick, 398 Mich. 410; 247 N.W.2d 840 (1976). This distinction is not determinative.
Perhaps the most appropriate method of addressing the question of the applicability of the guilty plea rule in these situations is to compare a habitual offender proceeding with a regular criminal trial, where the guilty plea rule is applicable, Guilty Plea Cases, 395 Mich. 96; 235 N.W.2d 132 (1975), and a probation revocation hearing where the rule is not applicable, People v Rial, 399 Mich. 431; 249 N.W.2d 114 (1976).
The habitual offender proceeding is similar to a probation revocation hearing in that in neither case is defendant charged with a criminal offense, and in both situations the proceeding is concerned with a fairly narrow factual issue. At this point, however, the similarities end.
The habitual offender proceeding, like an ordinary criminal trial, is a critical stage of a criminal prosecution. See People v Johnson, 386 Mich. 305; 192 N.W.2d 482 (1971), People v Burton, 44 Mich. App. 732; 205 N.W.2d 873 (1973). Defendants in both instances have the right to a trial by jury, MCL 769.13; MSA 28.1085, and the prosecution must prove the charges by proof beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Covington, 70 Mich. App. 188, 191; 245 N.W.2d 558 (1976), lv den 402 Mich. 843 (1977). Furthermore, the habitual offender proceeding is subject to the same evidentiary and procedural rules as a regular trial, MCL 769.13; MSA 28.1085. A probation revocation hearing is not a stage of a criminal prosecution, Rial, supra, at 435. Defendant does not have the right to a jury trial, People v Gladdis, 77 Mich. App. 91, 96; 257 N.W.2d 749 (1977), and the violation need only be proven by a preponderance of the evidence. People v Miller, 77 Mich. App. 381, 387; 258 N.W.2d 235 (1977). Moreover, the revocation proceeding is deemed to be summary and informal, and the normal evidentiary and procedural rules of a criminal trial are not applicable. Rial, supra, at 436.
Since these cases hold that sentencing is a critical stage and the habitual offender proceeding is a procedure for determining what sentence defendant is to be given, see Hendrick, supra, it necessarily follows that the habitual offender proceeding is a critical stage of the criminal prosecution.
Taking all these factors into consideration, it seems clear that the habitual offender proceeding is much closer to a regular criminal trial than a probation revocation hearing, and also that a guilty plea to a habitual offender charge involves the waiver of substantial criminal trial rights not afforded a defendant at a probation revocation hearing. For these reasons, the guilty plea rule should apply to habitual offender proceedings. To hold otherwise merely because the proceeding does not technically charge defendant with any crime appears to exalt form over substance. A defendant pleading guilty to a recidivist charge is waiving substantial rights and is subjecting himself to the possibility of enhanced punishment. From the defendant's point of view such a charge is no different from any other criminal charge. In order to establish that the plea is intelligently, understandingly, and voluntarily given, compliance with GCR 1963, 785.7 is required.
Because the sentencing consequences can be more severe than the individual convictions upon which the habitual offender charge is premised, it is imperative that the defendant understand his rights when pleading guilty to the habitual charge. Therefore, the defendant should be advised of the possible maximum sentence, right to be tried by the court or jury, his presumption of innocence, the people's burden of proof, his right to confrontation and compulsory process, his right to testify or remain silent without having the silence used against him as well as his rights under subsections (2) and (3) of GCR 1963, 785.7.
This Court realizes that whenever it mandates requirements for the trial court to follow, an extra burden is thrust upon the trial court's already burgeoning dockets. However, considering compliance with the guilty plea rule is required before accepting a plea to even a six-month misdemeanor (GCR 1963, 785.10), it is not reasonable to ask the trial courts to spend a few extra minutes to comply with the guilty plea rule before it accepts a habitual offender plea which could subject defendant to life imprisonment.
Since we perceive no set of facts under which a defendant could be further charged as a recidivist or have his probation or parole revoked as a result of pleading guilty to a habitual offender charge, subsections (c) and (e) of GCR 1963, 785.7(1) need not be followed.
We realize that People v Parker, 50 Mich. App. 537; 213 N.W.2d 576 (1973), held that a defendant need not be informed of his Jaworski rights prior to pleading guilty to a supplemental information charging him with being a habitual offender. This case was decided prior to the promulgation of the guilty plea rule, GCR 1963, 785.7. We feel that due to the increased judicial awareness of the problems which may arise at a guilty plea proceeding and the greater scrutiny of these proceedings which has been engendered by the guilty plea rule and subsequent cases, the rule announced in Parker is no longer controlling. However, since trial judges may have justifiably relied on Parker when taking pleas to habitual offender charges, the rule announced in this opinion is to be given prospective application.
