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In Owosso v Poillon, 254 Mich.App. 210, 214; 657 N.W.2d 538 (2002) as well as Burns v City of Detroit, 253 Mich.App. 608, 620-621; 660 N.W.2d 85 (2002), Up &Out of Poverty was cited for this proposition, and as noted, Up &Out of Poverty cited Woodland.
Summary of this case from People v. JohnsonOpinion
No. 236837.
Submitted November 6, 2002, at Lansing.
Decided December 3, 2002, at 9:00 a.m. Updated February 14, 2003.
Appeal from Shiawassee Circuit Court, LC No. 96-007716-AR.
William C. Brown, City Attorney, for the city of Owosso.
J. Kevin McKay for the defendant.
Before: Whitbeck, C.J., and Hood and Kelly, JJ.
Defendant entered a conditional plea of no contest to causing public disorder, contrary to § 19-82 of the Owosso City Code. He was sentenced to one year's probation. The Shiawassee Circuit Court upheld the conviction. This Court denied defendant's application for leave to appeal. Subsequently, in lieu of granting leave to appeal, our Supreme Court remanded the case to this Court for consideration as on leave granted. Owosso v Pouillon, 465 Mich. 877 (2001). We reverse.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
This case arises from an incident in which defendant stood, on city property, approximately thirty feet from the front of a dentist's office and approximately three hundred feet away from a church. As mothers were dropping off their children at the day care/preschool operated by the church, defendant yelled, "They kill babies in that church! Why are you going in there?" According to the police report used to establish the factual basis of the no contest plea, the children became frightened and visibly upset. Defendant claimed that he chose his location near the dentist office because the dentist publicly supported Planned Parenthood and abortion. Defendant claimed that he opposed the church because, several years before, it held an anniversary celebration for Planned Parenthood. Defendant has a history of persistently "protesting abortion" while directing statements at people or businesses with whom he has had previous relationships.
In Rowlison v Poullion (Court of Appeals Docket No. 229733), submitted with this case, defendant's protests in front of a car dealership, owned by his former father-in-law, extended to shouting at a pregnant employee, "Is that a baby or a bomb; [d]id you tell them about the bomb; [b]etter watch out, God will drop a bomb on you."
Defendant was charged with causing public disorder under § 19-82 of the Owosso City Code. Defendant tendered a conditional no contest plea before the district court. The conditions placed on the record preserved his defenses to the charge, including his contention that the ordinance did not serve a compelling state interest, was vague and overbroad, and was unconstitutional as applied to him.
II. Standard of Review
Constitutional questions are reviewed de novo. In re Hawley, 238 Mich. App. 509, 511; 606 N.W.2d 50 (1999). Statutes are presumed to be constitutional unless their unconstitutionality is clearly apparent. In re AH, 245 Mich. App. 77, 82; 627 N.W.2d 33 (2001). Statutes must be construed as proper under the constitution if possible. In re Trejo Minors, 462 Mich. 341, 355; 612 N.W.2d 407 (2000). The party opposing the statute bears the burden of overcoming the presumption and proving the statute unconstitutional. Id.; In re AH, supra at 82.
III. Time, Place, and Manner Restrictions
Defendant first argues that the ordinance impermissibly restricted his freedom of speech and was unconstitutional for a lack of a compelling governmental interest. We disagree.
The Michigan Constitution states, "Every person may freely speak, write, express and publish his views on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of such right; and no law shall be enacted to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech or of the press." Const 1963, art 1, § 5. The First Amendment of the United States Constitution similarly states that "Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech." US Const, Am I. The rights to free speech under the Michigan and federal constitutions are coterminous. Up Out of Poverty Now Coalition v Michigan, 210 Mich. App. 162, 168; 533 N.W.2d 339 (1995). Thus, federal authority construing the First Amendment may be used in construing Michigan's constitutional free speech rights. See id. at 168-169.
Defendant was charged under § 19-82 of the Owosso City Code, which provides:
A person shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor if, with the purpose of causing public danger, alarm, disorder or nuisance, or if his or her conduct is likely to cause public danger, alarm, disorder or nuisance, such person willfully uses abusive or obscene language or makes an obscene gesture to any other person when such words by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace.
