Opinion
2012-11427
05-13-2015
The PEOPLE, etc., respondent, v. Jagmohan SINGH, appellant.
Lynn W.L. Fahey, New York, N.Y. (Ronald Zapata of counsel), for appellant. Richard A. Brown, District Attorney, Kew Gardens, N.Y. (John M. Castellano, Johnnette Traill, Jeannette Lifschitz, and Roni C. Piplani of counsel), for respondent.
Lynn W.L. Fahey, New York, N.Y. (Ronald Zapata of counsel), for appellant.
Richard A. Brown, District Attorney, Kew Gardens, N.Y. (John M. Castellano, Johnnette Traill, Jeannette Lifschitz, and Roni C. Piplani of counsel), for respondent.
PETER B. SKELOS, J.P., L. PRISCILLA HALL, SANDRA L. SGROI, and SYLVIA O. HINDS–RADIX, JJ.
Opinion Appeal by the defendant from a judgment of the Supreme Court, Queens County (Buchter, J.), rendered December 12, 2012, convicting him of rape in the second degree (40 counts), rape in the third degree (34 counts), and endangering the welfare of a child, upon a jury verdict, and imposing sentence.
ORDERED that the judgment is reversed, on the law, on the facts, and as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice, counts 17 through 40 of the indictment are dismissed, counts 2 through 16 and counts 41 through 74 of the indictment are dismissed with leave to the People, should they be so advised, to resubmit those charges to another grand jury, and the matter is remitted to the Supreme Court, Queens County, for a new trial on the charges of rape on the second degree under count 1 of the indictment and endangering the welfare of a child under count 75 of the indictment.
The defendant was charged, under counts 1 through 40 of an indictment, with committing rape in the second degree (Penal Law § 130.30[1] ) by engaging in sexual intercourse with a person less than 15 years old during successive two-week time periods beginning on January 2, 2008. Counts 41 through 74 of the indictment charged the defendant with committing rape in the third degree (Penal Law § 130.25[2] ) by engaging in sexual intercourse with a person less than 17 years old during successive two-week time periods beginning on September 1, 2009. Count 75 of the indictment charged the defendant with endangering the welfare of a child (Penal Law § 260.10[1] ).
A jury trial was held, during which the trial court, without objection, erroneously instructed the jury that, to prove the defendant's guilt of rape in the second degree, the People were required to prove that the complainant was incapable of consent because she was less than 14 years old during the relevant time period (cf. Penal Law § 130.30[1] [a person is guilty of rape in the second degree when, “being eighteen years old or more, he or she engages in sexual intercourse with another person less than fifteen years old”] ). The jury convicted the defendant of all counts.
The defendant correctly contends that counts 2 through 16 and counts 41 through 74 of the indictment must be dismissed as duplicitous. Contrary to the People's contention, the defendant's contention that the complainant's trial testimony rendered these counts duplicitous was preserved for appellate review (see People v. Allen, 24 N.Y.3d 441, 449, 999 N.Y.S.2d 350, 24 N.E.3d 586 ).
“Each count of an indictment may charge one offense only” (CPL 200.30 [1 ] ). A count in an indictment is void as duplicitous when that “single count charges more than one offense” (People v. Alonzo, 16 N.Y.3d 267, 269, 920 N.Y.S.2d 302, 945 N.E.2d 495 ; see People v. Davis, 72 N.Y.2d 32, 38, 530 N.Y.S.2d 529, 526 N.E.2d 20 ; People v. Jean, 117 A.D.3d 875, 985 N.Y.S.2d 669 ; People v. Black, 65 A.D.3d 811, 813, 884 N.Y.S.2d 292 ). Where, as here, the crime charged “ ‘is completed by a discrete act, and where a count in the indictment is based on the repeated occurrence of that act over a course of time, the count includes more than a single offense and is duplicitous' ” (People v. Jean, 117 A.D.3d at 877, 985 N.Y.S.2d 669, quoting People v. Black, 65 A.D.3d at 813, 884 N.Y.S.2d 292 ). “ ‘Even if a count is valid on its face, it is nonetheless duplicitous where the evidence presented ... at trial makes plain that multiple criminal acts occurred during the relevant time period, rendering it nearly impossible to determine the particular act upon which the jury reached its verdict’ ” (People v. Jean, 117 A.D.3d at 877, 985 N.Y.S.2d 669, quoting People v. Black, 65 A.D.3d at 813, 884 N.Y.S.2d 292 ).
