KELLY, J.

In these consolidated appeals from a joint jury trial, defendants Israel J. Gonzalez (Docket No. 223401) and David A. Guerra (Docket No. 223402) appeal as of right.

Defendant Gonzalez appeals his convictions of operating a criminal enterprise (racketeering), MCL 750.159i(l); and soliciting a person to possess with intent to deliver less than fifty grams of cocaine, MCL 333.7407a(2). The trial court sentenced defendant Gonzalez as a second-offense habitual offender, MCL 769.10, to consecutive prison terms of thirteen years and four months to thirty years in prison for the racketeering conviction, and five to forty years in prison for the soliciting conviction.

Defendant Guerra appeals his convictions of racketeering, MCL 750.159i(l); possession with intent to deliver less than fifty grams of cocaine, MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(iv); maintaining a drug house, MCL 333.7405(1)(d); and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b. The trial court sentenced defendant Guerra to thirteen years and four months to twenty years in prison for the racketeering conviction, eight to twenty years in prison for the conviction of possession with intent to deliver cocaine, one year and four months to two years in prison for the conviction of maintaining a drug house, and two years for the felony-firearm conviction. The sentences for racketeering and maintaining a drug house run concurrently; the other sentences run consecutively.

We affirm.

I. Basic Facts and Procedural History

A Crime Area Target Team of the Flint Police Department, which had been investigating gang activity for several years, discovered that the Spanish Cobras, a gang originating in Chicago, had been active in Flint since the early 1990s. The Spanish Cobras were primarily drug traffickers, but also committed larcenies, burglaries, thefts, extortion, fencing of stolen property, and assaults.

As part of an investigation of the Spanish Cobras, Michigan State Trooper Dale Girke made several undercover drug transactions to discover the drug source. Some of these transactions were surveilled by Flint police officers, who ultimately searched Jose Diaz's home finding a safe containing $3,600. Marked bills from the drug transactions with Trooper Girke were also traced to Diaz. In March 1998, Flint police executed a search warrant at Diaz's home where they found firearms and various items exhibiting gang colors and symbols, as well as photographs of gang members, including defendants, wearing gang paraphernalia and making gang signs.

In June 1998, Flint police officers executed felony arrest warrants regarding eleven individuals, including defendant Guerra. During the execution of defendant Guerra's arrest warrant, Lieutenant Gary Hagler approached defendant Guerra's house and saw him run from the front door. Defendant Guerra did not run straight for the back door, but ran through other rooms of the house. He was arrested on the back patio. During what the prosecutor argues was a protective sweep of the house, officers observed marijuana. On the basis of this observation and other information, the police obtained a search warrant. Pursuant to the search warrant, police seized two bags containing over ten grams of cocaine, a nine-millimeter, semiautomatic pistol, a quilt with gang symbols and colors, other gang-related material and photographs, and drug paraphernalia.

Defendants, as well as three other individuals, were charged with racketeering, MCL 750.159i(l), in connection with their alleged membership and participation in the illegal activities of the Spanish Cobras.

II. Evidentiary Issues A. Standard of Review and Generally Applicable Law

The decision whether to admit evidence is within the discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed on appeal absent a clear abuse of discretion. People v Snider, 239 Mich. App. 393, 419; 608 N.W.2d 502 (2000). An abuse of discretion is found only if an unprejudiced person, considering the facts on which the trial court acted, would say that there was no justification or excuse for the ruling made. Id. A decision on a close evidentiary question ordinarily cannot be an abuse of discretion. People v Sabin (After Remand), 463 Mich. 43, 67; 614 N.W.2d 888 (2000). Decisions regarding the admission of evidence that involve a preliminary question of law, such as the interpretation of a rule of evidence, are reviewed de novo. People v Lukity, 460 Mich. 484, 488; 596 N.W.2d 607 (1999).

