Opinion
B301982
03-27-2023
THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. HECTOR CASTILLO, Defendant and Appellant.
John Steinberg, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant. Xavier Becerra and Rob Bonta, Attorneys General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Susan Sullivan Pithey, Assistant Attorney General, Michael R. Johnsen, Noah P. Hill and Yun K. Lee, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County No. BA438393, Ray G. Jurado, Judge. Affirmed as modified.
John Steinberg, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Xavier Becerra and Rob Bonta, Attorneys General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Susan Sullivan Pithey, Assistant Attorney General, Michael R. Johnsen, Noah P. Hill and Yun K. Lee, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
BENDIX, J.
Defendant Hector Castillo was convicted of one count of first degree murder, one count of shooting at an occupied motor vehicle, and two counts of unlawful possession of a firearm. The jury found true gang enhancement allegations relating to all four offenses, and it also found true firearm enhancement allegations pertaining to the murder and shooting at an occupied motor vehicle convictions. The trial court sentenced Castillo to an aggregate prison term of 50 years to life, with a minimum parole eligibility date of 15 calendar years. The lower court also imposed, but stayed, certain prison terms, including two 10-year gang enhancements.
On appeal, Castillo alleges claims of prosecutorial misconduct, the erroneous exclusion of evidence supporting his theories of imperfect self-defense and third-party culpability, instructional error, the erroneous denial of his motion to bifurcate the gang allegations from the trial of the underlying substantive offenses, insufficiency of the evidence supporting the gang allegations, and cumulative error. Castillo further contends that the trial court erred in imposing the 15-year minimum parole eligibility date and the two 10-year gang enhancements.
We issued an opinion that (a) rejected Castillo's appellate claims except for his assertion that the trial court erred in imposing the two 10-year gang enhancements, and (b) would have modified the judgment to strike the two enhancements. In particular, we concluded Castillo's prosecutorial misconduct claims failed because he had not demonstrated he was prejudiced by the People's actions. We also rejected his challenge to the trial court's evidentiary ruling and his claim of instructional error because the record did not support his characterizations regarding the excluded evidence giving rise to those claims. His challenges to the denial of his bifurcation motion and to the sufficiency of the evidence failed because the People offered evidence showing that Castillo shot a rival gang member in territory claimed by Castillo's gang in order to defend that territory and avenge the murder of Castillo's brother, who was a member of his gang. We concluded that Castillo's cumulative error claim did not warrant reversal because, aside from his allegations of prosecutorial misconduct, we explicitly passed upon and rejected the merits of his claims of trial error. Lastly, although we decided to strike the two 10-year gang enhancements in accordance with the parties' concessions, we rejected Castillo's contention that the trial court's imposition of the 15-year minimum parole eligibility date was unauthorized.
The Supreme Court granted Castillo's petition for review, but deferred "[f]urther action in this matter . . . pending consideration and disposition of a related issue in People v. Renteria, S266854 ...." On August 25, 2022, the high court issued its opinion in People v. Renteria (2022) 13 Cal.5th 951 (Renteria). The Supreme Court thereafter transferred the matter back to us "with directions to vacate [our prior] decision and reconsider the cause in light of" Renteria and certain legislative amendments concerning the gang enhancements that took effect after we had issued our opinion. Upon transfer, the parties submitted supplemental briefing on these issues.
Although the Supreme Court instructed us to reconsider the cause in light of the Renteria decision and the aforesaid new legislation, we again address Castillo's other claims of error because he has not withdrawn them and we vacated our prior opinion that had resolved those claims. We reject the following claims that Castillo raised in his initial appellate briefing: (1) prosecutorial misconduct, (2) exclusion of evidence supporting Castillo's claims of self-defense and third-party culpability, (3) instructional error, (4) denial of Castillo's motion to bifurcate trial of the gang enhancements from trial of the underlying offenses, (5) cumulative error, and (6) error in imposing the 15-year minimum parole eligibility date.
Furthermore, we conclude our prior rejection of Castillo's challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is consistent with Renteria. We also conclude that even if arguendo the new legislation requiring bifurcation of the gang enhancements from trial of the underlying offenses is retroactive, any error was harmless. Our high court, moreover, has rejected Castillo's argument that such a failure to bifurcate is structural error. Additionally, pursuant to the parties' concessions, we modify the judgment to strike the two 10-year gang enhancements. We thus affirm the judgment as modified.
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On September 28, 2016, the People filed an information charging Castillo with one count of murder, in violation of Penal Code section 187 (count 1); one count of shooting at an occupied motor vehicle, in violation of section 246 (count 2); one count of unlawful possession of a firearm, in violation of section 29805 (count 3); and another count of unlawful possession of a firearm, in violation of section 29815, subdivision (a) (count 4). With regard to counts 1 and 2, the information alleged that Castillo personally and intentionally discharged a firearm causing great bodily injury for the purposes of section 12022.53, subdivision (d). Additionally, the information averred that Castillo committed all four offenses for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with a criminal street gang with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in criminal conduct by gang members. Castillo later pleaded not guilty to all counts.
Undesignated statutory citations are to the Penal Code.
On February 21, 2019, the jury found Castillo guilty of first degree murder and of all other charged offenses, and found the gang and firearm enhancement allegations to be true.
On October 22, 2019, the trial court sentenced Castillo to an aggregate prison term of 50 years to life. The sentence is comprised of a term of 25 years to life on count 1, with a consecutive sentence of 25 years to life imposed on that count pursuant to section 12022.53, subdivision (d); the court imposed, but stayed pursuant to section 654, a 10-year concurrent enhancement on count 1 pursuant to section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(C). Pursuant to section 186.22, subdivision (b)(5), and in describing the aggregate sentence, the trial court ruled that Castillo could not be paroled until he had served a minimum of 15 years of his prison sentence. The court also imposed prison terms for counts 2, 3, and 4, but stayed each of those sentences pursuant to section 654. Of particular note for this appeal is the sentence imposed for count 2, which was a 7-year prison term, along with: a 10-year enhancement pursuant to section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(C); an indeterminate life sentence pursuant to section 186.22, subdivision (b)(4); and a 25-year enhancement pursuant to section 12022.53, subdivision (d).
Castillo timely appealed the judgment.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
This part summarizes relevant portions of (a) testimony offered by the People's witnesses, and (b) the defense's theory of the case.
1. The People's evidence
A. The shooting and its aftermath
On March 21, 2015, Rosario Marban lived at a home on Eastlake Avenue in Los Angeles (Marban residence) with his family, including his son, Alberto Marban. A family gathering was taking place at the house that evening. When Oscar Rivera arrived at the Marban residence, he walked through an archway and saw two people sitting on chairs outside the house; Rivera later made his way to the backyard, as did Rosario. While they were in the backyard that evening, Rivera and Rosario heard gunshots.
For the sake of clarity, and meaning no disrespect, we will use first names when referring to members of the Marban family. Additionally, we note there is no dispute that Castillo was Alberto's "childhood friend."
Christian Lepe was driving on Minnesota Street near Eastlake Avenue when he heard gunshots and saw a car that had flipped over. Lepe parked his vehicle and saw a man inside the other car who was not moving.
At 6:54 p.m., two police officers responded to a shooting reported at an address located near the Marban residence. After arriving at that location, one of the officers saw a white sport utility vehicle (SUV) that had flipped over onto its passenger side. A Lincoln Heights gang member named David Cardiel was the sole occupant of the SUV. Cardiel had sustained multiple gunshot wounds to his face and body, and was pronounced dead at the scene. Police found no firearms on Cardiel.
The parties do not dispute the People offered evidence that Cardiel had tattoos consistent with membership in the Lincoln Heights gang.
Officers thereafter canvassed the area north of the scene of the shooting. The officers subsequently asked the occupants of the Marban residence to exit the home, and then conducted a sweep of the dwelling for suspects.
One of the officers went upstairs to Alberto's bedroom, where the officer found Castillo lying face down on a bed. Castillo, who was breathing heavily and sweating, was taken into custody.
Police found a 7.62-caliber rifle bullet on the bedroom floor. Alberto's testimony indicates that he found the bullet at a park prior to the shooting and placed it on the floor of the bedroom.
A detective entered a bathroom in the home, examined a trash can, and found therein a pair of jeans, a Los Angeles Dodgers baseball cap, and a damp shirt that had been turned inside out. Inside the pocket of the jeans were three identification cards that bore Castillo's name, including a California identification card. The detective used the same gloves to remove each item of clothing from the trash can.
As Alberto saw the police remove Castillo from the Marban residence, Alberto noticed that Castillo was wearing Alberto's shirt. At trial, Alberto claimed that although he had seen Castillo on the morning of March 21, 2015, Castillo did not come to the family gathering. Alberto further claimed that he did not give Castillo permission to wear Alberto's shirt or enter his bedroom. Alberto also insisted that the clothing found in the bathroom trash can did not belong to him, and that he did not place those articles of clothing in the trash can.
