OPINION

POLLAK, J.

Pursuant to a negotiated disposition, defendant Michael Robert Middleton pleaded no contest to possession of cocaine base with a personal arming enhancement, possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, and receiving stolen property with a personal arming enhancement. He appeals the court's denial of his motion to suppress evidence. In the published portion of this opinion, we address his contention that police officers' knowledge that an individual is on parole is not sufficient to inform the officers that the individual is subject to a search condition and is thus insufficient to justify a warrantless search of that person's premises. We find no merit in that or in any other of his contentions, and affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The following facts are based on undisputed testimony given at the hearing on the motion to suppress. On November 11, 2002, at 11:30 p.m., Fairfield Officers Steven Trojanowski, Jennifer Clifton, Ross Hawkins and Joshua Cohen were conducting a security check at the Travel Lodge Motel on Auto Mall Parkway in Fairfield. Trojanowski testified that he and his fellow officers regularly patrolled the motel because the surrounding vicinity is considered a high drug area. As they were descending stairs from the second floor, the officers saw a Ms. Barker coming out of a first floor room and detected a strong odor of marijuana. From their vantage point the officers were unable to determine whether Barker had come out of room 111 or the adjacent room 126.

Trojanowski stopped and questioned Barker who acknowledged that she had come from room 126 where people had been smoking marijuana. A few minutes later, Melissa Biesecker emerged from room 126. Biesecker also admitted that she had been smoking marijuana there, but she initially gave Clifton a false name. After determining that the name given by Biesecker was false, Clifton placed Biesecker under arrest for providing false information to a police officer. Barker was arrested on a separate offense and both women were placed in nearby patrol cars.

The four officers then attempted to contact the occupants of room 126. Trojanowski first knocked softly on the door and then, receiving no response, knocked harder while announcing the presence of the Fairfield Police Department. Officers saw a man peek out of the curtain through the side window, look at the officers and abruptly close the drapes. They then heard "scurrying around inside the room, things slamming, people running." As the sounds in room 126 fell silent, the officers heard movement next door in room 111. The officers deduced that the occupants of room 126 had moved to room 111 through an adjoining door which they knew was there.

While the other officers remained outside of the rooms, Trojanowski went to the motel manager's office to determine the registrant of room 111. He learned that the room was registered to Maurice Hurth. The police dispatcher informed Trojanowski that Hurth was on the active parolee list. Trojanowski decided to execute a parole search of room 111. He obtained a passkey and bolt cutters from the motel manager and returned to room 111. By this time, Officer Darin Moody, Sergeant Shipp and Sergeant Mihelich had arrived on the scene. Trojanowski knocked on the door of room 111 but received no response. He knocked more loudly a second time and announced that he was from the Fairfield Police Department. When no one responded, Trojanowski used the passkey to unlock the door and the bolt cutters to free the safety latch. Trojanowski, Clifton, and five other officers entered the room with their weapons drawn. Five people were found inside room 111, including defendant who was standing in the bathroom with his hands and arms dripping wet. All the occupants were pat searched, handcuffed, led outside and seated on the ground.

While the officers were in the midst of securing and moving the subjects outside, Officer Moody, standing in the open doorway of room 111, saw the handle of a handgun protruding from behind an entertainment center inside the room. When the suspects were out of the room, Moody moved the entertainment center and pointed out the gun to Clifton, the investigating officer. Clifton went back outside and announced to the subjects "that they were being detained on investigation of a handgun." Defendant spontaneously exclaimed, "How can you put that gun on me when you found it back behind there." The officers, still unable to locate Hurth and concerned for officer safety, began to discuss the possibility that Hurth was in room 126. Defendant volunteered that Hurth was not in room 126 and said that the officers could use his card key to look into the room to check. As some officers entered room 126, defendant told Clifton that all items found there belonged to him and he did not want anyone else to get in trouble for what might be found.

Upon entering room 126, Officer Cohen saw seven Ziploc bags of marijuana on the floor and a small scale on the nightstand. In the bathroom, Cohen saw four small bags of marijuana and three small cocaine rocks floating in the toilet. In a box on the shelf above the toilet, Cohen discovered two more small bags of marijuana. A suitcase left beneath the shelf contained another scale, 18 cell phones, two semiautomatic pistols, and ammunition. Trojanowski also found $1,000 in small bills. Before defendant was transported to the police station, he asked Trojanowski to retrieve his sweat suit from the motel room. After defendant identified his sweat suit, Trojanowski searched the pockets and found a large wad of cash, credit cards, and identification. Both the credit cards and identification were in another person's name.