Generally, all relevant evidence is admissible. MRE 402. Relevant evidence is "evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." MRE 401. Relevant evidence "may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence." MRE 403. A determination of the prejudicial effect of evidence is "`best left to a contemporaneous assessment of the presentation, credibility, and effect of testimony' by the trial judge." People v Bahoda, 448 Mich. 261, 291; 531 N.W.2d 659 (1995), quoting People v VanderVliet, 444 Mich. 52, 81; 508 N.W.2d 114 (1993).

B. Criminal Activities of Others

Defendants first argue that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence concerning the criminal activities of others. We disagree.

Defendants were convicted pursuant to MCL 750.159i(1): "A person employed by, or associated with, an enterprise shall not knowingly conduct or participate in the affairs of the enterprise directly or indirectly through a pattern of racketeering activity." MCL 750.159f(a) defines "enterprise" as "an individual, sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, limited liability company, trust, union, association, governmental unit, or other legal entity or a group or persons associated in fact although not a legal entity. Enterprise includes illicit as well as licit enterprises." MCL 750.159g defines "racketeering," in relevant part, as follows:

As used in this chapter, "racketeering" means committing, attempting to commit, conspiring to commit, or aiding or abetting, soliciting, coercing, or intimidating a person to commit an offense for financial gain, involving any of the following:

* * *

(c) A felony violation of part 74 or section 17766a of the public health code, 1978 PA 368, MCL 333.7401 to 333.7461 and 333.7766a, concerning controlled substances or androgenic anabolic steroids.

* * *

(r) A violation of section 213, concerning extortion.

* * *

(ff) A violation of section 529, 529a, 530, 531, concerning robbery.

(gg) A felony violation of section 535, 535a, 536a, concerning stolen, embezzled, or converted property.

MCL 750.159f(c) defines a "pattern of racketeering activity" as follows:

"Pattern of racketeering activity" means not less than 2 incidents of racketeering to which all of the following characteristics apply:

(i) The incidents have the same or a substantially similar purpose, result, participant, victim, or method of commission, or are otherwise interrelated by distinguishing characteristics and are not isolated acts.

(ii) The incidents amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity.

(iii) At least 1 of the incidents occurred within this state on or after the effective date of the amendatory act that added this section, and the last of the incidents occurred within 10 years after the commission of any prior incident, excluding any period of imprisonment served by a person engaging in the racketeering activity.

The statute was intended to create state racketeering law analogous to the Racketeering Influence and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), 18 U.S.C. § 1961 et seq. House Legislative Analysis, HB 4367, January 12, 1996. RICO recognizes two types of enterprises. 18 U.S.C. § 1962(a)-(c). The type that applies to this case is set forth in subsection 1962(c), conducting the affairs of an enterprise through a pattern of racketeering activity. Under this subsection, the enterprise is "the instrument through which illegal activity is conducted." United States v Chance, 306 F.3d 356, 372-373 (CA 6, 2002). To prove this type of enterprise under RICO, the government must show

1) an ongoing organization with some sort of framework or superstructure for making and carrying out decisions; 2) that the members of the enterprise functioned as a continuing unit with established duties; and 3) that the enterprise was separate and distinct from the pattern of racketeering activity in which it engaged. [ Id., citing Frank v D'Ambrosi, 4 F.3d 1378, 1386 (CA 6, 1993).]

Here, the challenged evidence was relevant to establish the existence of the enterprise and the participation of its members in a pattern of criminal activity. During the execution of the search warrant at Diaz's home on March 17, 1998, police officers discovered a photo album covered in green and black, the Spanish Cobras' colors. On the front of the album was Diaz's photograph cut in a diamond shape, a Spanish Cobras symbol. The album contained photographs of Diaz, defendants, and others making gang signs. This evidence tended to show that defendants were part of the enterprise known as the Spanish Cobras. The photo album was, therefore, relevant to show the existence of the Spanish Cobras and defendants' membership therein. Regarding the evidence of weapons found in the home, both defendants were seen possessing firearms and defendant Guerra was charged with felony-firearm. Therefore, this evidence was also relevant.