Here, counts 2 through 16 and counts 41 through 74 each charged the defendant with committing a single act of sexual intercourse within a different two-week time period. Thus, these counts were not duplicitous on their face. However, at trial, the complainant testified that during each two-week period encompassed by these counts, the defendant had sexual intercourse with her two to three times per week, for a total of four to six times during each two-week period charged by these counts of the indictment. Accordingly, the complainant's trial testimony demonstrates that these counts are premised upon multiple acts of rape, and are therefore void as duplicitous (see People v. Jean, 117 A.D.3d 875, 985 N.Y.S.2d 669 ; People v. Foote, 251 A.D.2d 346, 674 N.Y.S.2d 69 ; People v. Jelinek, 224 A.D.2d 717, 718, 638 N.Y.S.2d 731 ). We therefore vacate the convictions under counts 2 through 16 and counts 41 through 74 of the indictment and the sentences imposed thereon, and dismiss those counts of the indictment, with leave to the People, should they be so advised, to resubmit the charges to another grand jury. The defendant failed to preserve his contention that the evidence was legally insufficient to prove his guilt with respect to counts 17 through 40 because, in light of the erroneous jury instructions, the People failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt the element pertaining to the complainant's age (see CPL 470.05[2] ). Nevertheless, in conducting weight-of-the-evidence review, we necessarily determine whether the People proved each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt (see People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d 342, 349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1 ; People v. Ballenger, 106 A.D.3d 1375, 1376 n., 968 N.Y.S.2d 610 ; People v. Newkirk, 75 A.D.3d 853, 855, 906 N.Y.S.2d 133 ). Moreover, we weigh the evidence in light of the elements of the crimes as charged to the jury without objection (see People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d at 349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1 ; People v. Cooper, 88 N.Y.2d 1056, 1058, 651 N.Y.S.2d 7, 673 N.E.2d 1234 ; People v. Noble, 86 N.Y.2d 814, 815, 633 N.Y.S.2d 469, 657 N.E.2d 490 ; People v. White, 50 A.D.3d 708, 709, 854 N.Y.S.2d 758 ).
Here, since the People did not object to the erroneous jury charge, they were “bound to satisfy the heavier burden” (People v. Malagon, 50 N.Y.2d 954, 956, 431 N.Y.S.2d 460, 409 N.E.2d 934 ; see People v. Kearse, 289 A.D.2d 507, 508, 734 N.Y.S.2d 641 ; People v. Free, 233 A.D.2d 463, 650 N.Y.S.2d 257 ) of proving, for counts 1 through 40, that the defendant engaged in sexual intercourse with a person less than 14 years old. Since the evidence demonstrated that the complainant was 14 years old during the time periods encompassed by counts 17 through 40 of the indictment, the People failed to satisfy this burden as to those counts. Accordingly, we vacate the convictions under counts 17 through 40 of the indictment as against the weight of the evidence, vacate the sentences imposed thereupon, and dismiss those counts of the indictment.
The defendant failed to preserve for appellate review his contention that the evidence was legally insufficient to prove his guilt with respect to count 1 of the indictment (see CPL 470.05[2] ). In any event, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution (see People v. Contes, 60 N.Y.2d 620, 621, 467 N.Y.S.2d 349, 454 N.E.2d 932 ), we find that it was legally sufficient to establish the defendant's guilt on that count. Moreover, upon our independent review pursuant to CPL 470.15(5), we are satisfied that the verdict of guilt on that count was not against the weight of the evidence (see People v. Romero, 7 N.Y.3d 633, 826 N.Y.S.2d 163, 859 N.E.2d 902 ).
However, vacatur of the defendant's conviction of rape in the second degree under count 1 of the indictment, as well as his conviction of endangering the welfare of a child under count 75 of the indictment, is required in light of misconduct committed by the prosecutor during summation. While the defendant's claim regarding the comments made by the prosecutor during summation is partially unpreserved for appellate review, we nevertheless reach the defendant's unpreserved contentions in the exercise of our interest of justice jurisdiction (see CPL 470.15[6] [a] ; People v. Spann, 82 A.D.3d 1013, 1015, 918 N.Y.S.2d 588 ).