Defendant was charged with possession of cocaine base for sale (Health Saf. Code, § 11351.5) with a personal arming enhancement (Pen. Code, § 12022, subd. (c); count I); possession of marijuana for sale (Health Saf. Code, § 11359; count II); possession of a firearm by a convicted felon (§ 12021, subd. (a)(1); count III); receiving stolen property (§ 496, subd. (a)) with a personal arming enhancement (§ 12022, subd. (c); count IV); and destruction of evidence (§ 135; count V). Defendant entered a plea of not guilty and moved to suppress the evidence pursuant to section 1538.5. After a pretrial hearing, the motion was denied. Defendant subsequently pleaded no contest to counts I, III, and IV in exchange for a four-year maximum prison term and dismissal of the remaining charges and charges in a separate pending case. Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.

DISCUSSION

Defendant contends that his motion to suppress the evidence found in the two motel rooms was erroneously denied. He argues that the initial search of room 111 was not justified as a parole search because the officers did not verify that the terms of Hurth's parole included a search condition, that the facts known to the officers when they entered room 111 did not justify his detention, and that his consent to search room 126 therefore was involuntary because it resulted from an unlawful detention. We find no merit in any of these contentions.

A. Validity of the Parole Search of Room 111 (1) In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, an appellate court defers to the trial court's express or implied findings of fact that are supported by substantial evidence, but must independently determine the relevant legal principles and apply those principles to the trial court's findings of facts to determine whether the search was constitutionally reasonable. ( People v. Glaser (1995) 11 Cal.4th 354, 362 [ 45 Cal.Rptr.2d 425, 902 P.2d 729]; People v. Leyba (1981) 29 Cal.3d 591, 596-597 [ 174 Cal.Rptr. 867, 629 P.2d 961]; People v. Lawler (1973) 9 Cal.3d 156, 160 [ 107 Cal.Rptr. 13, 507 P.2d 621].) "[T]he power to judge the credibility of the witnesses, resolve any conflicts in the testimony, weigh the evidence and draw factual inferences, is vested in the trial court." ( People v. Lawler, supra, at p. 160.) If factual findings are unclear, the appellate court must infer "a finding of fact favorable to the prevailing party on each ground or theory underlying the motion." ( People v. Manning (1973) 33 Cal.App.3d 586, 601-602 [ 109 Cal.Rptr. 531].) However, if the undisputed facts establish that the search or seizure was constitutionally unreasonable as a matter of law, the reviewing court is not bound by the lower court's ruling. ( People v. Medina (1972) 26 Cal.App.3d 809, 815 [ 103 Cal.Rptr. 337].)

(2) The Fourth Amendment provides citizens protection against arbitrary and unreasonable searches and seizures in their residences, which have been held to include hotel rooms in which they are registered. ( People v. Williams (1988) 45 Cal.3d 1268, 1297 [ 248 Cal.Rptr. 834, 756 P.2d 221].) A search of a residence conducted without a warrant is presumptively unreasonable unless it falls within one of "`a few specifically established and well-delineated exceptions.'" ( People v. Sanders (2003) 31 Cal.4th 318, 337 [ 2 Cal.Rptr.3d 630, 73 P.3d 496] (conc. opn. of Kennard, J.); see Katz v. United States (1967) 389 U.S. 347, 357 [ 19 L.Ed.2d 576, 88 S.Ct. 507]; Flippo v. West Virginia (1999) 528 U.S. 11, 13 [ 145 L.Ed.2d 16, 120 S.Ct. 7].) As the Fourth Amendment has been interpreted by the California Supreme Court, police officers may make a warrantless search of the residence of a parolee subject to a valid search condition "despite the absence of particularized suspicion" as long as the search is not conducted for "arbitrary, capricious or harassing" purposes. ( People v. Reyes (1998) 19 Cal.4th 743, 752-753 [ 80 Cal.Rptr.2d 734, 968 P.2d 445].) However, the warrantless search of a residence cannot be justified as a parole search if the police do not know of the suspect's parole status when they conduct the search. ( People v. Sanders, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 332; In re Martinez (1970) 1 Cal.3d 641, 646 [ 83 Cal.Rptr. 382, 463 P.2d 734].) The "reasoning in Reyes does not apply if the officer is unaware that the suspect is on parole and subject to a search condition. Despite the parolee's diminished expectation of privacy, such a search cannot be justified as a parole search, because the officer is not acting pursuant to the conditions of parole." ( People v. Sanders, supra, at p. 333.)