The testimony of Trooper Girke regarding drug transactions was relevant to show a pattern of the Spanish Cobras' criminal activity. Working undercover, Trooper Girke acted as a buyer in three drug transactions with Mary Parrish. In two of the transactions, the vehicle involved belonged to Diaz and was followed back to Diaz's home after the sale. In addition, some of the money used by Trooper Girke was traced to Diaz. Because other evidence had already been admitted that tended to establish that Diaz was a member and leader of the Spanish Cobras, this additional evidence tended to show that the Spanish Cobras was an organization involved in the street sale of cocaine. Thus, it was admissible to establish an element of racketeering.

Defendant Gonzalez did not object to the testimony of Officer David Forysteck, Bethany Carter, and Ryan Pinkston. Nonetheless, this testimony also tended to show that the Spanish Cobras were an enterprise involved in drug trafficking and violence. Given the other evidence that established the existence of the Spanish Cobras and their activities, no plain error affecting defendants' substantial rights occurred when the jury heard this testimony. People v Pesquera, 244 Mich. App. 305, 316; 625 N.W.2d 407 (2001), citing People v Carines, 460 Mich. 750, 763; 597 N.W.2d 130 (1999).

C. Assault

Defendant Guerra next argues that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence of an assault that was allegedly ordered by him. We disagree.

The trial court did not err in admitting the evidence that defendant Guerra ordered another Spanish Cobra member to assault Ryan Pinkston. This evidence tended to demonstrate defendant's leadership role in the Spanish Cobras. The evidence was material in that defendant's participation in the affairs of the Spanish Cobras was at issue during his trial. It was also probative, making his leadership in the Spanish Cobras more probable.

D. Gang Affiliation

Defendant Guerra next argues that the prosecutor improperly introduced evidence of gang affiliation without an adequate foundation. We disagree.

To avoid forfeiture of an unpreserved claim of prosecutorial misconduct, defendant must show a plain error affecting his substantial rights. People v Rodriguez, 251 Mich. App. 10, 32; 650 N.W.2d 96 (2002). "Issues of prosecutorial misconduct are decided case by case, with the reviewing court examining the pertinent portion of the record and evaluating the prosecutor's remarks in context." People v Noble, 238 Mich. App. 647, 660; 608 N.W.2d 123 (1999).

Specifically, defendant Guerra argues that the prosecutor improperly elicited the testimony of Lieutenant Hagler regarding names of other gang members whose identities were derived from hearsay and gang profiles. Defendant Guerra argues that the purpose of admitting this evidence was to establish that Lieutenant Hagler was a gang expert. We find that the challenged conduct did not constitute plain error because the prosecutor introduced the evidence on the basis of Lieutenant Hagler's declared status as an expert witness in the area of street-gang investigation and practices. Even if it was plain error, it could not have affected defendant Guerra's substantial rights because the complained of conduct occurred during a small portion of the direct examination of one witness and did not infect the entire trial.

E. Plea Agreement

Defendant Guerra next argues that the trial court abused its discretion in not allowing him to impeach witness Mary Parrish with evidence of her plea agreement. We disagree.

Defendant Guerra called Parrish in his case-in-chief, apparently to mitigate the testimony of a prosecution witness. Defendant now argues that Parrish's agreement with the prosecutor to give truthful testimony in exchange for a more lenient sentence was admissible to show her bias toward the prosecution. However, we note that defense counsel first elicited Parrish's testimony that defendant had threatened her. The prosecution elicited further testimony about this matter on cross-examination.