The ordinance is content-neutral because it applies to all speech "`without reference to the content of the regulated speech.'" Madsen v Women's Health Ctr, 512 U.S. 753, 763; 114 S.Ct. 2516; 129 L.Ed.2d 593 (1994), quoting Ward v Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, 791; 109 S.Ct. 2746; 105 L.Ed.2d 661 (1989). Regardless of the speaker's subject matter or underlying message, "abusive or obscene" language spoken with the requisite intent may be prohibited "when such words by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace." See RAV v St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377, 381, 383-384, 386; 112 S.Ct. 2538; 120 L.Ed.2d 305 (1992). The ordinance at issue does not restrict access to other channels of communication. See Up Out, supra at 173. Further, it is well settled that the state has a significant interest in protecting the health and safety of its citizens. Hill v Colorado, 530 U.S. 703, 715; 120 S.Ct. 2480; 147 L.Ed.2d 597 (2000); Schenck v Pro-Choice Network, 519 U.S. 357, 371, 375-376; 117 S.Ct. 855; 137 L.Ed.2d 1 (1997). In light of the foregoing, and because the ordinance is "`narrowly tailored to serve a significant government interest,'" it is a constitutional time, place, and manner restriction. Madsen, supra at 764, quoting Ward, supra at 791; see also Hill, supra at 725-726.
IV. Unconstitutionally Vague
Defendant next argues that the ordinance was unconstitutionally vague. We disagree.
"[T]here are at least three ways a . . . statute may be found unconstitutionally vague: (1) failure to provide fair notice of what conduct is prohibited, (2) encouragement of arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement, or (3) being overbroad and impinging on First Amendment freedoms." People v Lino, 447 Mich. 567, 575-576; 527 N.W.2d 434 (1994); see also People v White, 212 Mich. App. 298, 309-313; 536 N.W.2d 876 (1995); In re Gentry, 142 Mich. App. 701, 707; 369 N.W.2d 889 (1985). The second prong includes conferring "`unstructured and unlimited discretion . . . to determine whether an offense has been committed.'" White, supra at 309, quoting Michigan State AFL-CIO v Civil Serv Comm (After Remand), 208 Mich. App. 479, 492; 528 N.W.2d 811 (1995), rev'd on other grounds 455 Mich. 720; 566 N.W.2d 258 (1997).
In addition to prescribing reasonable time, place, and manner restrictions, the government remains free to impose "restrictions upon the content of speech in a few limited areas, which are `of such slight social value as a step to truth that any benefit that may be derived from them is clearly outweighed by the social interest in order and morality.'" RAV, supra at 382-383, quoting Chaplinsky v New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568, 572; 62 S.Ct. 766; 86 L.Ed. 1031 (1942) (allowing the regulation of "fighting words"). In this case, the ordinance tracks the definition of "fighting words" by prohibiting "abusive or obscene" language "when such words by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace." See Chaplinsky, supra at 572. The ordinance makes no content-based distinctions and is "narrowly drawn and limited to define and punish" only fighting words. See Chaplinsky, supra at 573-574. Thus, the ordinance does not "sweep too broadly, covering a substantial amount of protected free speech," nor does "every application . . . create an unreasonable risk of censorship." See Up Out, supra at 170. Therefore, on its face, the ordinance is not unconstitutionally overbroad.
We note that in Burns v Detroit, 253 Mich. App. ___ ; ___ N.W.2d ___ (2002), this Court opined that, since Chaplinsky, the definition of "fighting words" has been somewhat modified, stating, "It now includes only the second half of the definition words that tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace. . . ." Burns, supra at ___, citing UWM Post, Inc v Univ of Wisconsin Sys Bd of Regents, 774 F. Supp. 1163, 1170 (E.D. Wis, 1991). The court in UWM Post determined that the Supreme Court "reduced the scope of fighting words to include only words which tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace." Id., citing Gooding v Wilson, 405 U.S. 518, 524; 92 S.Ct. 1103; 31 L.Ed.2d 408 (1972). However, we note that in several cases after Gooding, the Supreme Court cited Gooding, holding that "fighting words" include both "those [words] which by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace." Lewis v New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130, 132; 94 S.Ct. 970; 39 L.Ed.2d 214 (1974); see also Houston v Hill, 482 U.S. 451, 462; 107 S.Ct. 2502; 96 L.Ed.2d 398 (1987); Karlan v Cincinnati, 416 U.S. 924, 927; 94 S.Ct. 1922; 40 L.Ed.2d 280 (1974).