An officer conducted a protective sweep of the backyard of the Marban residence, and found a rifle on the hill by the fence line. The magazine contained four live bullets, and the chamber contained one bullet. A glove was found under the rifle. An opening along the fence led to a neighbor's property. Police also "recovered three cartridge casings, two of which were on the landing between two staircases in front of the residence, a Monster energy drink can in the front yard, and a red spray paint can in a planter."
For the purposes of this appeal, Castillo concedes that this was the weapon that was used to shoot Cardiel. (See Artal v. Allen (2003) 111 Cal.App.4th 273, 275, fn. 2 (Artal) [" '[B]riefs and argument . . . are reliable indications of a party's position on the facts as well as the law, and a reviewing court may make use of statements therein as admissions against the party. [Citations.]' "].)
The Attorney General asserts, and Castillo does not dispute, that evidence to this effect was introduced at trial. (See Reygoza v. Superior Court (1991) 230 Cal.App.3d 514, 519 & fn. 4 [criminal case in which the Court of Appeal assumed that an assertion made by respondent was correct because the "defendant did not dispute respondent's claim in his reply"]; Rudick v. State Bd. of Optometry (2019) 41 Cal.App.5th 77, 89-90 [concluding that the appellants made an implicit concession by "failing to respond in their reply brief to the [respondent's] argument on th[at] point"].)
One of the officers investigating the shooting noticed that the words "Eastlake 1" and "Swifty" appeared in red paint on a wall across the street from the Marban residence. The officer testified that he could smell paint in the air in the vicinity of the wall, and that this smell indicated that someone had recently spray-painted the graffiti.
B. Forensic evidence
The shell casings found at the scene of the shooting were fired from the rifle found in the backyard of the Marban residence. The weapon was a 7.62 by 39-millimeter caliber rifle.
Gunshot residue (GSR) is a group of microscopic particles that are formed when a firearm is discharged. GSR is comprised of three elements: lead, antimony, and barium. A "characteristic particle" contains all three aforesaid elements. If a characteristic particle is found on a person, then there are four possible explanations for that phenomenon: (1) that person discharged a firearm, (2) the individual was in the general vicinity of a firearm being discharged, (3) the person touched something that had GSR on it, or (4) something with GSR thereon touched that person. For instance, "when a police officer handcuffs someone, [that officer] could be a source of introducing . . . a characteristic particle onto someone's hands ...." Additionally, an "indicative particle" typically contains only two of the three elements found in GSR, and could "possibly come from . . . environmental sources" other than the firing of a gun.
One characteristic particle was found on Cardiel's left hand. A characteristic particle was also found on Castillo. Although no GSR was detected on Alberto, six indicative particles were found on him.
Detectives obtained DNA samples from Castillo and Alberto. DNA swabs were taken from the rifle, hat, shirt, and jeans seized on March 21, 2015. The rifle's trigger, trigger guard, wood stock, wood grips, and bolt were swabbed for DNA.
Alberto was the major contributor of the DNA found on the hat. Castillo was the major contributor of the DNA found on the shirt and jeans, and he was the single contributor of the partial DNA profile found on the rifle. The People's DNA examiner testified that he could not ascertain which part of the rifle the partial DNA profile came from, and that the DNA could have come from any part of the weapon that had been swabbed. Although the examiner could not say with certainty that direct human contact with the rifle is the only means by which the DNA could have been left thereon, he testified that "the easiest and most common way that DNA transfers . . . is by direct, primary handling of an item."
The random-match probability of the profile from the rifle was one in a hundred billion unrelated people.
C. Gang evidence
Eastlake is a gang that had 75 documented members in 2015, 20 to 25 of whom lived in the area where the shooting occurred. The Eastlake gang's primary activities include possession and sales of narcotics, possession of weapons, assaults with a deadly weapon, shootings, and homicides. The shooting occurred in territory claimed by the Eastlake gang.
Los Angeles Police Officer Juan Cobian testified as a gang expert for the People. Officer Cobian testified that Castillo was a self-identified Eastlake gang member who used the moniker "Swifty." Castillo also made recorded telephone calls from jail in which he identified himself as "Swifty." Castillo had tattoos with the words "Lakers" and "East," which were indicative of membership in the Eastlake gang.
Castillo also has a tattoo that reads, "Rest in Peace, Little Toker." Castillo's younger brother, Juan Castillo, was a member of the Eastlake gang who had the moniker "Toker." Juan Castillo had been fatally shot in 2010. Rosa Ramirez, Castillo's cousin, testified that Castillo told her he believed that his brother, Juan, had been killed by the Lincoln Heights gang. No Lincoln Heights gang member was prosecuted for the killing.
It is undisputed that Cardiel was a member of Lincoln Heights, a gang that has approximately 120 members. Lincoln Heights has a violent rivalry with the Eastlake gang. In March 2015, the two gangs "were fighting[, t]hey were shooting at each other[, t]hey were attacking each other's territory[,] and .... going through each other's territory and disrespecting each other ...." In Officer Cobian's opinion, an Eastlake gang member would be expected to defend his gang's territory from a rival gang member who entered that territory. Officer Cobian opined that the discovery of graffiti with the words "Eastlake" and "Swifty" indicated that an Eastlake gang member was claiming his territory.
In Officer Cobian's opinion, the shooting benefited the Eastlake gang because it created an atmosphere of intimidation in the community, and because Castillo, an Eastlake gang member, believed his brother had been killed by the Lincoln Heights gang. Additionally, Officer Jorge Alfaro, another gang expert called by the People, opined that the shooting was gang-related because Cardiel had multiple Lincoln Heights tattoos, the shooting occurred in territory claimed by the Eastlake gang, and freshly painted graffiti was near the scene of the shooting.
2. The defense's theory of the case
At bottom, the defense theory was that Castillo was not the assailant; others, who were potentially responsible for the killing, were seen in front of the Marban residence prior to the shooting; Alberto's testimony was not credible; and the police's investigation, including the collection of forensic evidence, was sloppy. Defense counsel cited several examples of the police's purported deficient investigative practices, including a detective's failure to change his gloves between handling each article of clothing found in the bathroom trash can. Additionally, trial counsel suggested that the GSR found on Castillo could have been transferred to him when he was handcuffed, and that his DNA could have been transferred to the rifle without him touching it.
Counsel also argued that although Alberto denied driving Castillo to Baldwin Park and then back to the Marban residence on the day of the shooting, Alberto admitted to a defense investigator he had driven Castillo that day. Trial counsel further contended, among other things, that after Castillo returned to the Marban residence, he entered Alberto's bedroom and went to sleep.
DISCUSSION
A. Castillo's Claims of Prosecutorial Misconduct Do Not Warrant Reversal
"A prosecutor's misconduct violates the Fourteenth Amendment to the federal Constitution when it 'infects the trial with such unfairness as to make the conviction a denial of due process.' [Citations.] In other words, the misconduct must be 'of sufficient significance to result in the denial of the defendant's right to a fair trial.' [Citation.]" (People v. Harrison (2005) 35 Cal.4th 208, 242 (Harrison I).)
"A prosecutor's misconduct 'that does not render a criminal trial fundamentally unfair' violates California law 'only if it involves" 'the use of deceptive or reprehensible methods to attempt to persuade either the court or the jury.'"' [Citations.]" (Harrison I, supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 242.) Although the cases defining prosecutorial misconduct under state law employ "such adjectives as 'intemperate,' 'reprehensible,' 'egregious,' and 'deceptive,' the concept of 'prosecutorial "misconduct" is somewhat of a misnomer to the extent that it suggests a prosecutor must act with a culpable state of mind. A more apt description of the transgression is prosecutorial error.' [Citation.] No 'showing of bad faith is required to establish prosecutorial misconduct in argument to the jury.' [Citation.]" (See People v. Jasso (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 1354, 1362.)" 'A defendant's conviction will not be reversed for prosecutorial misconduct [under state law] . . . unless it is reasonably probable that a result more favorable to the defendant would have been reached without the misconduct.' [Citation.]" (See Harrison I, at p. 244.)