While a witness's credibility may be attacked by the party calling the witness, MRE 607, defendant was attempting to impeach testimony that he initially elicited from Parrish. "Because error requiring reversal cannot be error to which the aggrieved party contributed by plan or negligence, defendant has waived appellate review of this issue." People v Griffin, 235 Mich. App. 27, 46; 597 N.W.2d 176 (1999). Regardless of this waiver, though it may be error requiring reversal to exclude evidence of a prosecution witness's plea agreement on the basis of the right of confrontation, People v Mumford, 183 Mich. App. 149, 154; 455 N.W.2d 51 (1990), there is no such error here because defense counsel called Parrish to testify and elicited her testimony about defendant Guerra's threat. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant Guerra's request to present the fact that Parrish was offered a plea agreement by the prosecution.

F. Similar Acts

Defendant Guerra next argues that the trial court abused its discretion in "allowing the jury to consider similar acts evidence for an improper purpose without sufficient notice to the defendant." We disagree.

To begin with, we note that defendant Guerra did not object to the admission of similar-acts evidence, nor does he argue on appeal that the evidence was improperly admitted. Rather, he argues that the trial court, in response to the jury's inquiry, improperly instructed the jury that it could "consider all the relevant evidence introduced during the course of this trial on the element of intent in order to determine whether the possession of cocaine . . . was possession with intent to deliver cocaine." Defendant Guerra does not contest that the evidence was properly considered in relation to his racketeering charge. Rather, he argues that the evidence should not have been considered in regard to the charge of possession with intent to deliver less than fifty grams of cocaine. Thus, the scope of our review does not include whether the evidence was properly admitted under MRE 404(b). Our inquiry is instead limited to whether the trial court properly instructed the jury.

To preserve an instructional error for review, a defendant must object to the instruction before the jury deliberates. MCR 2.515(C). Because the alleged error was not properly preserved, we review this issue for plain error affecting the defendant's substantial rights. People v Knapp, 244 Mich. App. 361, 375; 624 N.W.2d 227 (2001), citing Carines, supra at 766-767. This Court reviews jury instructions in their entirety to determine whether there is error requiring reversal. People v Aldrich, 246 Mich. App. 101, 124; 631 N.W.2d 67 (2001). We will not reverse a conviction if the instructions fairly presented the issues to be tried and sufficiently protected the defendant's rights. Id.

The elements of possession of less than fifty grams of cocaine with intent to deliver are: "(1) that the recovered substance is cocaine, (2) that the cocaine is in a mixture weighing less than fifty grams, (3) that defendant was not authorized to possess the substance, and (4) that defendant knowingly possessed the cocaine with intent to deliver." People v Wolfe, 440 Mich. 508, 516-517; 489 N.W.2d 748 (1992), mod 441 Mich. 1201 (1992). "Actual delivery is not required to prove intent to deliver." People v Fetterley, 229 Mich. App. 511, 517; 583 N.W.2d 199 (1998). "An actor's intent may be inferred from all of the facts and circumstances, and because of the difficulty of proving an actor's state of mind, minimal circumstantial evidence is sufficient." Id. at 517-518 (citations omitted). "Possession with intent to deliver can be established by circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences arising from that evidence, just as it can be established by direct evidence." Wolfe, supra at 526.

In this case, Sergeant Harold Payer testified that the amount of cocaine found in defendant Guerra's home, when considered with other confiscated items such as the sifter containing cocaine residue, a baggie containing cocaine, and weapons, led him to believe that defendant Guerra intended to deliver the cocaine, not merely possess it. This evidence alone was sufficient to support defendant Guerra's conviction. Therefore, the alleged instructional error did not affect defendant Guerra's substantial rights.

III. Sentencing Issues A. Sentencing Guidelines

Defendants next argue that the trial court abused its discretion in using the judicial rather than the legislative sentencing guidelines in formulating their sentences. We disagree.

Generally, appellate review of sentencing under the judicial sentencing guidelines is limited to whether the sentencing court abused it discretion. Fetterley, supra at 525. A sentencing court abuses its discretion when it violates the principle of proportionality, which requires that a sentence be proportionate to the seriousness of the crime and the defendant's record. People v Milbourn, 435 Mich. 630, 635-636, 654; 461 N.W.2d 1 (1990); People v Bennett, 241 Mich. App. 511, 515; 616 N.W.2d 703 (2000).

