Summary
In People v. Richards, 247 Mich. 608, 226 N.W. 651 (1929), we rejected a defendant’s challenge to a statute providing that the proper venue in a prosecution for prison escape was not in the county where the escape took place, but rather in the county where the administrative office of the prison was located.
Summary of this case from People v. McBurrowsOpinion
Docket No. 119, Calendar No. 34,221.
Submitted April 11, 1929.
Decided September 4, 1929.
Error to Jackson; Parkinson (James A.), J. Submitted April 11, 1929. (Docket No. 119, Calendar No. 34,221.) Decided September 4, 1929.
Paul Richards was convicted of escaping from prison. Affirmed.
John E. Shekell, for appellant.
Wilber M. Brucker, Attorney General, Harry D. Boardman, Prosecuting Attorney, and Owen Dudley, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
I am constrained to disagree with the conclusion reached by Mr. Justice FELLOWS.
The right of an accused to be tried in the jurisdiction where it is alleged he committed crime is ancient and valuable and should be maintained. But, in case of escape of a prisoner, in confinement under sentence to a State prison, is the mere place of the act to fix the venue or may the act itself, in its relation to the imprisonment, be declared by law to fix the venue? In order to be guilty of an escape, a prisoner need not break doors or walls; he escapes if he removes himself from the imposed restraint over his person and volition. In Clinton county the defendant was a prisoner of the State, in fact under confinement, and in law considered in the State prison. It is true that he departed from custody in Clinton county, but his escape was from imprisonment in the State prison, and such escape, and not the mere place of his departure, was the gist of the offense, and he cannot be heard to say that he has been deprived of a constitutional right by trial in Jackson county.
In Bradford v. Glenn, Judge, 188 Cal. 350 ( 205 P. 449), a prisoner, employed in road work, escaped in one county and the court held he could be tried in another county under a statute which provided that a charge of escape from a prison may be tried in any county in the State. It was there said:
"We are of the opinion that a person serving a sentence of imprisonment in a State prison is, in contemplation of law, a prisoner therein, as well when at work outside under the surveillance of prison guards as when confined within its walls, so that if he escapes when outside he escapes from a prison, within the meaning of section 787."
To like effect see People v. Vanderburg, 67 Cal.App. 217 ( 227 P. 621).
I think the statute valid, and the conviction should be affirmed.
NORTH, C.J., and FEAD, CLARK, McDONALD, POTTER, and SHARPE, JJ., concurred with WIEST, J.
The sole question submitted on this record is the validity of that portion of Act No. 7, Pub. Acts 1927, which provides that one charged with an escape shall be tried in the county where the administrative offices of the prison may be irrespective of where the escape took place. Defendant was sentenced to the Jackson prison, and while there, and before his time had expired, was sent to a road camp in Clinton county to work on road construction; there he escaped. Some two days later he was recaptured and was tried in Jackson for the escape, and convicted.
The writer feels bound by three earlier decisions of this court to sustain the defendant's contention. Only by the adoption of a legal fiction, which to my mind is fallacious, can these decisions be circumvented, and it be held that a crime actually committed in Clinton county was in contemplation of law committed in Jackson county. In Swart v. Kimball, 43 Mich. 443, the act was to punish the cutting of timber on State lands. By the terms of the act the prosecution might be brought in the county where the crime was committed or in other counties. Kimball was prosecuted in Ingham county for trespass on State lands located in Alpena county. He was discharged on habeas corpus and brought the action for false imprisonment. It may be noted that all the records and files necessary to be used on the trial were located at Lansing, and it is here pointed out that all the records and files are here located at Jackson, so that the same question of convenience was present in both cases. The opinion by Mr. Justice COOLEY is a most forceful one. The case has been cited by this and other courts of last resort time and time again. We quote some excerpts from the opinion:
"The circuit judge who tried the action for false imprisonment seems to have sustained the act. In this he was plainly in error. The act is not only tyrannical and oppressive in the last degree, and such as no legislature, even if its power was ample, should ever have passed, but it is manifestly in conflict with one of the plainest and most important provisions of the Constitution.
"The Constitution of the State provides that 'The right of trial by jury shall remain, but shall be deemed to be waived in all civil cases, unless demanded by one of the parties in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.' Article 6, § 27. The right is to remain. What right? Plainly the right as it existed before; the right to a trial by jury as it had become known to the previous jurisprudence of the State. * * *
"Now that in jury trial it is implied that the trial shall be by a jury of the vicinage is familiar law. Blackstone says the jurors must be 'of the visne or neighborhood; which is interpreted to be of the county where the act is committed.' 4 Com. 350. This is an old rule of the common law; Hawk. P. C. b. 2, c. 40; 2 Hale P. C. 264; and the rule was so strict and imperative that if an offense was committed partly in one county and partly in another, the offender was not punishable at all. Hawk. P. C. b. 2, c. 25; 1 Chit. Cr. L. 177. This overnicety was long since dispensed with, but the old rule has in the main been preserved in its integrity to this day. * * *
"We have not the slightest hesitation in declaring that the act of 1857 (No. 100) so far as it undertakes to authorize a trial in some other county than that of the alleged offense, is oppressive, unwarranted by the Constitution, and utterly void."
The next statute of similar purport which came before this court (2 Comp. Laws 1871, § 7605) permitted prosecutions for embezzlement in the county where the principal place of business of the employer was located. The embezzlement had taken place in Wayne, but under the terms of the act the prosecution took place in Washtenaw. Following the Swart Case, it was held that the proceeding was a nullity and "the constitutional guaranty on this subject is too plain to be controverted." Hill v. Taylor, 50 Mich. 549. Again the legislature attempted to confer original jurisdiction upon counties other than those in which the crime was committed by providing that prosecutions for stealing from a railroad car might be brought in any county through which the car passed (3 Comp. Laws 1897, § 11633). And again this court held such legislation unconstitutional. People v. Brock, 149 Mich. 464 (119 Am. St. Rep. 684). There is an air of finality in the language of Mr. Justice HOOKER, who wrote for the court, when he used the following language in concluding the opinion:
"Whatever may have been held by the courts of other States, the cases of Swart v. Kimball, supra, and Hill v. Taylor, 50 Mich. 551, settle the rule for Michigan."
While these three decisions unequivocally negative the power of the legislature to confer original jurisdiction upon counties other than those where the crime was committed, this court, in recognition of the right and the importance of the right to a trial by a fair and impartial jury, has sustained the validity Of a statute permitting the transfer of a case to another county where a fair and impartial trial may not be had in the county where the crime was committed. People v. Peterson, 93 Mich. 27; People v. Fuhrmann, 103 Mich. 593; Glinnan v. Judge of Recorder's Court, 173 Mich. 674; People v. Rich, 237 Mich. 481. This court has likewise recognized the validity of legislation which extended jurisdiction over a small strip adjoining the county line ( People v. Donaldson, 243 Mich. 104), quite necessary and important in early days when section lines had not been definitely established, and to legislation which extends jurisdiction over the Great Lakes ( Andrews v. Ellsworth, 190 Mich. 157), which, of course, are not organized into counties and where without such legislation crime on the Great Lakes would go unpunished. But in none of the decisions on these subjects has the quoted language Mr. Justice COOLEY used in deciding, and necessarily used in deciding, Swart v. Kimball, supra, been questioned. It is quite likely the provision before us would convenience the State; it might not seriously inconvenience defendants; I do not know. But I do know it will be an opening wedge thrust into the fundamental law, into the foundation of the building. Depriving our meanest citizens of their constitutional rights is not only an offense against them but also an offense against our institutions.
I think this conviction should be set aside without a new trial.