Castillo contends that the cumulative effect of the People's misconduct at trial violated his "federal and state constitutional rights to due process, requiring reversal." Specifically, Castillo identifies the following alleged instances of prosecutorial misconduct: (1) The People (a) "sandbagg[ed]" the defense during their rebuttal argument by contending that Castillo could have called his grandmother as a witness to support Castillo's theory that he was at the Marban residence prior to the shooting, and (b) failed to adhere to their obligations under Brady v. Maryland (1963) 373 U.S. 83 (Brady), by not disclosing that they had investigated Castillo's grandmother's whereabouts and determined there was no record indicating she was deceased or unavailable as a witness; (2) on the eve of trial, the People indicated for the first time that they intended to call Rosa Ramirez as a witness regarding statements Castillo made concerning the murder of his brother and the gang that committed it; (3) the People showed several photographs to the jury wherein Castillo was wearing jail wristbands; (4) the People disclosed to Castillo in the midst of trial that their fingerprint expert intended to testify that an item's exposure to hot and/or cold temperatures may prevent an analyst from recovering usable prints therefrom; and (5) the People played for the jury a recording of, and provided the jury with a transcript pertaining to, Castillo's interview with police, wherein Officer Alfaro stated that Castillo did not want to provide the police with a DNA sample.
Although Castillo seems to challenge "[t]he prosecutor's failure to . . . timely disclose [Castillo's brother's] murder book," which allegedly included a note memorializing the contents of Ramirez's anticipated testimony, Castillo does not identify any other evidence in the book that the People were obligated to produce during discovery. Thus, we need not address the disclosure of the murder book itself further. (See People v. Giordano (2007) 42 Cal.4th 644, 666 (Giordano) ["On appeal, we presume that a judgment or order of the trial court is correct,' "[a]ll intendments and presumptions are indulged to support it on matters as to which the record is silent, and error must be affirmatively shown[,]" '" italics added].)
We reject this claim of error because Castillo fails to demonstrate that the cumulative effect of these purported instances of prosecutorial misconduct warrants reversal.
First, Castillo has not shown that the People violated their Brady obligations by failing to disclose they had conducted an investigation regarding the potential availability of his grandmother as a witness. "A Brady violation occurs if three conditions are met:' "The evidence at issue must be favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory, or because it is impeaching; [the] evidence must have been suppressed by the State, either willfully or inadvertently; and prejudice must have ensued." [Citation.] Prejudice, in this context, focuses on "the materiality of the evidence to the issue of guilt or innocence." [Citations.]' [Citation.]" (People v. Harrison (2017) 16 Cal.App.5th 704, 709 (Harrison II).)
Castillo seems to argue that the People "knew that [Castillo's] grandmother was a potentially favorable witness to the defense, who could corroborate [Castillo's] presence [at the Marban residence]." (Italics added.) In response, the Attorney General correctly points out that the prosecutor's "investigation did not reveal the content of [Castillo's grandmother's] would-be testimony let alone that her testimony would exculpate [Castillo]." Instead, the record shows only that the People ascertained Castillo's grandmother's potential whereabouts and that public records suggest she is not deceased.
Nor did the People concede in their rebuttal argument that Castillo's grandmother would testify that she saw Castillo at the Marban residence prior to the shooting. The prosecutor asserted during the rebuttal argument: "If [Castillo] was there [(i.e., at the Marban residence prior to the shooting)], the grandmother would have known." (Italics added.) Hence, the prosecutor merely pointed out that Castillo's factual theory lacked evidentiary support that he could have easily supplied if his theory were true. It follows that Castillo has not demonstrated that the People violated Brady by withholding favorable (i.e., exculpatory or impeachment) evidence from him. (See Harrison II, supra, 16 Cal.App.5th at p. 709.)
Further, Castillo fails to establish that the People improperly sandbagged him by stating in their rebuttal argument that Castillo's grandmother would have known whether Castillo was at the Marban residence prior to the shooting. Castillo's briefing suggests he believes this remark was improper because it was not" 'fairly responsive to argument of defense counsel'" and was "withh[eld] . . . until rebuttal ...." Yet, Castillo concedes- and the record reveals-that the People made this statement after defense counsel argued to the jury that Alberto took Castillo to the Marban residence, and that Castillo then went upstairs to the bedroom to go to sleep. Thus, it is not apparent that the People withheld this argument until their rebuttal, or that this remark was not fairly responsive to Castillo's closing argument. Given that Castillo does not further expound upon the basis of his allegation that the People sandbagged him, we reject his claim that this remark constitutes prosecutorial misconduct. (See Giordano, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 666 ["' "[E]rror must be affirmatively shown[,]" '" italics added].)
The trial court granted continuances in an attempt to mitigate any prejudice resulting from the prosecution's belated disclosure of anticipated testimony from Rosa Ramirez and the People's fingerprint expert. After the defense informed the court that the prosecution had revealed the contents of Rosa Ramirez's prospective testimony shortly before trial was scheduled to commence, the court continued the trial from August 31, 2018 to January 23, 2019. With regard to the People's fingerprint expert, the trial court authorized Castillo's counsel to recall this expert for further cross-examination and, after the expert testified, the proceedings were continued for one day to afford the defense attorney an opportunity to consult with another fingerprint expert. Given these measures, it is not apparent that the People's alleged misconduct relating to these two witnesses had any impact on Castillo's defense, nor has Castillo explained why the trial court's rulings failed to cure any purported prejudice.
Castillo's reliance on Officer Alfaro's recorded statement that Castillo did not want to provide a DNA sample and on the photographs showing Castillo's jail wristbands is also unavailing. We acknowledge that the prosecution had agreed to (but did not) ensure that the jury did not hear this evidence. Yet, the trial court found that any prejudice resulting from Officer Alfaro's statement was "minimal" because this was a "brief" statement in a lengthy interview and Castillo ultimately provided a sample to the police. Similarly, the trial court found that photographs depicting Castillo's jail wristbands caused Castillo no "undue prejudice" because the photographs were shown for "no more than two seconds" without any comment and the jail wristbands were "not readily identifiable" by anyone, especially lay people. Castillo does not contest the trial court's characterizations regarding Officer Alfaro's statement or the photographs shown to the jury depicting Castillo's jail wristbands. We may thus consider them in determining whether there was prejudicial error. (See Giordano, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 666.)
Castillo suggests that had the jury not known he declined to provide a DNA sample during his interview with Officer Alfaro, then the jury would have rejected Alberto's testimony that he did not drive Castillo to the Marban residence on the day of the shooting. In particular, Castillo claims that the People elicited testimony from a detective that Alberto was willing to provide a DNA sample, and that Alberto testified he provided the sample" 'because [he] was not involved in anything.'" Any claim that excluding Officer Alfaro's statement from Castillo's interview regarding Castillo's unwillingness to provide a DNA sample would have been fatal to Alberto's credibility is speculative, especially considering that the People later elicited testimony from Detective Miguel Barajas that Castillo "willing[ly] and cooperative[ly]" provided a DNA sample to him in connection with this case.
In sum, excepting the People's remark concerning Castillo's grandmother and their efforts to ascertain her availability, which we conclude were not prosecutorial misconduct, and, assuming arguendo, the People committed prosecutorial misconduct in the manner Castillo contends, the cumulative effect of that purported misconduct does not warrant reversal of the judgment. As noted above, Castillo has not shown that the trial court failed to cure any prejudice resulting from the late disclosure of Rosa Ramirez's and the fingerprint expert's anticipated testimony, or that the trial court erred in finding Officer Alfaro's statement and the photographs of Castillo's jail wristbands had very little, if any, effect on the proceedings. Indeed, these instances of purported misconduct seemed to have had no effect on the key evidentiary issues, including discovery of Castillo's DNA on the murder weapon, the GSR found on him, the suspicious circumstances surrounding Castillo's presence at the Marban residence, his membership in a gang that had a violent rivalry with Cardiel's gang, and Castillo's belief that his brother was killed by that rival gang. Thus, we find the alleged prosecutorial misconduct did not" 'infect[ ] the trial with such unfairness as to make the conviction a denial of due process[,]'" and" 'it is [not] reasonably probable that a result more favorable to [Castillo] would have been reached without the misconduct.' " (See Harrison I, supra, 35 Cal.4th at pp. 242, 244.)
Castillo also contends that the cumulative effect of the People's alleged misconduct and the other instances of alleged trial error identified in his opening brief (e.g., the trial court's exclusion of evidence relating to Castillo's theories of imperfect self-defense and third-party culpability) warrants the reversal of the judgment. This claim fails because we reject the other claims of trial error raised in Castillo's opening brief. (See Discussion, parts B-E, post.) Castillo does not argue in his supplemental brief that, in the course of resolving his claim of cumulative error, we should also consider the prejudice allegedly resulting from the trial court's purported violation of section 1109, which is a new provision that Castillo claims retroactively applies to his case. (See also Discussion, part F, post [discussing Castillo's § 1109 claim].) Accordingly, we do not address that issue. (People v. Stanley (1995) 10 Cal.4th 764, 793 (Stanley) [" '[E]very brief should contain a legal argument with citation of authorities on the points made. If none is furnished on a particular point, the court may treat it as waived, and pass it without consideration.' "].)