MCL 769.34(1) provides that the judicial sentencing guidelines "shall not apply to felonies . . . committed on or after January 1, 1999." MCL 769.34(2) provides that the sentencing guidelines promulgated by the Legislature apply to felonies "committed on or after January 1, 1999." People v Reynolds, 240 Mich. App. 250, 254; 611 N.W.2d 316 (2000).

The trial court did not err in applying the judicial guidelines because the offenses of which defendants were convicted occurred before January 1, 1999. Defendant Guerra was not charged with any conduct that occurred after 1998. Of the alleged predicate offenses underlying the racketeering charge against defendant Gonzalez, only one occurred after January 1, 1999, intimidating a witness in March 1999. The jury did not find defendant Gonzalez guilty of this offense.

However, defendant Gonzalez also argues that the evidence supporting his solicitation conviction is ambiguous with regard to the date the offense occurred. The subject of defendant Gonzalez's solicitation first testified about a sale of marijuana that occurred in the summer of 1997. This witness was then questioned about cocaine solicitation, to which the witness responded that there was "just one incident." The exchange continued:

Q. When was that?

A. Not too long after that, probably in the wintertime after that.

Q. And would that put it one side or the other of New Year's, if you know?

Q. So that would have been either just — would — would it be fair to say winter can be either side of New Year's.

Q. It would be either the late end of '97 or the beginning of '98.

A. Well, that — that it was — it had — I think it was in the winter of '98—

A. —it was probably a year after that.

Q. Okay.

A. It was awhile after that.

We agree that this testimony is ambiguous and could be read to place the incident in the early months of 1999. However, even if the offense occurred after January 1, 1999, any error in applying the judicial guidelines was harmless. The trial court stated that it would have found substantial and compelling reasons to depart from the legislative guidelines if they had been applied. The court noted that justification for this departure was found in defendant Gonzalez's criminal history. Furthermore, the jury found him guilty of eleven of fourteen predicate offenses. Had the trial court used the legislative guidelines, it would not have abused its discretion in determining that these objective and verifiable factors presented substantial and compelling reasons to depart from the legislative sentencing guidelines. People v Babcock, 250 Mich. App. 463, 465-468; 648 N.W.2d 221 (2002).

B. Defendant Gonzalez's Consecutive Sentences

Defendant Gonzalez next argues that the trial court erred in ordering consecutive sentences for his solicitation and racketeering convictions. We disagree.

Whether the trial court properly sentenced a defendant to consecutive sentences is a question of statutory interpretation that is reviewed de novo. People v Denio, 454 Mich. 691, 698-699; 564 N.W.2d 13 (1997). A consecutive sentence may be imposed only if specifically authorized by law. People v Lee, 233 Mich. App. 403, 405; 592 N.W.2d 779 (1999).

In this case, defendant Gonzalez was convicted of soliciting Ryan Pinkston to possess less than fifty grams of cocaine with intent to deliver. MCL 333.7407a(2). "Except as otherwise provided . . . a person who violates this section is guilty of a crime punishable by . . . the penalty for the crime he or she solicited, induced, or intimidated another person to commit." MCL 333.7407a(3). Possession with intent to deliver less than fifty grams of cocaine is prohibited by MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(iv). MCL 333.7401(3) prescribes consecutive sentencing for offenses involving controlled substances that are enumerated in MCL 333.7401(2)(a). People v Spann, 250 Mich. App. 527; 655 N.W.2d 251 (2002). Our Supreme Court has interpreted MCL 333.7401(3) to require consecutive sentencing for a defendant convicted of conspiracy to commit one of the enumerated offenses. Denio, supra at 691. Therefore, we find the trial court did not err in imposing consecutive sentences for these offenses.

C. Proportionality of Defendant Gonzalez's Sentences

Defendant Gonzalez also argues that the trial court erred in imposing a disproportionate sentence. We disagree.

