Opinion
590 KA 19-01871
09-30-2022
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Jeremy A. ACOSTA, Defendant-Appellant.
DAVISON LAW OFFICE, PLLC, CANANDAIGUA (MARK C. DAVISON OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. GREGORY S. OAKES, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, OSWEGO (AMY L. HALLENBECK OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
DAVISON LAW OFFICE, PLLC, CANANDAIGUA (MARK C. DAVISON OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
GREGORY S. OAKES, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, OSWEGO (AMY L. HALLENBECK OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
PRESENT: WHALEN, P.J., SMITH, CENTRA, PERADOTTO, AND NEMOYER, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously modified as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice by reducing the sentence of imprisonment imposed for criminal possession of a controlled substance in the first degree under count one of the indictment to a determinate term of 14 years, and as modified the judgment is affirmed.
Memorandum: Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him upon a jury verdict of, inter alia, criminal possession of a controlled substance in the first degree ( Penal Law § 220.21 [1] ).
Defendant failed to preserve for our review his contention that the indictment was multiplicitous (see CPL 470.05 [2] ; People v. Edwards , 159 A.D.3d 1425, 1426, 73 N.Y.S.3d 323 [4th Dept. 2018], lv denied 31 N.Y.3d 1116, 81 N.Y.S.3d 376, 106 N.E.3d 759 [2018] ; People v. Box , 145 A.D.3d 1510, 1513, 44 N.Y.S.3d 645 [4th Dept. 2016], lv denied 29 N.Y.3d 1076, 64 N.Y.S.3d 166, 86 N.E.3d 253 [2017] ). We decline to exercise our power to review that contention as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice (see CPL 470.15 [6] [a] ; Edwards , 159 A.D.3d at 1426, 73 N.Y.S.3d 323 ; Box , 145 A.D.3d at 1513, 44 N.Y.S.3d 645 ).
Defendant next contends that the police lacked a founded suspicion that criminal activity was afoot to support the canine sniff search of the exterior of his vehicle during a lawful traffic stop and, thus, County Court erred in refusing to suppress as fruit of the poisonous tree physical evidence seized thereafter, i.e., a set of keys in the vehicle and drugs later found in a shared utility room of defendant's residential building in a toolbox that was unlocked by the keys. We reject that contention. Here, the court properly concluded that, based on the totality of the information known to the police prior to the lawful traffic stop, the police had the requisite "founded suspicion that criminal activity [was] afoot" to justify the canine sniff search of the exterior of defendant's vehicle ( People v. Blandford , 37 N.Y.3d 1062, 1063, 155 N.Y.S.3d 1, 176 N.E.3d 1043 [2021], cert denied ––– U.S. ––––, 142 S.Ct. 1382, 212 L.Ed.2d 333 [2022] ; see People v. Devone , 15 N.Y.3d 106, 113-114, 905 N.Y.S.2d 101, 931 N.E.2d 70 [2010] ; see also People v. Lee , 110 A.D.3d 1482, 1483, 974 N.Y.S.2d 676 [4th Dept. 2013] ; People v. Oldacre , 53 A.D.3d 675, 676, 861 N.Y.S.2d 444 [3d Dept. 2008] ). After the dog alerted on the exterior of the vehicle, probable cause existed to search the vehicle and, therefore, the canine search of the interior—during which an officer noticed the set of keys—was lawful (see People v. Romero , 120 A.D.3d 947, 948, 991 N.Y.S.2d 212 [4th Dept. 2014], lv denied 24 N.Y.3d 1004, 997 N.Y.S.2d 123, 21 N.E.3d 575 [2014] ; People v. Boler , 106 A.D.3d 1119, 1122, 964 N.Y.S.2d 688 [3d Dept. 2013] ; see also People v. Offen , 78 N.Y.2d 1089, 1091, 578 N.Y.S.2d 121, 585 N.E.2d 370 [1991] ; People v. Blanche , 183 A.D.3d 1196, 1199, 124 N.Y.S.3d 738 [3d Dept. 2020], lv denied 35 N.Y.3d 1064, 129 N.Y.S.3d 384, 152 N.E.3d 1185 [2020] ). Inasmuch as the canine sniff search was lawful, there is no basis for suppressing any evidence seized thereafter as the fruits of an illegal search.