B. Castillo Fails to Establish the Trial Court Erred in Excluding Vanessa Bonet's Testimony
Castillo contends that the trial court erroneously excluded Vanessa Bonet's testimony under Evidence Code section 352, and, in so doing, "violated [Castillo's] federal and state constitutional rights to present a defense and due process." He maintains that on the day of the shooting, Bonet heard gunshots and observed several people were near a black SUV, including a person who" 'might have been holding'" a handgun. Castillo insists this evidence would have supported an imperfect self-defense theory because "Bonet's observation of a man who appeared to be holding a gun near the overturned SUV supported the defense theory that [Lincoln Heights] gang members were shooting in the direction of the house, and that Cardiel was fatally shot by return fire." (Italics added.) Castillo further contends, "If the jury believed Bonet's testimony, it supported the alternative theory that a third-party shot Cardiel, who came into the rival gang territory with other, armed gang members, to carry out a 'mission' against [Eastlake]." (Italics added.) Hence, Castillo's challenge to the trial court's ruling is apparently predicated on his belief that Bonet would have testified she saw several persons near Cardiel's SUV, including an individual who may have been holding a handgun.
This theory is contradicted by the trial court's findings regarding Bonet's expected testimony. In the course of excluding Bonet from trial, the court stated: "With regard to Ms. Bonet's testimony, it appears to me that she was looking at a different location when she heard these shots. Some time passed before she even focused her attention on the vehicle where she saw these individuals, and one person in a crouched position who may have-may have or seemed to her to be holding a gun. [¶] My impression at this point is that that was a separate and different location from where it is alleged Mr. Castillo was when he supposedly fired the shots, and where the decedent was when the incident occurred."
The trial court further stated: "[W]here it's alleged the defendant shot these shots were at least three houses away-at least that's the way it appeared to me on the diagram, from where the other location was where Ms. Bonet says that she said she saw another SUV. That, to me, appeared to be entirely unconnected, at least at this point, with this incident." The court then found that exclusion of Bonet's testimony was appropriate under Evidence Code section 352 on the ground that its introduction would result in an "[undue] consumption of time, create substantial danger of [undue] prejudice, confuse the issues and possibly mislead the jury." This ruling, and the findings supporting it, are presumed to be correct. (See Giordano, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 666.)
Attached to the People's motion to exclude this evidence was a diagram drawn by Bonet on June 1, 2018, which appears to depict a black SUV, a curved roadway, and East Los Angeles Park.
Castillo does not cite any evidence in the record to rebut these findings. Rather, he seems to rely upon defense counsel's representations concerning Bonet's anticipated testimony, including his trial attorney's assertion that "she saw the person with the gun 'perhaps within 25 feet' of where the vehicle was turned over." Thus, his challenge to the trial court's exclusion of Bonet's testimony fails. (See People v. Flint (2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 983, 1006, fn. 17 (Flint) [" '[C]ourts will decline to consider any factual assertion unsupported by record citation at the point where it is asserted[.]' "]; People v. Wallace (2004) 33 Cal.4th 738, 754, fn. 3 [" '[I]t is axiomatic that the unsworn statements of counsel are not evidence.' "].)
In arriving at this conclusion, we observe that Castillo's appellate counsel submitted a letter to the trial court clerk requesting "Castillo's motion in limine filed on August 30, 2019, regarding testimony of Vanessa Bonet." The clerk responded by filing a certificate stating the following: "After a careful search of the superior court file, I was unable to locate the Defendant Castillo's Motion in Limine filed on August 30, 2019." It seems that Castillo's trial counsel actually filed the motion in question on August 30, 2018. In any event, Castillo's appellate counsel does not clarify whether any evidence we could have considered was attached to the motion in limine (e.g., statements from Bonet).
C. Castillo's Claims of Instructional Error Fail
In his reply, Castillo readily admits his argument that "the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury on the defenses of imperfect-self defense and third-party culpability . . . depend on the previous argument that Bonet's testimony [was] improperly excluded." Because Castillo's appellate claim challenging the exclusion of Bonet's testimony fails, so too do his claims of instructional error.
D. Under the Law in Effect at the Time of Castillo's Trial, the Trial Court Did Not Err in Denying Castillo's Motion To Bifurcate the Criminal Street Gang Enhancement from the Trial of the Underlying Substantive Offenses
In this part, we decide whether, under the law in effect when Castillo was tried in 2019, the trial court erred in denying Castillo's motion to bifurcate the criminal street gang enhancement from the trial of the underlying substantive offenses. In our Discussion, part F, post, we address Castillo's claim that recently added section 1109 operates retroactively to invalidate the trial court's denial of his motion to bifurcate.
"Bifurcation of gang allegations is appropriate where the gang evidence is 'so extraordinarily prejudicial, and of so little relevance to guilt, that it threatens to sway the jury to convict regardless of the defendant's actual guilt.' [Citation.] In a case not involving imposition of the gang enhancement, such 'evidence of gang membership is potentially prejudicial and should not be admitted if its probative value is minimal.' [Citation.] On the other hand, 'evidence of gang membership is often relevant to, and admissible regarding, the charged offense.' [Citation.] Given the public policy preference for the efficiency of a unitary trial, a court's discretion to deny bifurcation of a gang allegation is broader than its discretion to admit gang evidence in a case with no gang allegation. [Citation.] Thus, '[e]ven if some of the evidence offered to prove the gang enhancement would be inadmissible at a trial of the substantive crime itself . . . a court may still deny bifurcation.' [Citation.]" (People v. Franklin (2016) 248 Cal.App.4th 938, 952 (Franklin).)
"We review the trial court's denial of the motion to bifurcate for abuse of discretion, based on the record as it stood at the time of the ruling. [Citations.] Our review is guided by the familiar principle that '[a] court abuses its discretion when its rulings fall "outside the bounds of reason"' "-i.e.,"' "the trial court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice[.]" '" (See Franklin, supra, 248 Cal.App.4th at p. 952.) Further, "[i]f the trial court's ruling was correct on the record before it, the ruling is subject to reversal only upon a showing that' "joinder actually resulted in 'gross unfairness' amounting to a denial of due process."' [Citation.]" (Id. at pp. 952-953.)
Castillo argues the trial court erred in denying his motion to bifurcate the criminal street gang enhancements from the trial of the underlying offenses because "[e]vidence that [Castillo's] brother was fatally shot five years earlier was too remote to support a motive of gang retaliation; . . . there was no evidence of a confrontation of rival gang members before the shooting to support the prosecution's theory that the perpetrator identified the victim as a rival gang member"; and "[t]he failure to bifurcate the gang enhancement created the impermissible risk that the jury would use evidence of [his] criminal propensity as a gang member to substitute for proof of the charged crimes." For the reasons discussed below, we conclude Castillo has not established the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion.
First, Castillo claims that "[t]he shooting of [Castillo's] brother was . . . too remote to supply a gang motive for the charged crimes" because "[i]t is patently unreasonable to conclude that a street gang would wait five years to pay back a rival gang for the killing of a gang member in order to 'get that respect back' for their gang," and "[i]t is equally unreasonable to conclude that a street gang would wait five years to prevent the appearance that a rival gang is stronger." Yet, Castillo concedes the People offered evidence that Lincoln Heights and Eastlake "were engaged in a violent rivalry" involving "many shootings." (Italics added.) Thus, the trial court did not act"' "outside the bounds of reason" '" in impliedly finding there was evidence that Eastlake gang members had engaged in violent skirmishes with Lincoln Heights on other occasions prior to the shooting and did not "wait" five years to retaliate against Lincoln Heights for the murder of Castillo's brother. (See Franklin, supra, 248 Cal.App.4th at p. 952 [holding that a trial court's denial of a motion to bifurcate is reviewed for abuse of discretion, and describing that standard].) Further, the lower court acted within"' "the bounds of reason" '" in concluding that even after five years, Castillo would still want revenge for the murder of a person who was his sibling and a fellow Eastlake gang member. (See ibid.)
Next, Castillo argues "[t]he prosecutor's assertion that the shooting resulted from a 'confrontation' between rival gang members was . . . without any evidentiary support" because "Cardiel . . . was driving alone[ ] in his . . . vehicle[ and] was shot at long range with a high-powered rifle." At the same time, Castillo concedes that the "[p]olice found the rifle used in the shooting in the back yard" and that "DNA on the rifle matched [Castillo's] DNA profile." It is also undisputed the People offered evidence that: Shortly after the shooting, the police found Castillo breathing heavily and sweating in a bedroom inside the Marban residence, and the police found casings fired from the rifle just outside that building. In addition, the People introduced evidence Castillo was an Eastlake gang member, Cardiel was a Lincoln Heights gang member who had tattoos indicating he was a member of that gang, the shooting occurred in territory claimed by the Eastlake gang, and across the street from the Marban residence was recently spray-painted graffiti that included Castillo's gang moniker (Swifty) and the name of Castillo's gang. Thus, the trial court acted within the bounds of reason in implicitly ruling the People proffered circumstantial evidence that the shooting was a confrontation between two rival gang members.