Regarding defendant's fair notice argument, we conclude that the incorporation of the extensively construed definition of "fighting words" precludes a finding that this ordinance is impermissibly vague. See Lino , supra at 575; see also In re Gosnell, 234 Mich. App. 326, 334; 594 N.W.2d 90 (1999). Further, because the ordinance is not vague, it does not confer unstructured and unlimited discretion on the trier of fact. White, supra at 313.
Compare People v Boomer, 250 Mich. App. 534, 539-542; ___ N.W.2d ___ (2002), in which this Court held that a statute criminalizing the use of "indecent, immoral, obscene, vulgar or insulting language in the presence or hearing of any woman or child" was unconstitutionally vague on its face because, given that reasonable persons could differ concerning what is "indecent, immoral, obscene, vulgar or insulting," the statute failed to provide fair notice of what conduct was prohibited.
V. Unconstitutional as Applied
Defendant also argues that the ordinance was unconstitutional as applied to him. We agree.
Fighting words are "words likely to cause an average addressee to fight." See Chaplinsky, supra at 573. The rationale behind the fighting words exception is that certain words or phrases, when directed toward another, may be regulated consistent with the First Amendment because of their constitutionally proscribable content. See RAV, supra at 383. The exclusion of fighting words from the scope of the First Amendment simply means that the unprotected features of the words are essentially a nonspeech element of communication subject to state regulation because they do not constitute an essential part of any expression of ideas. See id. at 385.
According to the police report, which defendant agreed could be used to establish a factual basis for his plea, the children entering the church "were visibly frightened and upset" when defendant told them that "[t]hey kill babies in that church! Why are you going in there?" The message relayed by defendant's words was that babies were killed in the church and that children should not go there. On their face, defendant's words do not appear to have anything to do with abortion. However, accepting that exaggeration and creativity are used to express ideas, we conclude that defendant's comments concerned abortion and thus involved a matter of public concern and were made in a traditional public forum, which comments would normally constitute protected speech. Schenck, supra at 377.
The prosecutor argues, however, that defendant's speech should not be extended constitutional protection because it inflicted emotional injury on the hearers, specifically the children. See Chaplinsky, supra at 572. We acknowledge that the government has a substantial interest in protecting children. See United States v Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc, 529 U.S. 803, 813-814; 120 S.Ct. 1878; 146 L.Ed.2d 865 (2000); see also Fed Communications Comm v Pacifica Foundation, 438 U.S. 726, 749-750; 98 S.Ct. 3026; 57 L.Ed.2d 1073 (1978); Ginsberg v New York, 390 U.S. 629, 639-641; 88 S.Ct. 1274; 20 L.Ed.2d 195 (1968).
We note that the prosecution does not cite any authority for the proposition that fright constitutes an injury within the purview of the fighting words doctrine, but rather, argues, "Children are impressionable, and upon hearing that such a thing could occur in a place they visit for spiritual enjoyment and enlightenment, could be, and in this case was, injuring."
In Playboy, the Court used a strict scrutiny test to find that a content-based regulation restricting sexually explicit cable television programming was unconstitutional on its face because less restrictive alternatives existed. See Playboy, supra at 813-814. In Pacifica, the Court held that a radio broadcast of George Carlin's "Filthy Words" monologue was not protected speech, and could have been sanctioned by the FCC. Pacifica, supra at 729-735, 744. In Ginsberg, the Court upheld state regulations forbidding the sale of sexually obscene materials to minors. Ginsberg, supra at 631-633.