(3) Here the officers did not enter room 111 until they had determined that the room was registered to Maurice Hurth, an active parolee. The trial court concluded that the prosecution had met its burden of justifying the warrantless search based on the officers' knowledge of Hurth's status as a parolee. Defendant argues that the prosecution's showing was inadequate because it failed to establish that the officers, though aware of Hurth's parole status, knew that Hurth had consented to a search of his residence as a condition of parole. But "a warrantless search condition is a reasonable term in any parole of a convicted felon from state prison." ( People v. Burgener (1986) 41 Cal.3d 505, 532 [ 224 Cal.Rptr. 112, 714 P.2d 1251], disapproved on other grounds in People v. Reyes, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 756.) It was long ago recognized that "every grant of parole included an implied search condition, and an officer's knowledge of parole status was equivalent to knowledge of a parole search condition." ( In re Tyrell J. (1994) 8 Cal.4th 68, 94 [ 32 Cal.Rptr.2d 33, 876 P.2d 519] (dis. opn. of Kennard, J.); see People v. Sanders, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 328.) A search condition for every parolee is now expressly required by statute. Section 3067, subdivision (a) requires an inmate to agree to permit law enforcement to perform warrantless searches, regardless of cause, as a mandatory condition of parole. Section 3060.5 requires the parole authority to revoke the parole of any eligible inmate who refuses to sign a parole agreement which must include the mandatory parole search condition.

Defendant points to section 3067, subdivision (b) to suggest that an inmate may be paroled without expressly agreeing to a parole search condition. While this provision may not be a model of statutory clarity, read together with subdivision (a) it can be understood to mean only that inmates who are otherwise eligible for parole yet refuse to agree to the mandatory search condition will remain imprisoned while losing their accumulated worktime credits on a daily basis until either (1) the inmate agrees to the search condition and is otherwise eligible for parole, or (2) has lost all worktime credits and is eligible for release after having served the balance of his/her sentence. Support for this interpretation of section 3067, subdivision (b) can be found in the final legislative analysis of the provision filed concurrently with the passage of the statute in 1996. "An inmate who refuses to agree to warrantless search shall not be released until he agrees or has served his/her entire sentence." (Assem. Com. on Pub. Safety, Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 2284 (1995-1996 Reg. Sess.) as amended Aug. 26, 1996, p. 1.)