Defendant also contends that he was deprived of a fair trial by the presence of uniformed officers in the courtroom gallery during summations. We reject that contention. A criminal defendant " ‘is entitled to have [their] guilt or innocence determined solely on the basis of the evidence introduced at trial, and not on grounds of official suspicion, indictment, continued custody, or other circumstances not adduced as proof at trial’ " ( Holbrook v. Flynn , 475 U.S. 560, 567, 106 S.Ct. 1340, 89 L.Ed.2d 525 [1986] ; see People v. Nelson , 27 N.Y.3d 361, 367, 33 N.Y.S.3d 814, 53 N.E.3d 691 [2016], cert denied ––– U.S. ––––, 137 S.Ct. 175, 196 L.Ed.2d 144 [2016] ). "Trial courts have the inherent authority and the affirmative obligation to control conduct and decorum in the courtroom, in order to promote the fair administration of justice for all" ( Nelson , 27 N.Y.3d at 367, 33 N.Y.S.3d 814, 53 N.E.3d 691 ). Where, as here, that decorum is challenged on the basis of "state-sponsored courtroom practices," such as the presence of uniformed officers seated in the courtroom gallery ( id. at 368, 33 N.Y.S.3d 814, 53 N.E.3d 691 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see Holbrook , 475 U.S. at 570-572, 106 S.Ct. 1340 ; Nelson , 27 N.Y.3d at 376-377, 33 N.Y.S.3d 814, 53 N.E.3d 691 [Garcia, J., concurring]; see generally Carey v. Musladin , 549 U.S. 70, 75, 127 S.Ct. 649, 166 L.Ed.2d 482 [2006] ), "the nature of our review is to determine whether an unacceptable risk is presented of impermissible factors coming into play" ( People v. Allen , 183 A.D.3d 1284, 1286, 123 N.Y.S.3d 387 [4th Dept. 2020], affd 36 N.Y.3d 1033, 140 N.Y.S.3d 465, 164 N.E.3d 271 [2021] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see Holbrook , 475 U.S. at 570-572, 106 S.Ct. 1340 ; Nelson , 27 N.Y.3d at 368, 33 N.Y.S.3d 814, 53 N.E.3d 691 ). Here, the trial transcript is devoid of any facts establishing the number of officers present, where in the gallery they were seated, whether each was in uniform or in plain clothes, or how many were armed with their service weapons, and thus there is no basis for us to conclude that their presence in the courtroom presented such a risk (see Allen , 183 A.D.3d at 1286, 123 N.Y.S.3d 387 ; People v. Grant , 160 A.D.3d 1406, 1407, 76 N.Y.S.3d 326 [4th Dept. 2018], lv denied 31 N.Y.3d 1148, 83 N.Y.S.3d 430, 108 N.E.3d 504 [2018] ; cf. People v. Nguyen , 156 A.D.3d 1461, 1462, 65 N.Y.S.3d 876 [4th Dept. 2017], lv denied 31 N.Y.3d 1016, 78 N.Y.S.3d 286, 102 N.E.3d 1067 [2018] ; People v. Harriott , 128 A.D.3d 470, 471, 9 N.Y.S.3d 228 [1st Dept. 2015], lv denied 26 N.Y.3d 1008, 20 N.Y.S.3d 549, 42 N.E.3d 219 [2015] ).
Defendant failed to preserve for our review his further contention that he was deprived of a fair trial by a comment of the prosecutor during summation that improperly shifted the burden of proof (see CPL 470.05 [2] ; People v. Kims , 24 N.Y.3d 422, 440, 999 N.Y.S.2d 337, 24 N.E.3d 573 [2014] ; People v. Cirino , 203 A.D.3d 1661, 1664, 164 N.Y.S.3d 752 [4th Dept. 2022], lv denied 38 N.Y.3d 1132, 172 N.Y.S.3d 844, 193 N.E.3d 509 [2022] ). In any event, that contention lacks merit. The prosecutor's comment constituted "a fair response to arguments raised by the defense on summation" ( People v. Maddox , 236 A.D.2d 832, 832-833, 653 N.Y.S.2d 884 [4th Dept. 1997], lv denied 89 N.Y.2d 1037, 659 N.Y.S.2d 868, 681 N.E.2d 1315 [1997] ). Moreover, even assuming, arguendo, that the prosecutor's comment improperly shifted the burden of proof, we conclude that "[t]he single improper comment was not so egregious that defendant was thereby deprived of a fair trial" ( People v. Willson , 272 A.D.2d 959, 960, 708 N.Y.S.2d 668 [4th Dept. 2000], lv denied 95 N.Y.2d 873, 715 N.Y.S.2d 228, 738 N.E.2d 376 [2000] ; see Box , 145 A.D.3d at 1512, 44 N.Y.S.3d 645 ).