Lastly, Castillo's assertion that the denial of his motion "created the impermissible risk that the jury would use evidence of [his] criminal propensity as a gang member to substitute for proof of the charged crimes" appears to be predicated on his claim that there was no "connection between [his] gang affiliation and the charged crime ...." That premise fails because, as noted above, the People offered evidence suggesting that Castillo's gang membership supplied a motive for the shooting. (See Franklin, supra, 248 Cal.App.4th at pp. 952-953 ["Bifurcation of gang allegations is appropriate where the gang evidence is 'so extraordinarily prejudicial, and of so little relevance to guilt, that it threatens to sway the jury to convict regardless of the defendant's actual guilt.' [Citation.] . . . [¶] [G]ang evidence is 'relevant and admissible when the very reason for the underlying crime, that is the motive, is gang related.' [Citation.]' "[B]ecause a motive is ordinarily the incentive for criminal behavior, its probative value generally exceeds its prejudicial effect, and wide latitude is permitted in admitting evidence of its existence."' "].)
In sum, we conclude that under the law in effect when Castillo was tried in 2019, the trial court did not err in denying Castillo's motion to bifurcate the gang enhancements from the trial of the underlying charges.
E. The People Presented Substantial Evidence That Castillo Perpetrated the Shooting for the Benefit of a Criminal Street Gang
" 'In addressing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction, the reviewing court must examine the whole record in the light most favorable to the judgment to determine whether it discloses substantial evidence-evidence that is reasonable, credible and of solid value-such that a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.'" (People v. Ochoa (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 650, 656-657 (Ochoa).) In conducting this analysis, the reviewing court must "view[ ] all the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, and draw[ ] all reasonable inferences in favor of the jury's findings." (See People v. Perez (2017) 18 Cal.App.5th 598, 607 (Perez I).)
"[W]e must begin with the presumption that the evidence . . . was sufficient, and the defendant bears the burden of convincing us otherwise.... [¶] . . . [A]n appellate court is 'not required to search the record to ascertain whether it contains evidence that will sustain [the appellant's] contentions.' [Citation.] . . . [¶] . . . [T]he defendant must set forth in his opening brief all of the material evidence . . . in the light most favorable to the People, and then must persuade us that evidence cannot reasonably support the jury's verdict." (See People v. Sanghera (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 1567, 1573-1574 (Sanghera).)
This substantial evidence standard applies to sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenges to enhancements imposed pursuant to section 186.22, subdivision (b). (See Ochoa, supra, 179 Cal.App.4th at pp. 656-657.) Section 186.22, subdivision (b) authorizes the trial court to enhance a defendant's prison sentence if he or she committed a felony for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with a criminal street gang, with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in criminal conduct by gang members. (See § 186.22, subds. (b)(1) &(b)(4).)
Castillo alleges the People did not offer sufficient evidence that he perpetrated the shooting for the benefit of a criminal street gang. In support of this claim of error, Castillo seems to argue that Officers Cobian's and Alfaro's testimony that the shooting was gang-related was speculative because there was no evidence "that a confrontation between rival gang members precipitated the shooting." For the same reasons we found that the trial court did not act beyond the bounds of reason in impliedly finding there was circumstantial evidence that the shooting was a confrontation between two rival gang members, a rational trier of fact could have also drawn that inference as well. (See Discussion, part D, ante; Perez I, supra, 18 Cal.App.5th at p. 607 [holding that, in reviewing a sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge, an appellate court must "view[ ] all the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, and draw[ ] all reasonable inferences in favor of the jury's findings"].)
In his opening, reply, and supplemental briefs, Castillo does not challenge explicitly the jury's finding on the second prong of the gang enhancements, to wit, that Castillo committed the instant offenses with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in criminal conduct by gang members. We thus decline to decide that issue. (See Stanley, supra, 10 Cal.4th at p. 793.)
Although Castillo actually contends in his opening brief that Detective Ramirez's expert opinion was deficient, the Attorney General correctly points out in the respondent's brief that Castillo actually intended to refer to Officer Alfaro's trial testimony. Castillo repeats this error in his supplemental brief.
Further, Officer Cobian testified that an Eastlake gang member would be expected to defend territory claimed by his gang from a rival gang member who entered his gang's territory. Given the evidence identified in Discussion, part D, ante, that Castillo (an Eastlake gang member) confronted Cardiel (a Lincoln Heights gang member) in Eastlake gang territory, the jury could reasonably have relied upon Officer Cobian's testimony to conclude that Castillo committed the instant offenses to defend territory claimed by his gang.
Castillo also challenges Officer Alfaro's testimony that the presence of freshly painted Eastlake gang graffiti near the shooting indicated the killing was gang-related. Castillo asserts that under that logic, "any crime committed in gang territory that had been sprayed with graffiti would be transformed into a gang-related offense." Castillo ignores the evidence that the freshly-sprayed graffiti bore Castillo's gang moniker, which suggests that Castillo recently spray painted the graffiti. He also overlooks Officer Cobian's testimony that the presence of this graffiti indicated an Eastlake gang member had spray painted the wall to claim his gang's territory. Under these circumstances, a rational factfinder could have considered the graffiti to be evidence further indicating that Castillo shot Cardiel for the purpose of defending Eastlake gang territory from one of its rivals.
In his supplemental brief, Castillo maintains "[t]he gang enhancement must . . . be reversed in light of Renteria" because the decision establishes "there was insufficient evidence that the offense was committed for the benefit of a criminal street gang." In particular, Castillo argues the gang expert testimony in the instant case "described only the reputational effect the shooting would have on the criminal street gang." Castillo contends this testimony falls short of the evidentiary showing the Renteria court held is necessary to sustain a gang enhancement in "a case involving a gang member who has acted alone in the commission of a felony ...."
In Renteria, the defendant-gang member was convicted of two counts of shooting at an inhabited dwelling. (Renteria, supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 957.) Although "[t]hat offense is ordinarily punishable by no more than seven years of imprisonment," the jury found gang enhancements true as to each felony conviction, resulting in a sentence of "two indeterminate terms of life imprisonment." (Ibid.) "[T]here was no evidence [the defendant] was accompanied by other gang members at the time of the shooting," or that the defendant "identified himself or his gang during the shooting or took credit for it on behalf of his gang afterwards." (See id. at pp. 957, 971.)
To support the gang allegations, the People offered evidence that "at some point" "[e]arlier on the evening of the shooting," a witness saw a group of young men, including the defendant, walking through an empty field close to the neighborhood where the shooting would later take place. (See Renteria, supra, 13 Cal.5th at pp. 957-958.) Some members of the group were "yelling 'Sur trece,' a gang reference." (See id. at p. 958.) The defendant "minimized and distanced himself from the shouting, suggesting [to the witness] those involved were drunk and he was just helping them home." (See id. at pp. 958, 971.) "[T]he evidence show[ed] that the group dispersed . . . 'a little while'" before the defendant "returned and shot at the houses." (See id. at p. 971.)
Further, the defendant told a police officer that "earlier the day of the shooting he had been 'hit up[,]'" that is, someone the defendant assumed was a rival gang member "asked where [the defendant] was from, a question understood to be a gang challenge." (See Renteria, supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 958.) The defendant told the officer that "[w]hen [he] heard what sounded like a shotgun being racked, he ran." (See id. at pp. 958-959.) Additionally, the People offered evidence that a person "who was 'associated' with," but did not live in, one of the two houses had previously been "seen . . . in the presence" of one of the defendant's rival gangs. (See Renteria, at pp. 958-959, 972.)
Although "[p]olice later found a shotgun in [the] closed garage" for that house, the Supreme Court explained "that [weapon] would not have been visible to [the defendant]." (See Renteria, supra, 13 Cal.5th at pp. 958, 972.)
On appeal, the defendant "challenged the gang penalties as unsupported by the evidence, but the Court of Appeal affirmed, relying on an expert's testimony that a gang member's acts of violence both benefit the gang and promote its members' criminal activities by enhancing the gang's reputation for violence in the community." (Renteria, supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 957.)
The Supreme Court reversed and directed the Court of Appeal to remand the case to the trial court for resentencing. (Renteria, supra, 13 Cal.5th at pp. 957, 973.) The high court held, "Without more, expert testimony about the reputational benefits of crime does not support an inference that a lone gang member committed a crime for gang-related reasons-as opposed to acting from other, more personal motives." (See id. at p. 957.) The Renteria court reasoned, "If generalized testimony about the reputational benefits of a defendant's violent crime were, standing alone, sufficient to support an inference that the defendant committed the crime for the benefit of the gang, with specific intent to promote, further, or assist its members' crimes, it would mean that essentially every violent crime committed by a gang member could be punished more severely under section 186.22(b) purely because of the defendant's gang membership." (Renteria, at pp. 966-967.)