(4) Defendant's final point that section 3067, subdivision (c) limits the applicability of section 3067 to inmates whose offenses were committed on or after January 1, 1997 (and there is no evidence that the officers here knew when Hurth committed the offense for which he was on parole), is equally unavailing. Whatever differences there may be between the provisions of section 3067 and the administrative regulations that apply to those on parole for offenses committed before 1997, both contemplate that all parolees shall be subject to a search condition. Moreover, section 3060.5, which provides that "the parole authority shall revoke the parole of any prisoner who refuses to sign a parole agreement setting forth the general and any special conditions applicable to the parole," applies regardless of the date on which the parolee's offenses were committed. Thus, the officers' awareness that Hurth was a parolee was sufficient to inform them of their right to conduct a parole search of his motel room and justified the search of room 111. B., C. B. Reasonableness of Defendant's Detention Defendant contends that even if the officers were entitled to search room 111, they were not entitled, when they entered the room, to handcuff him and the four other occupants of the room and to detain them while they conducted the search. Defendant was not placed under arrest at that point, but he unquestionably was detained within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. The only questions are whether the officers had sufficient reason to reasonably suspect that defendant was involved in criminal activity to justify his temporary detention for investigative purposes ( Michigan v. Summers (1981) 452 U.S. 692, 699; People v. Souza (1994) 9 Cal.4th 224, 230-231), and whether the detention was "sufficiently limited in scope and duration to satisfy the conditions of an investigative seizure" ( Florida v. Royer (1983) 460 U.S. 491, 500; accord In re James D. (1987) 43 Cal.3d 903, 911, People v. Bowen (1987) 195 Cal.App.3d 269, 273). "[T]he presence of an unknown person on the premises when police begin the search, and the officer's inability to immediately determine the person's identity and connection to the premises without effecting a detention, are specific and articulable facts that, on balance, reasonably warrant a detention limited to the time and means needed to resolve the questions of identity and occupancy and to protect the safety of those present while those questions are resolved." ( People v. Glaser, supra, 11 Cal.4th at p. 375.) Although the officers were not conducting a search pursuant to a warrant issued by a judicial officer and supported by probable cause, as was the case in both Michigan v. Summers, supra, 452 U.S. 692, and People v. Glaser, supra, 11 Cal.4th 354, "[t]he existence of a warrant is but one factor the courts consider when determining the governmental interest involved." ( People v. Hannah (1996) 51 Cal.App.4th 1335, 1343.) The temporary investigatory seizure of unknown parties found at a residence during the warrantless yet lawful search of a probationer or parolee subject to a valid search condition may be justified in order to determine that party's connection to the probationer or parolee. ( People v. Matelski (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 837, 850.) The justification for temporary detention of unknown parties may be even greater when police also have a reasonable suspicion that criminal activities have been taking place at the residence of a parolee or probationer. ( Id. at pp. 851-852.) Although the trial court did not make express findings to support its ruling that defendant's initial detention was justified based on legitimate law enforcement interests, we must reasonably infer factual findings to support the trial court's final determination "if any . . . theory of justification is urged and is substantiated by the evidence." ( People v. Manning, supra, 33 Cal.App.3d at p. 602.) The record here provides ample articulable facts known to the police officers when they entered room 111 to justify their actions. The vicinity of the Travel Lodge motel was considered to be a "high drug area"; the smell of marijuana had been coming from the adjacent connected room 126 and two former occupants of that room had confirmed that they had recently been smoking marijuana there; the remaining occupants of room 126 had refused to respond to the door when the police knocked and noises were heard suggesting that they moved through an interior door to the adjacent room 111; room 111 was registered to an active parolee and no one in the room had responded to the repeated requests to open the door; upon entering the room the officers found five unknown persons present including defendant, who was in the bathroom with his hands and arms dripping wet. These circumstances provided a substantial basis for the officers to reasonably suspect that some, if not all, of the occupants had been smoking marijuana in room 126 and had moved to room 111 to avoid detection. The police officers had a legitimate law enforcement interest in temporarily detaining the occupants to investigate whether a crime had been committed and which of the occupants may have been involved. Facing five criminal suspects in the confined space of a motel room, police officers also had a legitimate concern for their own personal safety as they conducted their investigation. And once the room was cleared, the police had a legitimate interest in preventing the flight of any of the suspects until the situation was clarified. While a temporary detention therefore was justified for investigative purposes, "[t]he scope of the search must be `strictly tied to and justified by' the circumstances which rendered its initiation permissible." ( Terry v. Ohio (1968) 392 U.S. 1, 19.) The court must "examine whether the police diligently pursued a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or dispel their suspicions quickly, during which time it was necessary to detain defendant. [Citations.] A court making this assessment should take care to consider whether the police are acting in a swiftly developing situation, and in such cases the court should not indulge in unrealistic second guessing." ( United States v. Sharpe (1985) 470 U.S. 675, 686.) There is no hard and fast time limit for the length of a reasonable detention. ( United States v. Place (1983) 462 U.S. 696, 709-710.) Once police have a reasonable suspicion that a detainee has been involved in criminal activity, an officer may take reasonable precautions for his own safety and may seek to determine whether the suspect can be identified. ( People v. Mickelson (1963) 59 Cal.2d 448, 454.) While considerations of embarrassment and stigma associated with a detention should be considered ( People v. Glaser, supra, 11 Cal.4th at p. 367), the use of drawn guns, pat searching, and handcuffs will not necessarily convert an otherwise reasonable detention into a de facto arrest. ( Id. at pp. 367-369; People v. Bowen, supra, 195 Cal.App.3d at pp. 272-274; In re Carlos M. (1990) 220 Cal.App.3d 372, 385; People v. Soun (1995) 34 Cal.App.4th 1499, 1517-1519; U.S. v. Bautista (9th Cir. 1982) 684 F.2d 1286, 1289-1290.) The court must determine if the police actions exceeded the permissible bounds of a justified investigatory detainment based on the totality of circumstances. ( Soun, supra, at p. 1517; In re Carlos M., supra, at pp. 384-385; Florida v. Royer, supra, 460 U.S. at pp. 506-507; U.S. v. Baron (9th Cir. 1988) 860 F.2d 911, 914.) Defendant argues that the scope of the detention was excessive because he was handcuffed, placed on the ground outside the motel room in public view, and held longer than necessary for the police to identify him and to determine his connection to the motel room. However, under the circumstances, the scope of the intrusion upon defendant's liberty was not unreasonable. The officers were justified in entering the room with guns drawn and immediately pat searching the occupants based on concern for their own safety. Police are "at the disadvantage of being on his adversary's `turf.' An ambush in a confined setting of unknown configuration is more to be feared than it is in open, more familiar surroundings." ( Maryland v. Buie (1990) 494 U.S. 325, 333.) The perceived danger here was exacerbated when officers found the room occupied by five people, believing they had purposefully attempted to avoid contact with the police. It was entirely reasonable to handcuff the suspects for safety purposes and to prevent the flight of the suspects. "We emphasize that this was not a suspicionless intrusion. . . ." ( People v. Matelski, supra, 82 Cal.App.4th at p. 851.) While the entry into room 111 was justified by Hurth's parole search condition, all of the occupants were reasonably suspected of committing a crime and had already demonstrated their unwillingness to cooperate with police. Therefore, contrary to defendant's assertion, the officers' conduct does not reflect a "`slippage into a guilt by association pattern whereby anyone seen near prospective drug activity becomes fair game for a stop and frisk.'" ( Glaser, supra, 11 Cal.4th at p. 374.) The officers were aware of specific articuable facts that cast a reasonable cloud of suspicion upon all of the subjects including defendant. Moreover, the record demonstrates that "the police diligently pursued a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or dispel their suspicions quickly, during which time it was necessary to detain defendant." ( United States v. Sharpe, supra, 470 U.S. at p. 686; accord Bowen, supra, 195 Cal.App.3d at p. 274 [keeping a suspect handcuffed during a 25-minute detention was not unreasonable based on circumstances and did not amount to an arrest since police were acting promptly].) Officer Moody testified that it took five to six minutes to pat search, handcuff and search all of the occupants of the room. Officer Clifton testified that she and Officer Trojanowski worked together to collect the names of the five suspects once they were brought outside. After obtaining their identification, Moody called Clifton back to the room to point out the gun he had discovered. Clifton immediately shared the information with the suspects and her fellow officers. There is no indication in the record that the officers acted other than expeditiously between defendant's initial apprehension and the discovery of the handgun. While it appears that other motel guests occasionally passed the scene and the detention was conducted in a public place, the embarrassment and stigma of the intrusion was mitigated by the time of night and the brevity of the initial detention before the discovery of the gun. (See People v. Glaser, supra, 11 Cal.4th at p. 367; People v. Matelski, supra, 82 Cal.App.4th at p. 850.) The officers were dealing with a developing and potentially dangerous situation. Once the handgun was discovered, the officers' initial suspicion of ongoing criminal activity justifiably grew. Under the totality of these circumstances, we find no basis to fault the conduct of the officers through the point at which defendant spontaneously denied that the handgun was his and offered to permit the officers to use his card key to enter room 126 looking for Hurth.