In People v Jaworski, 387 Mich. 21; 194 N.W.2d 868 (1972), the Michigan Supreme Court held that before a trial court could accept defendant's guilty plea, it must inform the defendant of his right to trial by jury, his right to confront his accusers, and his privilege against self-incrimination.
Defendant's conviction for unarmed robbery is affirmed. His guilty plea to the recidivist charge is vacated, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
CYNAR, J., concurred.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of unarmed robbery, MCL 750.530; MSA 28.798, and was subsequently sentenced as a habitual offender, MCL 769.12; MSA 28.1084. On appeal defendant claims that the trial judge erred reversibly by allowing certain items to be admitted into evidence and by failing to follow the procedures required by GCR 1963, 785.7 in accepting defendant's guilty plea to the habitual offender charges. While I agree with the majority's conclusion that the trial judge did not err in allowing this evidence to be admitted, I do not agree with the holding that the judge erred reversibly by failing to comply with GCR 1963, 785.7 in accepting defendant's plea to the habitual offender supplemental information.
Stated simply, the issue to be resolved is whether GCR 1963, 785.7 applies to proceedings under MCL 769.13; MSA 28.1085. GCR 1963, 785.7 is silent as to whether it applies to habitual offender proceedings. This silence is ambiguous. A defendant at a habitual offender proceeding is pleading to a supplemental information and this, at first glance, tends to support the conclusion that this proceeding is a stage of a criminal prosecution to which GCR 1963, 785.7 applies. However, this information does not charge defendant with committing a criminal offense, but rather, it merely informs the court of the fact of defendant's prior convictions, see People v Shotwell, 352 Mich. 42; 88 N.W.2d 313 (1958), cert den 356 U.S. 976; 78 S Ct 1141; 2 L Ed 2d 1149 (1958), People v Palm, 245 Mich. 396; 223 N.W. 67 (1929). Also, Justice LEVIN'S concurring opinion in People v Rial, 399 Mich. 431, 438; 249 N.W.2d 114 (1976), which describes GCR 1963, 785.7 as "governing acceptance of an accused person's plea of guilty to an information charging commission of a criminal offense", supports the conclusion that the rule does not apply to habitual offender proceedings. The habitual offender provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure do not create a separate criminal offense, but rather provide for an enhanced punishment for the current offense, People v Hendrick, 398 Mich. 410; 247 N.W.2d 840 (1976).
The idea that proceedings under the habitual offender provisions do not charge a crime separate from the current felony charge has long been recognized, see Graham v West Virginia, 224 U.S. 616; 32 S Ct 583; 56 L Ed 917 (1912), People v Hendrick, supra, People v Hatt, 384 Mich. 302; 181 N.W.2d 912 (1970), People v Shotwell, supra, People v Judge of Recorder's Court, 251 Mich. 626; 232 N.W. 402 (1930), People v Fountain (After Rem), 77 Mich. App. 71; 257 N.W.2d 671 (1977), People v Holbrook, 60 Mich. App. 628; 231 N.W.2d 469 (1975), People v Ungurean, 51 Mich. App. 262; 214 N.W.2d 873 (1974). The placement of the habitual offender provisions in the Code of Criminal Procedure, MCL 760.1 et seq.; MSA 28.841 et seq., rather than in the Penal Code, MCL 750.1 et seq.; MSA 28.191 et seq., reflects this idea, see People v Shotwell, supra.
Under the original statute, the accusation of a previous conviction was charged in the indictment and admitted or subject to proof at trial. When the Code of Criminal Procedure, supra, was enacted in 1927, it provided for an alternative method to determine whether a defendant had been previously convicted of a felony, see MCL 769.13; MSA 28.1085. This procedure was established to avoid prejudicing the defendant by exposing the jury to evidence of his prior criminal offenses. It is no longer required that the defendant be indicted and convicted as a previous offender in order to receive the increased punishment, MCL 769.12; MSA 28.1084. MCL 769.13; MSA 28.1085, sets up a separate post-trial procedure. That section allows the prosecutor to file a supplemental information after a conviction and requires the judge to inform the defendant of the accusations, of his right to trial according to law, and to ask the defendant whether he is the same person as charged in such information. The section then provides for a jury trial on the factual questions involved if defendant remains silent or denies that he is the same person. Although this section is silent on this matter, if defendant acknowledges that he is the person who was convicted of the earlier felonies, this is viewed as an admission of those convictions. These admissions by the defendant, after being advised of the charges and his right to trial, are sufficient to support the application of habitual offender sentencing provisions.