However, the Supreme Court has rejected "the intent to inflict emotional distress" as a basis for regulating otherwise protected speech. See Hustler Magazine v Falwell, 485 U.S. 46, 52-57; 108 S.Ct. 876; 99 L.Ed.2d 41 (1988); see also Chaplinsky, supra at 572. While content-based distinctions among classes of unprotected speech may be drawn on the basis of their secondary effects, "[t]he emotive impact of speech on its audience is not a `secondary effect.'" See RAV, supra at 389, 394. Thus, emotional distress is not the sort of "injury" referred to in Chaplinsky as a basis for regulating speech under the first prong of the definition of "fighting words." Hustler, supra at 52-53, 56; see also Chaplinsky, supra at 572. Although we believe that defendant's words caused emotional upset to the children, we find that they were not words "which by their very utterance inflict[ed] injury" of the type that our courts have seen fit to prevent through the fighting words exception to the First Amendment. See Chaplinsky, supra at 572.
Although the prosecution does not specifically make this argument, an issue encompassed by the arguments on appeal is whether defendant's speech falls under the second part of the definition of "fighting words" in that they tended "to incite an immediate breach of the peace." See Chaplinsky, supra at 572. In Cantwell v Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296, 301-309; 60 S.Ct. 900; 84 L.Ed. 1213 (1940), the defendant was arrested for a breach of the peace in a predominantly Roman Catholic neighborhood after he played a record on the streets that denounced organized religion, and especially Catholicism, as the instrument of Satan. No crowd was drawn, but two of the hearers testified that they were close to violence. Id. The Court reversed the defendant's conviction on a count for commission of the common-law offense of inciting a breach of the peace, stating:
Cantwell's conduct, in the view of the court below, considered apart from the effect of his communication upon his hearers, did not amount to a breach of the peace. One may, however, be guilty of the offense if he commits acts or makes statements likely to provoke violence and disturbance of good order, even though no such eventuality be intended. Decisions to this effect are many, but examination discloses that, in practically all, the provocative language which was held to amount to a breach of the peace consisted of profane, indecent, or abusive remarks directed to the person of the hearer. Resort to epithets or personal abuse is not in any proper sense communication of information or opinion safeguarded by the Constitution, and its punishment as a criminal act would raise no question under that instrument.
* * *
In the realm of religious faith, and in that of political belief, sharp differences arise. In both fields the tenets of one man may seem the rankest error to his neighbor. To persuade others to his own point of view, the pleader, as we know, at times, resorts to exaggeration . . . and even to false statement. But the people of this nation have ordained in the light of history, that, in spite of the probability of excesses and abuses, these liberties are, in the long view, essential to enlightened opinion and right conduct on the part of the citizens of a democracy. [ Id. at 309-310.]
In this case, defendant's words had no tendency to incite an imminent breach of the peace. Defendant's message was in the form of grotesque exaggeration that was more likely to frighten children than to impart information. However, the children's mere fright, though an unfortunate consequence of defendant's speech, did not rise to the level of violence or a disturbance of public order nor was such a result likely. If the purpose of the prohibition on fighting words is to preserve public safety and order, then unprotected fighting words do not encompass words that would emotionally upset children who are unlikely to retaliate. Therefore, on the basis of the limited facts of this case, we find that the ordinance was unconstitutionally applied to defendant.
VI. Quashing of Subpoenas
Defendant also argues that the trial court erred in quashing certain subpoenas. We conclude that this issue is not properly before us. A no contest plea waives all defenses except those that implicate the state's authority to bring the defendant to trial, i.e., jurisdictional defenses. People v Lannom, 441 Mich. 490, 493-494; 490 N.W.2d 396 (1992). Whether a subpoena was properly quashed is not such a defense. Although defendant tendered a conditional plea, it was conditioned only on defendant's preserving his constitutional challenges. A conditional plea preserves only those defenses specifically mentioned on the record. See MCR 6.301(C)(2). Accordingly, because defendant did not specifically preserve the question whether the trial court properly quashed the subpoenas, this issue was waived by defendant's plea. People v Riley, 465 Mich. 442, 449; 636 N.W.2d 514 (2001); see also People v Carter, 462 Mich. 206, 215-220; 612 N.W.2d 144 (2000).
Reversed.