C. Validity of Defendant's Consent to Search Room 126 ^fn_ Defendant contends that his consent to search room 126 was involuntary because it was the product of an illegal arrest or detention. However, since we have determined that his detention was not unlawful, he does not benefit from the principle that "consent induced by an illegal search or arrest is not voluntary. . . ." ( Burrows v. Superior Court (1974) 13 Cal.3d 238, 251.) The mere fact that he was in police custody does not invalidate his consent absent any "overt act or threat of force," "official claim of authority," or "more subtle forms of coercion that might flaw his judgment." ( United States v. Watson (1976) 423 U.S. 411, 424; People v. James (1977) 19 Cal.3d 99, 117.) By denying defendant's motion to suppress, the trial court impliedly found that he voluntarily consented to the search, and this implied finding is fully supported by the evidence. The unrefuted testimony of Officer Clifton was that defendant told the officers that they could look for Hurth in room 126 and provided a room key to facilitate their entry. "[T]here is no talismanic phrase which must be uttered by a suspect in order to authorize a search." ( People v. James, supra, 19 Cal.3d at p. 113.) There was no evidence to suggest that the officers coerced or threatened defendant. Therefore, there is no basis to disturb the trial court's implied finding that defendant voluntarily consented to the search of room 126, and he does not question that the evidence discovered in room 126 was in plain view when the officers entered the room. Defendant failed to establish that the seizure of the disputed evidence arose from any violation of his constitutional rights. The motion to suppress therefore was properly denied.

DISPOSITION

Corrigan, Acting P.J., and Parrilli, J., concurred.