Applying its holding to the facts before it, the Renteria court concluded the defendant was "not subject to the additional punishment prescribed for felonies that have been shown to be gang-related under section 186.22(b)" because the expert's opinion concerning the reputational benefits of the crime was not accompanied by "substantial evidence show[ing] that [the defendant] intended his actions to be attributed to his gang" and that the defendant "knew of and thus might have intended to promote the criminal activities of his gang's members." (See Renteria, supra, 13 Cal.5th at pp. 971-973.) Renteria specifically noted the fact that earlier in the evening of the shootings, the defendant was in a group of young men, several of whom had shouted a gang slogan, was insufficient evidence of the defendant's intent that his "later shootings . . . be attributed to the gang" and thus enhance the gang's reputation. (See id. at pp. 958, 971.)
In an attempt to analogize the instant case to Renteria, Castillo points out Officer Cobian opined that the shooting created an atmosphere of intimidation in the community. Yet, as we explained earlier in this part and in our Discussion, part D, ante, the People also presented substantial evidence that: (1) the shooting was a confrontation between two rival gang members; (2) Castillo shot Cardiel to defend territory claimed by Castillo's gang; (3) Castillo shot Cardiel in retaliation for the murder of Castillo's brother, who was a fellow gang member Castillo believed had been killed by the Lincoln Heights gang; and (4) Castillo spray painted gang graffiti (which included his moniker) near the site of the shooting shortly before the police arrived and investigated the crime. Because the gang enhancement findings are supported by more than just an expert's testimony on the reputational benefits Castillo conferred upon the gang by committing the instant offenses, Renteria is distinguishable from this case.
The Renteria court also acknowledged that factors such as whether "the defendant made his gang affiliation known," "whether the victim was a gang member or rival of the defendant's gang, and whether retaliation for prior gang activity or disputes prompted the defendant's crime" may demonstrate an offense is gang-related. (See Renteria, supra, 13 Cal.5th at pp. 967-968; see also ibid. [noting that "[t]he appellate case law" discussing these factors "offers guidance about how to ensure that expert reputation testimony is linked by specific evidence . . . to a defendant's gang-related goals in committing a particular crime"].) The circumstantial evidence described in the immediately preceding paragraph establishes the existence of each of those factors in this case. Accordingly, the Renteria decision does not assist Castillo.
In sum, Castillo has not shown the jury's finding that he perpetrated the crimes in question for the benefit of his gang is unsupported by substantial evidence. Accordingly, Castillo's sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge to the gang enhancements fails.
F. Even Assuming Newly Added Section 1109 Applies Retroactively to Castillo's Case, the Failure To Bifurcate Trial of the Gang Enhancements Was Not Prejudicial
"In 2021, the Legislature passed Assembly Bill No. 333 (2021-2022 Reg. Sess.) (Assembly Bill 333), which became effective on January 1, 2022." (People v. Tran (2022) 13 Cal.5th 1169, 1206 (Tran).) Assembly Bill 333 added section 1109, which provides in pertinent part: "If requested by the defense, a case in which a gang enhancement is charged under subdivision (b) or (d) of Section 186.22 shall be tried in separate phases as follows: [¶] (1) The question of the defendant's guilt of the underlying offense shall be first determined. [¶] (2) If the defendant is found guilty of the underlying offense and there is an allegation of an enhancement under subdivision (b) or (d) of Section 186.22, there shall be further proceedings to the trier of fact on the question of the truth of the enhancement. Allegations that the underlying offense was committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with, a criminal street gang and that the underlying offense was committed with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in criminal conduct by gang members shall be proved by direct or circumstantial evidence." (Stats. 2021, ch. 699, § 5 [adding § 1109, subd. (a)].) Additionally, Assembly Bill 333 makes substantive revisions to the gang enhancement provisions in section 186.22. (See Tran, at p. 1207.)
Castillo does not argue that Assembly Bill 333's substantive changes to section 186.22 undermine the trial court's imposition of the gang enhancements. We thus decline to reach that issue. (See Sanghera, supra, 139 Cal.App.4th at p. 1573 ["Perhaps the most fundamental rule of appellate law is that the judgment challenged on appeal is presumed correct, and it is the appellant's burden to affirmatively demonstrate error."].)
Castillo maintains that "[s]ection 1109 applies retroactively to [his] case," and that "[t]he denial of [Castillo's] motion to bifurcate the trial of the gang enhancement requires reversal of both the enhancement and the underlying conviction." Regarding his second contention, Castillo relies upon the Sixth District's decision in People v. Burgos (2022) 77 Cal.App.5th 550 (Burgos), review granted July 13, 2022, S274743, and on the legislative history of Assembly Bill 333 for the proposition that a violation of section 1109 "constitute[s] structural error requiring reversal without a showing of prejudice." (Citing, inter alia, Burgos, at p. 568.) Castillo further argues that "even if the failure to bifurcate the gang enhancements was not structural error, . . . it should be reviewed as federal constitutional error under Chapman[ v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18]."
"The question of whether section 1109 applies retroactively is the subject of a split of authority among the Courts of Appeal." (Tran, supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 1208 [collecting cases].) In Tran, the Supreme Court "decline[d] to resolve this split . . . because [the court] conclude[d] that any asserted error in failing to bifurcate [in that case] was harmless as to [the defendant's] guilt verdicts and penalty judgment." (See ibid.) In arriving at this conclusion, the high court found that the Chapman harmless error standard did not apply because "the prosecutor's use of the gang evidence [in that case] did not render the trial 'fundamentally unfair[.]'" (See Tran, at p. 1209.) The Supreme Court then "[a]ppl[ied] the People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818 standard for state law error" and found that the defendant had "failed to demonstrate prejudice as to his guilt verdicts." (See Tran, at pp. 1209-1210.) For the reasons discussed below, we too conclude that regardless of whether section 1109 retroactively applies to this case, any violation of the statute was harmless under Watson.
On October 12, 2022, the Supreme Court requested briefing on that question in connection with its review of the Sixth District's decision in Burgos. (See People v. Burgos, case No. S274743 [Oct. 12, 2022 order].) To date, the Supreme Court has not issued an opinion in the Burgos matter. (See People v. Burgos, case No. S274743 [docket as of Mar. 23, 2023].) Additionally, we note that People v. Ramirez (2022) 79 Cal.App.5th 48, held that "section 1109 applies prospectively only" (see Ramirez, at pp. 52-53, 65), and that the Supreme Court has granted review in that case as well. (See People v. Ramirez, case No. S275341 [Aug. 17, 2022 order].) To date, the Supreme Court has not issued an opinion in Ramirez. (See People v. Ramirez, case No. S275341 [docket as of Mar. 23, 2023].)
Because the trial court in the Tran matter had sentenced the defendant to death, the Supreme Court determined whether"' "there [was] a reasonable possibility [the failure to bifurcate] affected the [death] verdict,"' a standard that is' "the same, in substance and effect"' as the standard set out in Chapman." (See Tran, supra, 13 Cal.5th at pp. 1180-1181, 1210.) We do not apply that standard because this is not a capital case. (See Procedural Background, ante [noting the trial court sentenced Castillo to an aggregate prison term of 50 years to life].)
1. The failure to bifurcate a trial in accordance with section 1109 does not constitute structural error
As a preliminary matter, the Tran decision forecloses Castillo's argument that the trial court's refusal to bifurcate the trial is per se reversible. Although the Sixth District stated in Burgos that a violation of section 1109 "likely constitutes 'structural error' because it 'def[ies] analysis by harmless-error standards' [citation]" (see Burgos, supra, 77 Cal.App.5th at p. 568, review granted), the Tran court thereafter held explicitly that this type of statutory violation is not a structural error (see Tran, supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 1208; see also Burgos, at p. 550, review granted [opinion issued on Apr. 15, 2022]; Tran, at p. 1169 [opinion issued on Aug. 29, 2022]). The Supreme Court reasoned that section 1109 was not designed to protect some interest independent from the defendant's right to avoid an erroneous conviction; "errors relating to wrongful admission of evidence are traditionally subject to harmless error review [citation], demonstrating that the effects of these types of errors are not 'simply too hard to measure' [citation]"; and "although the admission of gang evidence may sometimes result in fundamental unfairness [citation], this is not always the case." (See Tran, at p. 1208.) Thus, we are bound to follow Tran on this point. (See People v. Perez (2020) 9 Cal.5th 1, 13 (Perez II) [" 'The decisions of this court are binding upon and must be followed by all the state courts of California.' "].)
