Opinion
2018-1421 Q CR
12-30-2020
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Appellant, v. Angel REYES, Respondent.
Queens County District Attorney (Joseph N. Ferdenzi, Edward D. Saslaw and Sharon Y. Brodt of counsel), for appellant. New York City Legal Aid Society (Jonathan Garelick of counsel), for respondent.
Queens County District Attorney (Joseph N. Ferdenzi, Edward D. Saslaw and Sharon Y. Brodt of counsel), for appellant.
New York City Legal Aid Society (Jonathan Garelick of counsel), for respondent.
PRESENT: MICHELLE WESTON, J.P., DAVID ELLIOT, BERNICE D. SIEGAL, JJ.
ORDERED that the order, insofar as appealed from, is reversed, on the law, upon reargument, defendant's motion to dismiss the accusatory instrument on statutory speedy trial grounds is denied, the accusatory instrument is reinstated, and the matter is remitted to the Criminal Court for all further proceedings.
Defendant was arraigned on May 23, 2016 on charges of forcible touching ( Penal Law § 130.52 [1] ) and sexual abuse in the third degree ( Penal Law § 130.55 ). The People filed and served the supporting deposition of the complainant, dated May 22, 2016, to convert the misdemeanor complaint to an information, and the People announced their readiness for trial. The matter was adjourned to July 27, 2016, and then to October 24, 2016 for the People to turn over voluntary early discovery. On October 24, although defense counsel questioned whether the complainant could speak or read English, the matter was adjourned to November 14, 2016 on consent of the parties.
On November 14, 2016, the People reported to the court that they had contacted the complainant and confirmed that the written English supporting deposition had been recited to her in Spanish by a police officer. The matter was adjourned to December 16, 2016 for a hearing and for the People to file a certificate of translation. On December 16, the People served and filed a certificate of translation, and the matter was adjourned to February 24, 2017 for a hearing. On February 24, the parties were ready for the hearing, but no court parts were available. The matter was adjourned to April 17, 2017. On April 17, the People requested additional time to speak with the complainant about her familiarity with defendant. The matter was adjourned to April 25, 2017.
On April 25, 2017, defendant moved to dismiss the accusatory instrument pursuant to CPL 30.30, arguing that more than 90 days had elapsed since he had been arraigned and the People were not ready for trial. Specifically, defendant contended that, absent the filing of a certificate of translation at arraignment, the People's statement of readiness was illusory as the complaint was never converted and therefore was jurisdictionally defective during the span of the 90-day speedy trial period. In an order dated January 19, 2018, the Criminal Court agreed and granted defendant's motion, calculating that the People were chargeable with a total of 104 days, after excluding periods of adjournment set forth in CPL 30.30 (4).
Thereafter, the People moved for leave to reargue their opposition to defendant's motion. By order dated April 26, 2018, the Criminal Court granted reargument but adhered to its prior determination.
Where, as here, criminal charges are commenced by way of a misdemeanor complaint, the complaint must first be converted to an information that, together with any supporting depositions, among other things, includes nonhearsay factual allegations which, if true, establish every element of the offense charged (see CPL 100.40 [1] [c] ). When a supporting deposition is signed by a complainant who has not reviewed the contents of the complaint or who does not speak or read English, it contains hearsay, as it does not reflect the complainant's statements but rather "[law enforcement's] interpretation" of the statements ( Matter of Edward B. , 80 NY2d 458, 463 [1992] ; see Matter of Shaquana S. , 9 AD3d 466, 466-467 [2004] ; People v. Hernandez , 47 Misc 3d 51, 53 [App Term, 2d Dept, 9th & 10th Jud Dists 2015]; People v. Benitez , 15 Misc 3d 1122[A], 2007 NY Slip Op 50798[U] [Crim Ct, Kings County 2007] ). As such deficiencies are not apparent from the face of the accusatory instrument itself, they constitute "latent" defects, as opposed to the "facial" defects contemplated by CPL 100.40 (see Matter of Edward B. , 80 NY2d at 463, 464 ).