“[S]ummation is not an unbridled debate in which the restraints imposed at trial are cast aside so that counsel may employ all the rhetorical devices at his [or her] command” (People v. Ashwal, 39 N.Y.2d 105, 109, 383 N.Y.S.2d 204, 347 N.E.2d 564 ). Rather, “[t]here are certain well-defined limits” (id. at 109, 383 N.Y.S.2d 204, 347 N.E.2d 564 ). Among other things, “[the prosecutor] must stay within ‘the four corners of the evidence’ and avoid irrelevant and inflammatory comments which have a tendency to prejudice the jury against the accused” (People v. Spann, 82 A.D.3d at 1015, 918 N.Y.S.2d 588, quoting People v. Bartolomeo, 126 A.D.2d 375, 390, 513 N.Y.S.2d 981 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see People v. Ashwal, 39 N.Y.2d at 109, 383 N.Y.S.2d 204, 347 N.E.2d 564 ). A prosecutor would be well-advised not to test these limits, both so as to stay within his or her proper truth-seeking role (see People v. Santorelli, 95 N.Y.2d 412, 420–421, 718 N.Y.S.2d 696, 741 N.E.2d 493 ) and so as to avoid the waste of time and expense that occurs when a new trial must be conducted solely on the basis of summation misconduct. Here, the prosecutor surpassed the “well-defined limits” (People v. Ashwal, 39 N.Y.2d at 109, 383 N.Y.S.2d 204, 347 N.E.2d 564 ).
The prosecutor acted as an unsworn witness when, in response to defense counsel's summation comments regarding the lack of corroborative medical evidence and the failure to call certain witnesses, the prosecutor told the jury that the uncalled witnesses had “nothing to offer” and that the medical records the prosecution failed to offer into evidence were “either irrelevant or cumulative” (see People v. Whalen, 59 N.Y.2d 273, 281, 464 N.Y.S.2d 454, 451 N.E.2d 212 ; People v. Smith, 288 A.D.2d 496, 733 N.Y.S.2d 237 ; People v. Brown, 256 A.D.2d 414, 416, 682 N.Y.S.2d 229 ). The prosecutor also improperly invited the jury to speculate as to certain matters, despite advance warning by the trial court not to engage in that line of comment (see People v. Ashwal, 39 N.Y.2d at 110, 383 N.Y.S.2d 204, 347 N.E.2d 564 ; People v. Marcus, 101 A.D.3d 1046, 1048, 956 N.Y.S.2d 167 ). Further, the prosecutor shifted the burden of proof by telling the jury, and repeatedly returning to this theme, that it had not “heard” any “compelling reason” for the complainant to lie, and by suggesting that the jury would have to convict the defendant if it did not “buy” the defendant's explanation of certain evidence (see People v. Spann, 82 A.D.3d at 1015, 918 N.Y.S.2d 588 ; People v. Levandowski, 8 A.D.3d 898, 900–901, 780 N.Y.S.2d 384 ; People v. Pagan, 2 A.D.3d 879, 880–881, 769 N.Y.S.2d 741 ; People v. Bull, 218 A.D.2d 663, 665, 630 N.Y.S.2d 354 ). The prosecutor further improperly suggested that the jury would have to conclude that the complainant was “evil” in order to acquit the defendant (see People v. Pagan, 2 A.D.3d at 880, 769 N.Y.S.2d 741 ). The prosecutor repeatedly vouched for the complainant, while denigrating the defense and expressing his personal opinion as to the defendant's lack of credibility (see People v. Brown, 26 A.D.3d 392, 393, 812 N.Y.S.2d 561 ; People v. Pagan, 2 A.D.3d at 880, 769 N.Y.S.2d 741 ; People v. Walters, 251 A.D.2d 433, 434–435, 674 N.Y.S.2d 114 ). Finally, the prosecutor made a number of inflammatory references to the defendant using the complainant as his “personal sex toy” (see People v. Walters, 251 A.D.2d at 435, 674 N.Y.S.2d 114 ).
We agree with the defendant that the cumulative effect of the prosecutor's improper summation comments deprived him of his right to a fair trial (see People v. Spann, 82 A.D.3d at 1016, 918 N.Y.S.2d 588 ; People v. Brown, 26 A.D.3d 392, 812 N.Y.S.2d 561 ; People v. Pagan, 2 A.D.3d at 881, 769 N.Y.S.2d 741 ). Accordingly, we remit the matter to the Supreme Court, Queens County, for a new trial on counts 1 and 75 of the indictment (see CPL 470.20[1] ; People v. Allen, 39 N.Y.2d 916, 917–918, 386 N.Y.S.2d 404, 352 N.E.2d 591 ; People v. Pascullo, 120 A.D.2d 687, 689, 502 N.Y.S.2d 275 ).