As discussed above, the legislative sentencing guidelines do not apply to defendant Gonzalez's convictions. Additionally, the judicial sentencing guidelines do not apply because he was sentenced as an habitual offender. People v Colon, 250 Mich. App. 59, 65; 644 N.W.2d 790 (2002). This Court reviews the sentence of an habitual offender for an abuse of discretion. Id. at 64. "Nonetheless, `[a] sentence must be proportionate to the seriousness of the crime and the defendant's prior record. If an habitual offender's underlying felony and criminal history demonstrate that he is unable to conform his conduct to the law, a sentence within the statutory limit is proportionate.'" Id. at 65, quoting People v Compeau, 244 Mich. App. 595, 598-599; 625 N.W.2d 120 (2001) (citation omitted).

In this case, the jury found defendant Gonzalez guilty of eleven offenses predicate to racketeering, most of which involved the possession or sale of cocaine and marijuana. The evidence demonstrated that defendant Gonzalez was a leader of the Spanish Cobras and induced others to commit crimes. Moreover, defendant Gonzalez was a second-offense habitual offender, having previously been convicted of cocaine possession. Therefore, the evidence demonstrated that he is unable to conform his conduct to the law, and sentencing him within the statutory limits was proper.

Pursuant to MCL 750.159j, defendant Gonzalez could be imprisoned for the racketeering conviction for not more than twenty years. However, as a second-offense habitual offender, MCL 769.10, he could be sentenced to a maximum term that was not more than 1-1/2 times the longest term prescribed for the offense. Therefore, defendant Gonzalez's maximum sentence for racketeering, thirty years, is within the statutory limit. Pursuant to MCL 333.7407a(3), defendant Gonzalez could be sentenced for his solicitation conviction to the "penalty for the crime he or she solicited, induced, or intimidated another person to commit." The sentence that can be imposed for possession of less than fifty grams of cocaine with intent to deliver is not less than one year nor more than twenty years. MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(iv). Because defendant Gonzalez had previously been convicted of possession of less than twenty-five grams of cocaine, he was subject to having this sentence enhanced to "not more than twice the term authorized." MCL 333.7413(2). Therefore, the sentence the trial court imposed for this offense, five to forty years in prison, is within the statutory limit. Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion.

IV. Motion to Suppress

Defendant Guerra next argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence found in his home. We disagree.

This Court reviews for clear error a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress evidence. People v Stevens (After Remand), 460 Mich. 626, 631; 597 N.W.2d 53 (1999). To the extent that the trial court's decision is based on an interpretation of the law, our review is de novo. People v Kaslowski, 239 Mich. App. 320, 323; 608 N.W.2d 539 (2000).

The right of individuals to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures is guaranteed by both the federal and state constitutions. US Const, Am IV; Const 1963, art 1, § 11. The lawfulness of a search and seizure depends on its reasonableness. People v Beuschlein, 245 Mich. App. 744, 749; 630 N.W.2d 921 (2001). Searches conducted without a warrant are unreasonable per se, unless the police conduct falls under one of several specifically established and well-delineated exceptions. People v Kazmierczak, 461 Mich. 411, 418; 605 N.W.2d 667 (2000); Beuschlein, supra at 749. Generally, items that are seized during an unlawful search or that are the indirect results of an unlawful search may not be admitted as evidence against a defendant under the exclusionary rule. Stevens, supra at 634. Two exceptions to the exclusion of evidence seized during a search without a warrant are applicable here: a search incident to a lawful arrest, People v Toohey, 438 Mich. 265, 271 n 4; 475 N.W.2d 16 (1991); People v Eaton, 241 Mich. App. 459, 461-462; 617 N.W.2d 363 (2000), and seizures of items in plain view if the officers are lawfully in the position from which they view the item, and if the item's incriminating character is immediately apparent, People v Champion, 452 Mich. 92, 101; 549 N.W.2d 849 (1996).