If, during the pre-trial stage, a court is presented with unchallenged indicia of a complainant's lack of understanding and ability to speak or read English, a certificate of translation becomes necessary to convert the misdemeanor complaint into an information (see People v. Hernandez , 47 Misc 3d at 53 ; People v. Benitez , 15 Misc 3d 1122[A], 2007 NY Slip Op 50798[U] ; People v. Camacho , 185 Misc 2d 31 [Crim Ct, Kings County 2000] ). Under such circumstances, the court, in its discretion, may order the filing of a certificate of translation, allowing the People a reasonable period of time to do so (see People v. Benitez , 15 Misc 3d 1122[A], 2007 NY Slip Op 50798[U] ; People v. Camacho , 185 Misc 2d 31 ; People v. Banchs , 173 Misc 2d 415 [Crim Ct, Kings County 1997] ). Any period of time beyond such reasonable period is chargeable to the People pursuant to CPL 30.30 (see People v. Anderson , 66 NY2d 529, 540 [1985] ; see also People v. McKenna , 76 NY2d 59 [1990] ).
Here, the People were required to announce their readiness for trial within 90 days of the commencement of the action (see CPL 30.30 [1] [b] ). As there was nothing on the face of the misdemeanor complaint or the supporting deposition indicating that the complainant had not read and understood it or was incapable of doing so, the requirements for facial sufficiency were initially met at arraignment on May 23, 2016 (see Matter of Shaquana S. , 9 AD3d at 466-467 ; People v. Benitez , 15 Misc 3d 1122[A], 2007 NY Slip Op 50798[U] ; People v. Camacho , 185 Misc 2d 31 ) and the People's statement of readiness on that date was not illusory (see People v. Figueroa , 165 AD3d 509, 509 [2018] ). However, once the Criminal Court was presented on November 14, 2016 with unchallenged indicia of the complainant's lack of understanding and ability to speak or read English, a certificate of translation became necessary (see People v. Hernandez , 47 Misc 3d at 53 ; People v. Benitez , 15 Misc 3d 1122[A], 2007 NY Slip Op 50798[U] ; People v. Camacho , 185 Misc 2d 31 ).
The Criminal Court properly exercised its discretion in giving the People the opportunity to cure the latent hearsay defect by filing a certificate of translation (see People v. Benitez , 15 Misc 3d 1122[A], 2007 NY Slip Op 50798[U] ; People v. Camacho , 185 Misc 2d 31 ; People v. Banchs , 173 Misc 2d 415 ), which the People did within a reasonable period of time, 32 days later, on December 16, 2016. Along with the certificate of translation, the People filed and served an affidavit from the complainant, in which she referred back to her initial signing of the complaint and supporting deposition on May 22, 2016. As these documents established that the complaint and supporting deposition had been adequately translated, the Criminal Court erred in concluding that the complaint was not properly converted to an information at the time of the service and filing of the signed supporting deposition on May 23, 2016, and the People should not have been charged with the intervening length of time during the periods of the People's continued readiness (see People v. Benitez , 15 Misc 3d 1122[A], 2007 NY Slip Op 50798[U] ; People v. Camacho , 185 Misc 2d 31 ). After excluding periods of adjournment set forth in CPL 30.30 (4) and the reasonable 31 days allowed to the People to file and serve the certificate of translation, the People were chargeable with a total of eight days. Consequently, defendant's motion to dismiss should have been denied.
Accordingly, the order, insofar as appealed from, is reversed and, upon reargument, defendant's motion to dismiss the accusatory instrument on statutory speedy trial grounds is denied.
ELLIOT and SIEGAL, JJ., concur.
WESTON, J.P., dissents and votes to affirm the Criminal Court order, insofar as appealed from, in the following memorandum:
In my opinion, absent a certificate of translation, the complaint was never properly converted to an information. Such defect renders the People's statement of readiness at arraignment illusory and warrants dismissal of the complaint on speedy trial grounds. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent and vote to affirm the order of the Criminal Court, insofar as appealed from.