Notwithstanding the Sixth District's assertion that a violation of section 1109 likely constitutes structural error, the Court of Appeal thereafter concluded that even if contravention of the statute were subject to harmless error analysis, the defendants had "suffered prejudice under either the federal or state law standard." (See Burgos, supra, 77 Cal.App.5th at pp. 568-569, review granted.)
We note that Castillo does not mention the Tran opinion in his supplemental brief, even though Castillo filed this brief more than three months after the high court had issued its decision in that case. (Tran, supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 1169 [decision issued on Aug. 29, 2022].)
2. Castillo does not establish that the Chapman standard of prejudice applies
Next, we determine whether Castillo's claim of error is evaluated under the Chapman or Watson standard of prejudice. Tran held that a violation of section 1109 is assessed under the Chapman standard only if the error" 'results in a due process violation'" by rendering" 'the trial fundamentally unfair.' [Citation.]" (See Tran, supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 1209.) Tran further explained that "the admission of gang evidence" does not "always" "result in fundamental unfairness [citation] ...." (See id. at p. 1208.)
Although Castillo points out that his trial counsel argued in the motion to bifurcate that denial of the motion "would violate his right to due process and a fair trial," he does not repeat that argument in his supplemental brief. Instead, he claims-in an explanatory parenthetical-that People v. Albarran (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 214, held, "albeit not in the context of bifurcation, . . . that admission of inflammatory gang evidence was subject to Chapman harmless error analysis because it deprived the defendant of a fair trial." (Citing Albarran, at pp. 229-232.) In the explanatory parenthetical, Castillo further states Albarran "held the trial court erred in failing to order a new trial on all of the charges," "[g]iven the nature and amount of the gang evidence, including the number of witnesses who testified about it, and the role the gang evidence played in the prosecutor's argument."
Castillo does not further discuss Albarran or explain the basis for his apparent belief that the instant case is analogous to Albarran. Accordingly, he fails to demonstrate the admission of gang evidence here rendered the trial of the murder and other charged offenses fundamentally unfair such that the Chapman standard would govern. Because Castillo does not establish that the federal standard of prejudice applies, we apply the Watson standard of prejudice. (See Tran, supra, 13 Cal.5th at pp. 1209-1210 [employing the Watson standard because Chapman was inapplicable].)
(See Hodjat v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins. Co. (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 1, 10 ["[A]n appellant is required to not only cite to valid legal authority, but also explain how it applies in his case."]; People v. Evans (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 735, 756, fn. 12 [declining to address an argument that a party failed to support adequately]; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(B) [providing that "[e]ach brief must: [¶] . . . support each point by argument and, if possible, by citation of authority"]; id., rule 8.360(a) ["[B]riefs in criminal appeals must comply as nearly as possible with rule[ ] . . . 8.204."].)
3. Castillo fails to demonstrate that the alleged violation of section 1109 was prejudicial under Watson
The Watson "standard requires [a court] to evaluate whether the defendant has demonstrated that it is' "reasonably probable that a result more favorable to the appealing party would have been reached in the absence of the error."' [Citations.]" (See People v. Gonzalez (2018) 5 Cal.5th 186, 195; see also id. at p. 201 ["Because we are addressing state law error, defendants must show that a different result was reasonably probable under the Watson standard."].) "Appellate review under Watson .... focuses not on what a reasonable jury could do, but what such a jury is likely to have done in the absence of the error under consideration." (People v. Breverman (1998) 19 Cal.4th 142, 177.)
Castillo asserts "the case was extremely close, based upon circumstantial evidence of [his] identity, including DNA and GSR that could easily have been contaminated by the police who collected the evidence; and the testimony of Alberto Marban, who lied to police and lied under oath at trial." He further contends "[t]he prosecutor . . . used evidence of [Castillo's] gang membership to substitute for proof of his identity as the perpetrator." Specifically, Castillo argues that "[b]efore . . . introduc[ing] any evidence of the charged crimes," the People offered evidence pertinent to the gang enhancements, including evidence of Castillo's gang membership, the primary activities of the Eastlake gang, and the predicate acts committed by fellow Eastlake gang members, along with evidence tending to establish the shooting was committed in Eastlake gang territory, and that Eastlake gang members are expected to defend-via lethal force-gang territory from rival gang members. Castillo further contends that upon recalling Officer Cobian as their final witness, they elicited "his opinion[,] as an expert in street gangs, [that] the charged shooting was committed for the benefit of a street gang." Lastly, Castillo argues the People began their closing argument with "a recitation of the evidence of gang membership," and repeatedly emphasized the gang evidence during their closing and rebuttal arguments.
We reject Castillo's assertion that this was an "extremely close" case. The People presented evidence that Castillo was the sole contributor of the partial DNA profile found on the rifle used to shoot Cardiel. (See Factual Background, part 1.B, ante; Discussion, part D, ante; fn. 5 &accompanying text, ante [noting Castillo concedes the rifle recovered by police was the murder weapon].) With regard to gunshot residue, the People offered evidence showing that a characteristic particle was found on Castillo, which is consistent with a finding that he discharged a firearm. (See Factual Background, part 1.B, ante.) The People presented evidence that shortly after the shooting, the police found Castillo in Alberto's bedroom; Castillo was breathing heavily, sweating, and lying face down on a bed. (See Discussion, part D, ante.) The trial evidence showed the police also discovered casings fired from the murder weapon just outside the Marban residence. (See Discussion, part D, ante.) This circumstantial evidence strongly suggests that Castillo was the individual who shot Cardiel with the rifle.
To support the proposition that the "DNA and GSR . . . could easily have been contaminated by the police who collected the evidence" and that "Alberto Marban . . . lied to police and lied under oath at trial," Castillo cites Argument, Part I.D of his opening brief, which is titled "[t]he prosecution misconduct requires reversal." (Boldface, italics, & underscoring omitted.) That section of Castillo's opening brief, however, does not provide any record citations in support of these assertions. Insofar as Castillo invites us to scour the factual summary of his opening brief to marshal evidentiary support for his position, we decline to do so. (See Browne v. County of Tehama (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 704, 725-726 [holding that the appellants forfeited a contention by failing to "present [it] in the argument section" of their briefing]; People v. Leon (2016) 243 Cal.App.4th 1003, 1016 ["[W]e will not endeavor to make arguments on [an appellant's] behalf."]; Flint, supra, 22 Cal.App.5th at p. 1006, fn. 17 [" '[C]ourts will decline to consider any factual assertion unsupported by record citation at the point where it is asserted[.]' "].)
Furthermore, even if the trial court had granted Castillo's request to bifurcate the trial of the gang enhancements from the underlying substantive offenses, it is apparent that some of the gang evidence may still have been admissible during the first phase of the trial. Our high court has observed that "evidence of gang membership is often relevant to, and admissible regarding, the charged offense," and that "[e]vidence of the defendant's gang affiliation-including evidence of the gang's territory, membership, signs, symbols, beliefs and practices, criminal enterprises, rivalries, and the like-can help prove identity, motive, modus operandi, specific intent, means of applying force or fear, or other issues pertinent to guilt of the charged crime." (People v. Hernandez (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1040, 1049 (Hernandez).)
Regarding Castillo's identity as the killer and his motive for shooting Cardiel, the People offered evidence tending to prove Castillo was a member of the Eastlake gang, Cardiel was a member of the Lincoln Heights gang, there was a violent rivalry between these two gangs, the shooting occurred in territory claimed by the Eastlake gang and near a location that Castillo had spray-painted with gang graffiti including his gang moniker, and Castillo believed that his brother, who was an Eastlake gang member, was killed by the Lincoln Heights gang. (See Discussion, part D, ante; Discussion, part E, ante.) Because Castillo fails to address in his supplemental briefing whether this evidence would have been inadmissible during the trial of the substantive offenses, he does not demonstrate that the introduction of this evidence prejudiced him. (See Hernandez, supra, 33 Cal.4th at pp. 1049-1050 ["To the extent the evidence supporting the gang enhancement would be admissible at a trial of guilt, any inference of prejudice [resulting from the failure to bifurcate the trial] would be dispelled."].)
We acknowledge that had the trial been bifurcated, some of the gang evidence may have not been admitted in the trial of the substantive offenses. In particular, evidence of the primary activities of the Eastlake gang and that its members have engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity might not have been admissible. (See Hernandez, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 1049 ["The predicate offenses offered to establish a 'pattern of criminal gang activity' [citation] need not be related to the crime, or even the defendant, and evidence of such offenses may be unduly prejudicial."]; § 186.22, subd. (f) [providing that a criminal street gang has "as one of its primary activities the commission of one or more of the criminal acts" identified in the statute, and that its members "engage in, or have engaged in, a pattern of criminal gang activity"].) That being said, the gang evidence summarized in the preceding paragraph regarding motive and identity likely would have been admissible in a trial of just the substantive offenses, and Castillo does not argue otherwise in his supplemental brief. The trial court also instructed the jury that it "may not conclude from [evidence of gang activity] that the defendant is a person of bad character or that he has a disposition to commit crime."
