PATTERSON, J.:

The relator was removed from his position as a member of the police force of the city of New York, after a trial before the commissioners, upon a charge of conduct unbecoming an officer, the offense consisting, according to the specification, of his having at some time, between the 18th and 31st days of November, 1895, paid to some person unknown the sum of $200, a part consideration for securing his appointment on the police force of the city of New York. At the date mentioned the relator was a probationary member of the force; that is to say, he was on trial as to his fitness, and it is not to be disputed that if at the end of his probation he was not regarded by the commissioners as a competent person, he could have been dropped from the service without any formal proceeding brought against him. ( Matter of Murray, 18 App. Div. 337.) But while he was thus on probation he was, nevertheless, under the control and subject to the authority and orders of the board. All appointees as patrolmen must have served a probationary period. (Consol. Act [Laws of 1882, chap. 410], § 265, subd. 3, as amended in 1895 [Chap. 569].) Such probationers are not entitled to an absolute appointment until the test period has expired, but during that period they perform the duties, receive the pay, bear the responsibilities, are subject to the rules and regulations of the force, and for misconduct are amenable to the disciplinary jurisdiction of the commissioners. The relator's alleged offense was not, apparently, discovered until long after he received his full appointment, but it was one committed, if at all, while he was discharging on the force the first stage of duty, a prerequisite to his full appointment. There is no substance, therefore, in the objection that his alleged offense was beyond the cognizance of the board.

The principal objection urged to the determination of the commissioners now brought up for review by the writ of certiorari is that the relator did not have a fair trial; that one of the commissioners who passed upon his case was the accuser, the only material witness against him, and one of his judges; and that another of the commissioners was shown to have been so situated with reference to the subject-matter of the inquiry that he could not give an impartial judgment. Of necessity, in the discharge of the duties of his office, a commissioner has authority to make his own preliminary inquiry into the efficiency and the acts of any member of the force, and there are many cases in which he must be both accuser and witness. It was in the performance of his duty that the commissioner, witness in this case, became aware of the existence of facts upon which the charge was based against the relator of having procured his place upon the force by bribery. The original or preliminary investigation into that charge was had before another commissioner. It appeared that at some time prior to such investigation, the relator had made and signed in the presence of the commissioner who was the witness, a statement to the effect that he, the relator, had agreed to pay to a certain named person the sum of $400 in case he were appointed on the force, and that he actually did pay to such person on account the sum of $200. What purported to be a confession signed by the relator was identified and received by the trial commissioner, and the witness, the commissioner who produced that statement, was cross-examined by the relator's counsel. The relator was then sworn, and testified to his having paid the sum of $200 to some person who asked him to join a Republican club, he being told that he never could wear the uniform of the force if he would not join that club and help it out, as it was "in hard circumstances." There was no such club, but nevertheless the relator, by his own statement, paid that money to some person. He had said in his ex parte statement that he paid it to a certain patrolman, but upon being confronted with that patrolman, he denied ever having seen him or paid the money to him. He also swore at the investigation or trial that, at the time he made his written statement, he did not understand some of the questions; that he did not fully realize the meaning of some of them; that he did not read his statement after it was taken down, and the tendency of his testimony was to impeach or materially modify the effect of the writing that had been produced as the only evidence of his guilt. Thereupon, the commissioner who had produced the statement was recalled to contradict the relator, and his testimony was directed to showing the falsity of the relator's claim respecting his want of understanding of what was contained in the statement and of the circumstances under which that statement was given, and what the relator said when it was made. The case was referred to the board of police commissioners. That board was at this trial composed of three members, and in its constitution included the same member who had testified on the merits adversely to the relator. That might not have affected the legality of the action of the commissioners had a sufficient number of impartial judges acted upon the relator's case. Sometimes, of necessity, a witness may or must act judicially. Cases of that character are collated and commented upon in The Matter of Ryers ( 72 N.Y. 1) and People v. Dohring (59 id. 374). But the record in this case discloses that another of the commissioners who sat in the relator's case was so connected with the inquiry that he could not be otherwise than biased against the relator. It was fully proven that the statement containing the alleged confession of the relator, as it was produced before the commissioner who conducted the investigation originally, was mutilated, a part of it having been deliberately cut out. The part thus cut out contained what the commissioners deemed a scandalous imputation upon a member of the board, so much so that they all agreed that it was a gross outrage to allow it to stand recorded. The commissioner who was thus assailed was justly incensed, but nevertheless he voted upon the relator's case and to dismiss him from the force. A judge so situated, with a personal grievance against an accused, inseparably connected with the charge upon which that accused is tried, cannot, in the nature of things, be an impartial judge. The commissioners found the relator guilty of bribery, in having paid money directly to secure his appointment upon the force. The contention the relator made upon the trial was that the record of his alleged confession was not true; that he did not admit having paid money to any person to procure his appointment, but stated only that he was deceived by some one into paying a sum of money to join a club, and thus prevent its opposition to his appointment. However unsound or unreasonable, or the contrary, this distinction may be, the relator was entitled to a trial by unprejudiced judges, if such were available, and to have it considered whether or not he was merely joining and contributing money to this club under fear of its opposition, or whether he was paying money directly and illegitimately to secure an appointment.

We express no opinion as to the merits of the case (leaving that matter to be considered in any future proceeding that may be instituted against him), but only determine that the relator did not have a fair trial, as the board that passed upon his case was constituted. It is not an answer to this to say that accused policemen can be tried only by the commissioners, and that a majority of the board must concur to authorize a sentence. (Consol. Act [Laws of 1882, chap. 410], § 251, as amended by Laws of 1895, chap. 569.) There was a fourth commissioner who did not sit in the case, and whose presence would have made a tribunal properly composed and competent to sit in judgment on the relator's case. There was no legal necessity to have the court composed of the three members who finally passed upon the relator's case. One of the commissioners, who was not a witness, had a personal interest in it, and, as the record shows, really put himself upon trial in the very proceeding before him. It is a fundamental rule that personal or pecuniary interest in a litigation disqualifies a person from acting judicially in that litigation; and there having been another commissioner who might have taken part in the trial, it cannot be urged that of necessity the court was properly constituted.

The action of the commissioners should be annulled and the relator reinstated.

VAN BRUNT, P.J., RUMSEY and O'BRIEN, JJ., concurred; INGRAHAM, J., dissented.

Proceedings annulled and relator reinstated, with costs.