As relevant here, for a misdemeanor complaint to be converted to an information, the accusatory instrument, along with any supporting depositions, must contain nonhearsay allegations which, if true, establish every element of the offense charged (see CPL 100.40 [1] [c] ; People v. Alejandro , 70 NY2d 133 [1987] ). While an information containing a latent hearsay defect does not require dismissal (see People v. Harris , 69 Misc 3d 128[A], 2020 NY Slip Op 51127[U] [App Term, 2d Dept, 2d, 11th & 13th Jud Dists 2020] ), it does not relieve the People of their obligation to candidly declare their readiness for trial. A complaint that is converted to an information assures the court and, more importantly the accused, that the truthfulness and accuracy of the charges have been duly verified (see CPL 100.30 [1] [d] ). Without such verification, the People cannot truthfully assert their readiness to proceed to trial (see People v. Colon , 59 NY2d 921 [1983], revg 122 Misc 2d 790 [App Term, 1st Dept 1982] for reasons stated in 110 Misc 2d 917 [Crim Ct, NY County 1981] [the People cannot be ready on an unconverted misdemeanor complaint]; see also People v. Wilson , 86 NY2d 753, 754-755 [1998] [the People were ready for trial once they had "possessed a valid accusatory instrument"]; People v. Caussade , 160 AD2d 4 [1990] ["present readiness for trial is established when the People have a valid accusatory instrument upon which the defendant may be brought to trial"]; People v. Reyes , 24 Misc 3d 51 [App Term, 2d Dept, 9th & 10th Jud Dists 2009] [since original informations were jurisdictionally defective, the People's statement of readiness at arraignment was illusory] ).
Present readiness is established under CPL 30.30 when the People have declared their readiness on the record, and they are, in fact, ready to proceed to trial (see People v. Kendzia , 64 NY2d 331 [1985] ). A declaration of readiness, "while presumptively truthful and accurate, ‘entails more than a mere empty assertion of readiness’ " ( People v. Guirola , 51 Misc 3d 13, 16 [App Term, 2d Dept, 2d, 11th & 13th Jud Dists 2016], quoting People v. Stirrup , 91 NY2d 434, 440 [1998] ). "It must be a good faith, affirmative representation on the record of present and actual readiness" ( People v. Guirola , 51 Misc 3d at 16 [emphasis in original] ). A statement of readiness made "at a time when the People are not actually ready is illusory" ( People v. England , 84 NY2d 1, 4 [1994] ).
Here, the People bore the burden of ensuring that the complaint and any supporting depositions were sufficient to confer jurisdiction on the Criminal Court (see People v. Colon , 110 Misc 2d at 920 ). Unlike defendant, the People were in a better position to uncover the "latent" defect in the accusatory instrument (cf. id. at 921-922 ). Indeed, the record in this case shows that the defect here was anything but latent (cf. People v. Antonovsky , 41 Misc 3d 44 [App Term, 2d Dept, 2d, 11th & 13th Jud Dists 2013] [no speedy trial violation where hearsay defect was not discovered until trial] ). Both the online booking report and the Intake Bureau crime report unequivocally point to complainant's lack of proficiency in English. For the People to declare their readiness, despite having had this information, was not only illusory, but disingenuous. Even if the People were unaware of this information at arraignment, they at least had an obligation to speak with complainant before making any representations on the record as to their ability to proceed to trial. As the court below noted, had the People spoken with complainant at the time they announced their readiness at arraignment, they would have been aware of complainant's inability to speak English and that a certificate of translation would be required. The fact that the People did not ascertain this defect until well after they declared their readiness for trial renders their declaration illusory.
Moreover, the People did not cure this error by subsequently filing a certificate of translation. "[T]he failure to properly sign and verify an accusatory instrument or supporting deposition [ ] cannot be regarded as a mere irregularity curable at any later date, after expiration of the speedy trial period" ( People v. Phillipe , 142 Misc 2d 574, 580-581 [Crim Ct, Kings County 1989] ). Indeed, a court is not required to order a certificate of translation "as a procedural predicate to dismissing an accusatory instrument for facial insufficiency" ( People v. Hernandez , 47 Misc 3d 51, 54 [App Term, 2d Dept, 9th & 10th Jud Dists 2015] ). Since the People failed to convert the misdemeanor complaint to an information within the statutory speedy trial period, defendant's motion to dismiss was properly granted (see People v. Brooks , 63 Misc 3d 158[A], 2019 NY Slip Op 50859[U] [App Term, 1st Dept 2019] ).
Accordingly, I dissent and vote to affirm the order of the Criminal Court, insofar as appealed from.