We reject defendant's contention that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence with respect to his constructive possession of the drugs. Viewing the evidence in light of the elements of the crimes as charged to the jury (see People v. Danielson , 9 N.Y.3d 342, 349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1 [2007] ), we conclude that, although an acquittal would not have been unreasonable, the verdict is not against the weight of the evidence (see People v. Barnes , 197 A.D.3d 977, 978, 150 N.Y.S.3d 676 [4th Dept. 2021], lv denied 37 N.Y.3d 1058, 154 N.Y.S.3d 627, 176 N.E.3d 663 [2021] ; see generally People v. Bleakley , 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672 [1987] ). The jury was entitled to credit the testimony of the People's witnesses and reject the exculpatory testimony of defendant (see People v. Twillie , 155 A.D.3d 1686, 1687, 63 N.Y.S.3d 794 [4th Dept. 2017], lv denied 30 N.Y.3d 1120, 77 N.Y.S.3d 345, 101 N.E.3d 986 [2018] ; People v. Rivera , 281 A.D.2d 927, 928, 723 N.Y.S.2d 775 [4th Dept. 2001], lv denied 96 N.Y.2d 906, 730 N.Y.S.2d 804, 756 N.E.2d 92 [2001] ), and we perceive no reason to disturb those credibility determinations (see generally People v. Tetro , 175 A.D.3d 1784, 1788, 109 N.Y.S.3d 776 [4th Dept. 2019] ).
We nonetheless agree with defendant that the aggregate sentence of imprisonment of 18 years is unduly harsh and severe. Preliminarily, we are " ‘compelled to emphasize once again’ that, contrary to the assertion in the People's brief, a criminal defendant need not show extraordinary circumstances or an abuse of discretion by the sentencing court in order to obtain a sentence reduction under CPL 470.15 (6) (b)" ( People v. Curtis , 196 A.D.3d 1145, 1146, 147 N.Y.S.3d 922 [4th Dept. 2021], lv denied 37 N.Y.3d 1026, 153 N.Y.S.3d 418, 175 N.E.3d 443 [2021] ; see e.g. People v. Dolison , 200 A.D.3d 1632, 1633-1634, 155 N.Y.S.3d 908 [4th Dept. 2021], lv denied 38 N.Y.3d 949, 165 N.Y.S.3d 468, 185 N.E.3d 989 [2022] ; People v. Cutaia , 167 A.D.3d 1534, 1535, 90 N.Y.S.3d 444 [4th Dept. 2018], lv denied 33 N.Y.3d 947, 100 N.Y.S.3d 195, 123 N.E.3d 854 [2019] ). This Court has "broad, plenary power to modify a sentence that is unduly harsh or severe under the circumstances, even though the sentence may be within the permissible statutory range," and we may exercise that power, "if the interest of justice warrants, without deference to the sentencing court" ( People v. Delgado , 80 N.Y.2d 780, 783, 587 N.Y.S.2d 271, 599 N.E.2d 675 [1992] ; see CPL 470.15 [6] [b] ). Upon our consideration of, among other things, defendant's largely remote criminal history, the nonviolent nature of the present offenses, and the disparity between the court's pretrial sentencing promise of 12 years of imprisonment if defendant pleaded guilty and the ultimate sentence imposed (see People v. Ellison , 167 A.D.3d 1552, 1554, 90 N.Y.S.3d 789 [4th Dept. 2018] ), we modify the judgment as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice by reducing the sentence of imprisonment imposed for criminal possession of a controlled substance in the first degree under count one of the indictment to a determinate term of 14 years (see CPL 470.15 [6] [b] ; Romero , 120 A.D.3d at 948, 991 N.Y.S.2d 212 ).