We find that the trial court did not err in denying defendant Guerra's motion to suppress. When the officers executed the arrest warrant against defendant Guerra, Lieutenant Hagler knew that Guerra was a member of the Spanish Cobras, and that Guerra sold narcotics and used guns. Lieutenant Hagler was also aware of threats made to the police by Spanish Cobra members, including defendant Guerra's cousin. Additionally, some of the arrest warrants against defendant Guerra were for violent offenses.

When Hagler approached defendant Guerra's house, he noticed defendant Guerra behind an Armorguard door. After Hagler announced his purpose and ordered defendant Guerra to comply, defendant Guerra ran in the opposite direction through the house, zigzagging through other rooms. Lieutenant Hagler entered the house and chased defendant Guerra past other people in the home, to the back door where defendant Guerra stepped outside and was apprehended.

Given these circumstances, the trial court did not err in determining that the police conduct was reasonable. Lieutenant Hagler articulated facts that would form "a reasonable belief" that there may have been individuals in defendant Guerra's home who posed a danger to the arresting officers. The officers knew that other individuals affiliated with the Spanish Cobras, including some wanted for assaultive crimes and murder, were still at large and could be hiding in defendant Guerra's home. It was reasonable to perform a protective sweep of the house, including the basement, to ensure that no individuals were hiding in the house. The officers also noted defendant Guerra's girlfriend Sandra Fierros' presence and checked her person and the area immediately around her for firearms. While performing this protective sweep, the officers observed an ashtray containing marijuana seeds and stems on the dining-room table. In addition, the officers found a marijuana cigarette on the floor in front of a couch in the basement. Both of these items were immediately recognizable as contraband and were located in plain view. Because the officers' conduct was reasonable, it was not improper to list these items of contraband on the request for a search warrant. Accordingly, the evidence found pursuant to the warrant was admissible against defendant Guerra at trial. The trial court did not err in denying defendant Guerra's motion to suppress.

V. Jurisdiction Over Predicate Juvenile Offense

Defendant Guerra also argues that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury that the trial court did not have jurisdiction over a predicate offense that occurred when defendant Guerra was a juvenile. We disagree. Issues of subject-matter jurisdiction are reviewed de novo. People v Harris, 224 Mich. App. 597, 599; 569 N.W.2d 525 (1997). A lack of subject-matter jurisdiction cannot be waived by a party. People v Eaton, 184 Mich. App. 649, 652; 459 N.W.2d 86 (1990). This Court also reviews de novo claims of instructional error. People v Hall, 249 Mich. App. 262, 269; 643 N.W.2d 253 (2002).

Defendant Guerra argues that pursuant to MCL 712A.4, the circuit court did not have jurisdiction to consider the charge of delivery of cocaine or possession with intent to deliver cocaine that occurred when he was a juvenile, absent a waiver hearing. However, this issue is moot because the jury did not find defendant Guerra guilty of that offense. All the other predicate offenses, of which defendant Guerra was convicted, occurred when he was at least eighteen years old.

Defendant Guerra argues that even if the jurisdictional issue is moot, we should still address the instructional issue because "the trial court also instructed the jury that this alleged conduct may be considered when determining guilt on Count II [possession with intent to deliver less than fifty grams of cocaine]." Although the jury was permitted to consider evidence of the alleged juvenile conduct, it found that there was insufficient evidence to establish that this conduct occurred. Having found that this act was not proven beyond a reasonable doubt, it is improbable that the jury considered it in relation to Count II. Moreover, even without the evidence of defendant Guerra's juvenile act, there was ample evidence to support his conviction as discussed above. Therefore, even if the trial court erred in denying defendant Guerra's request for the jury instruction, defendant Guerra cannot show a miscarriage of justice under the "more probable than not" standard, Carines, supra at 774; Lukity, supra at 495-496.

Affirmed.

R.S. Gribbs, J., concurred.