Given the evidence of Castillo's guilt and the aforesaid jury instruction, there is no reasonable probability that the jury would have acquitted Castillo or otherwise returned verdicts more favorable to him had the jurors not heard evidence of criminal acts perpetrated by other Eastlake gang members during the first phase of a bifurcated trial. In addition, in his supplemental brief, Castillo does not argue there is" 'a reasonable chance'" that the presentation of this potentially inadmissible subset of the gang evidence, standing alone, deprived Castillo of" 'a result more favorable'" to him. (See Conservatorship of Maria B. (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th 514, 532 [describing the Watson harmless error standard and noting that it "applies in both criminal and civil cases"].) Rather, as explained above, Castillo seems to argue the denial of his motion to bifurcate prejudiced him because it allowed the People to: (a) present gang evidence at the outset and the conclusion of the trial, and (b) discuss the gang evidence during their closing and rebuttal arguments. Accordingly, Castillo has not discharged his burden under Watson of "mak[ing] an 'affirmative showing'" of prejudice resulting from the denial of his request to bifurcate the trial. (See Conservatorship of Maria B., at pp. 532-533.)
For instance, the trial court instructed the jury that it could find Castillo guilty of voluntary manslaughter instead of murder.
G. The Trial Court Did Not Err in Imposing the 15-Year Minimum Parole Eligibility Date, and We Strike the 10-Year Gang Enhancements
The trial court imposed the following sentence for Castillo's conviction for first degree murder (count 1): 25 years to life, with a consecutive sentence of 25 years to life imposed on that count pursuant to section 12022.53, subdivision (d); and a 10-year concurrent enhancement under section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(C) that was stayed pursuant to section 654. With regard to Castillo's aggregate prison term, the trial court ruled that, pursuant to section 186.22, subdivision (b)(5), Castillo could not be paroled until he had served a minimum of 15 years of his prison sentence. Additionally, regarding count 2 (shooting at an occupied motor vehicle), the trial court imposed, but stayed, a 10-year enhancement pursuant to section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(C), along with a stayed indeterminate life sentence pursuant to section 186.22, subdivision (b)(4).
In his opening appellate brief, Castillo claimed that the trial court's imposition of the 15-year minimum parole eligibility date was an unauthorized sentence because he had been sentenced to an indeterminate term of 25 years to life. In his opening brief, Castillo also suggested that the 10-year gang enhancement on count 1 should be stricken. Citing People v. Lopez (2005) 34 Cal.4th 1002 (Lopez), the Attorney General agreed in the respondent's brief that the 10-year gang enhancement on count 1 should be stricken, but argued that the trial court "properly imposed" the 15-year minimum parole eligibility date. On reply, Castillo contended that the Attorney General's "interpretation of the application of section 186.22, subdivision (b)(5) to [Castillo's] sentence is correct," and requested that the 10-year enhancement on count 1 be stricken. In his reply, however, Castillo did not expressly abandon his position as to imposition of the 15-year minimum parole eligibility date and made no reference to Lopez.
The parties later submitted letter briefs in which they agreed that the 10-year gang enhancement imposed on count 2, which was stayed by the trial court, must also be stricken.
In keeping with the parties' concessions, we strike the 10-year enhancements on counts 1 and 2, respectively. (See Artal, supra, 111 Cal.App.4th at p. 275, fn. 2 [noting that a statement in a brief may be deemed an admission of fact or law against the party making it].) We note that our decision to strike the enhancement on count 1 is also consistent with our high court's holding in Lopez that "first degree murder is a violent felony that is punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for life and therefore is not subject to a 10-year enhancement under section 186.22(b)(1)(C)." (Lopez, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 1004.)
To the extent Castillo is still requesting that we strike the 15-year minimum parole eligibility date set forth in section 186.22, subdivision (b)(5), we decline to do so because we are bound by Lopez's rejection of Castillo's and his case authority's interpretation of section 186.22, subdivision (b)(5) and its predecessor.
Section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(C) states in pertinent part: "Except as provided in paragraph[ ] . . . (5), a person who is convicted of a felony committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with a criminal street gang, with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in criminal conduct by gang members, shall, upon conviction of that felony, in addition and consecutive to the punishment prescribed for the felony or attempted felony of which the person has been convicted, be punished as follows: . . . [¶] . . . [¶] If the felony is a violent felony, as defined in subdivision (c) of Section 667.5, the person shall be punished by an additional term of 10 years." (See § 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(C).)
As relevant here, subdivision (b)(5) of section 186.22 in turn provides: "[A] person who violates this subdivision in the commission of a felony punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for life shall not be paroled until a minimum of 15 calendar years have been served." (See § 186.22, subd. (b)(5).)
In his opening brief, Castillo relies on People v. Herrera (2001) 88 Cal.App.4th 1353 (Herrera), for the proposition that, "[w]hen a defendant is sentenced to 25-years-to-life for first degree murder, the minimum fifteen-year parole eligibility of section 186.22, subdivision (b)(5), does not apply." Put differently, Castillo seems to argue that his 25-year-to-life base term for count 1 barred the trial court from also requiring him to serve at least 15 years in prison before he could be eligible for parole.
Although Castillo cites People v. Harper (2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 520, for this proposition as well, Harper actually arrived at the opposite conclusion, to wit, the Court of Appeal held that the 15-year minimum parole eligibility provision still applies. (See Harper, at pp. 522, 527 ["Because [the defendant] was sentenced to a life term [for first degree murder], section 186.22 mandates that the alternate punishment of a 15-year minimum parole eligibility be imposed."].)
In Herrera, a jury convicted a defendant of first degree murder, and found true a firearm allegation under section 12022.53, subdivision (d) and a gang enhancement allegation under section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1). (Herrera, 88 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1356-1357.) The trial court imposed a prison term of 25 years to life, along with a consecutive term of 25 years to life for the firearm enhancement, and an additional term of 3 years for the gang enhancement. (See id. at p. 1357.)
On appeal, the Herrera court rejected the defendant's argument that the three-year gang enhancement had to be stricken and replaced with a 15-year parole eligibility period date. (Herrera, supra, 88 Cal.App.4th at p. 1357.) The Court of Appeal reasoned that section 186.22, subdivision (b)(4) (which has since been moved to subd. (b)(5)) was inapplicable because certain amendments to section 190 barred a defendant convicted of murder from being paroled before serving 25 years in prison. (See Herrera, at pp. 1357-1365 &fns. 2-3.) Herrera thus affirmed the three-year enhancement and held that the 15-year minimum parole eligibility date was inapplicable. (See id. at pp. 1363-1364.)
In Lopez, our high court later rejected Herrera's assumption that section 190 renders section 186.22, subdivision (b)(5) inapplicable to defendants convicted of first degree murder. Our high court concluded that there is no inconsistency between these two provisions. Lopez explained that "the . . . penalty set forth in section 190-i.e., 25 years to life-is [a] proper punishment for [a] defendant's first degree murder conviction," and "[t]he true finding under section 186.22(b)(5), which provides for a lower minimum term, 'is a factor that may be considered by the Board of Prison Terms when determining a defendant's release date, even if it does not extend the minimum parole date per se.' [Citation.]" (See Lopez, at p. 1009.) "Thus, the fact that section 190 fixes a parole eligibility date equal to or greater than that provided by section 186.22(b)(5) is neither an absurdity nor an anomaly ...." (See Lopez, at p. 1009.)
Lopez thus impliedly disapproved of Herrera's interpretation of the predecessor to section 186.22, subdivision (b)(5). Because we are bound by our high court's decisions, we reject any remaining request by Castillo to strike his 15-year minimum parole eligibility date. (See Perez II, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 13 [" 'The decisions of [the state supreme court] are binding upon and must be followed by all the state courts of California.' "].)
DISPOSITION
The judgment is modified as follows: The 10-year gang enhancement imposed on count 1 under Penal Code section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(C) and the 10-year gang enhancement imposed on count 2 under Penal Code section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(C) are stricken. As modified, the judgment is affirmed.
Upon the issuance of our remittitur, the trial court is directed to prepare a corrected minute order consistent with the views expressed in this opinion, amend the abstract of judgment, and send certified copies of the amended abstract of judgment to the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. The clerk of the court is directed to send a copy of the opinion and remittitur to the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. (See Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.272(d)(2).)
We concur: ROTHSCHILD, P. J., WEINGART, J.