1915 CL 15612, 15613; 1897 CL 11785, 11786; 1857 CL 5948, 5949.
Although this procedure does not grant defendant the full panoply of rights guaranteed in proceedings charging the commission of a separate criminal offense, it does adequately preserve the right to a jury trial and is not constitutionally infirm, see People v Parker, 50 Mich. App. 537; 213 N.W.2d 576 (1973). Also, the statute implicitly provides that an acknowledgment by the defendant that he is the same person who was convicted of the earlier crimes constitutes a sufficient waiver of defendant's right to a trial by jury. Even though MCL 769.13; MSA 28.1085 does not require a recital of the rights defendant would be waiving by admitting the previous convictions, as is required in pleas to criminal offenses, this procedure was upheld in People v Parker, supra, in the face of Jaworski challenges. If a judge is not constitutionally required to advise a defendant of his Jaworski rights at a habitual offender proceeding, then, a fortiori, he would not be constitutionally required to advise defendant of his non- Jaworski rights, Cf. Guilty Plea Cases, 395 Mich. 96, 122; 235 N.W.2d 132 (1975). As a constitutional matter, the difference in the requirements and protections accompanying a trial for the commission of a criminal offense and for habitual offender proceedings is justified on the basis of the more limited nature and scope of the issues involved in habitual offender proceedings and on the basis that the habitual offender provisions do not create a separate crime distinct from the current felony. As the United States Supreme Court noted in Graham v West Virginia, supra, at 627, "To repeat, the inquiry is not into the commission of an offense; as to this, indictment has already been found and the accused convicted. There remains simply the question as to the fact of previous conviction." The issue of whether defendant was convicted of an earlier felony is a very narrow one, is usually limited to questions of identification and is normally not difficult to prove.
See People v Judge of Recorder's Court, 251 Mich. 626; 232 N.W. 402 (1930), People v Palm, 245 Mich. 396; 223 N.W. 67 (1929); People v Holbrook, 60 Mich. App. 628; 231 N.W.2d 469 (1975); People v Ungurean, 51 Mich. App. 262; 214 N.W.2d 873 (1974).
People v Jaworski, 387 Mich. 21; 194 N.W.2d 868 (1972).
Considering that the habitual offender provisions do not charge defendant with a separate criminal offense but only provide for the enhancement of punishment for the current offense, People v Hendrick, supra, and that advice on the full panoply of rights constitutionally guaranteed in the trial of a criminal offense is not constitutionally required in habitual offender proceedings, People v Parker, supra, and the limited scope of the factual issues involved in habitual offender proceedings, I conclude that the Supreme Court did not intend GCR 1963, 785.7 to apply to habitual offender proceedings. While I agree with the majority's conclusion that probation revocation proceedings are distinguishable in many respects from proceedings under MCL 769.13; MSA 28.1085, I think the analysis used by the Supreme Court in People v Rial, supra, in holding that GCR 1963, 785.7 does not apply to probation revocation hearings is applicable to the issue involved in this case. The waiver of a jury trial in habitual offender proceedings is similar to the waiver of a full hearing at a probation revocation proceeding in that it is not necessarily unconstitutional for the defendant to waive these later hearings without being advised of his Jaworski rights. This similarity is relevant to the issue of whether GCR 1963, 785.7 applies. Many of the provisions of GCR 1963, 785.7 were inserted into the rule to explicitly require the judge to be certain that the proceedings complied with all the constitutional requirements applicable to a plea of guilty to a criminal charge. The fact that advice of all these rights is not constitutionally required in habitual proceedings, People v Parker, supra, demonstrates that one of the primary rationales supporting some provisions of GCR 1963, 785.7 does not directly apply to habitual offender proceedings. This does not necessarily indicate that the rule was not intended to apply to habitual offender proceedings but rather it demonstrates that one of the major purposes behind applying GCR 1963, 785.7 has already been fulfilled by the procedure required by MCL 769.13; MSA 28.1085, even if GCR 1963, 785.7 is not applied.
Another important similarity to People v Rial, supra, is the limited nature and scope of the issues involved at habitual offender proceedings. Although habitual offender proceedings are distinguishable from probation revocation proceedings by the fact that the right to a trial by jury is preserved, the scope of the factual issues involved in habitual offender proceedings is very narrow. In most cases, the fact issues involved in habitual offender proceedings are probably more narrow and easier to resolve than the issues presented in probation revocation hearings.
In summary, I conclude that GCR 1963, 785.7 does not apply to proceedings under MCL 769.13; MSA 28.1085. This conclusion is based on the recognized principle that the habitual offender provisions do not create a separate offense but rather provide for the enhancement of punishment for the current offense. This conclusion is also supported by the procedure established by MCL 769.13; MSA 28.1085 for resolving the limited issues involved in habitual offender proceedings. It is undisputed that the judge in this case fully complied with the procedures under MCL 769.13; MSA 28.1085, and since defendant does not claim that his admissions of the previous convictions and the waiver of his right to trial by jury were not knowingly, voluntarily or understandingly made, I would affirm the conviction.