Opinion
G023360
Filed April 16, 2002 Certified for Publication Modified May 13, 2002
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, No. 770416, John M. Watson, Judge. Affirmed.
Palmieri, Tyler, Wiener, Wilhelm Waldron and Bruce W. Dannemeyer for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
O'Melveny Myers, James W. Colbert, III, and Todd A. Green for Defendant and Respondent Southern California Water Company.
Quinn, Emanuel, Urquhart, Oliver Hedges and Harold W. Hopp Defendant and Respondent Smart SMR of California, dba Nextel Communications.
Gray, Cary, Ware Freidenrich, William N. Krammer and Mary A. Lehman for Defendant and Respondent Cox Communications PCS, L.P.
The real question raised by this appeal is whether a public utility has the power of eminent domain to take private property for a purpose, say, simply making money, that is unrelated to the actual service the utility provides the public. The answer is, of course, no. Accordingly, we affirm a judgment based on the conclusion that when a water company allowed two cell phone companies to use a water-related easement for non-water related purposes, the only thing that was happening was simple trespass, not inverse condemnation.
II. FACTS
Amrit and Hasu Patel bought their mostly unimproved Cowan Heights lot in the late 1980s. An adjoining parcel owned by the Southern California Water Company is essentially land-locked, with the only access to a street over the Patel's parcel. The water company was granted an easement across what would later be the Patels' land in 1981. The easement was restricted to "ingress, egress and passage across with all the necessary materials, tools, supplies, and other equipment necessary for the installing, enlarging, replacing, maintaining and operation of other water supply facilities located on adjacent land."
Although the Patels were still the owners of the lot at the time they filed the instant lawsuit, they sold the lot in early 1997.
The "adjacent land" refers to the water company's parcel.
In 1995, the water company entered into a lease with two well-known cell phone companies, Cox and Nextel, which allowed the installation of wireless communications equipment on the water company's property. In order to get to their leased property, Cox and Nextel regularly drove their trucks over the Patels' driveway to install radio transmitting and receiving antennas and other related telecommunications equipment, a use which far exceeded the number of trips made by the water company.
The Patels sued. Given the facts, it was pretty obvious that the cell phone companies' use of the driveway exceeded the scope of the easement, and the case settled on all issues except for the question of whether there could be any liability on an inverse condemnation theory. If so, the defendants would owe the Patels' attorneys fees. (Civ. Proc. Code § 1036.)
Which provides in pertinent part: "In any inverse condemnation proceeding, the court rendering judgment for the plaintiff by awarding compensation . . . shall . . . award or allow to the plaintiff, as a part of that judgment . . . a sum that will . . . reimburse the plaintiff's reasonable . . . attorney . . . fees, actually incurred because of that proceeding."
After a half-day hearing on the issue, the trial court determined that the actions of the water company and wireless companies constituted a "mere trespass," rather than acts sufficient to establish a claim for inverse condemnation, and thus awarded no payment of the Patels' attorney's fees. The Patels then appealed.
III. DISCUSSION
There is, of course, no doubt that the water company, under the Public Utilities Code, has the power of eminent domain to take private property for a variety of water-related activities, such as servicing water tanks and maintaining water pipes. (See Public Utilities Code § 2729 ["A mutual water company may exercise the power of eminent domain for water, water rights, canals, ditches, dams, poundings, flumes, aqueducts, and pipes for irrigation of lands furnished with water by such company."].) And, by the same token, there is also no doubt that the power includes any "incidental property" necessary for those water-related activities. ( City of Santa Barbara v. Cloer (1963) 216 Cal.App.2d 127, 131.)
The principle has been codified in Code of Civil Procedure section 1240.120, subdivision (a), which provides in pertinent part: "[A]ny person authorized to acquire property . . . by eminent domain may exercise the power . . . to acquire property necessary to carry out and make effective the principal purpose involved including but not limited to property to be used for the protection or preservation of the attractiveness, safety, and usefulness of the project").) A utility may, of course, sell what it lawfully acquires through eminent domain. (See Civ. Proc. Code § 1240.120 (b) ("a person may acquire property under subdivision (a) with the intent to sell, lease, exchange, or otherwise dispose of the property, or an interest therein"].).)
However, the water company's power of eminent domain is still limited by our state constitution: The power must be only exercised in furtherance of a "public use." (Cal. Const., art. I, § 19.)
Manifestly, the "public use" of the water company's right of eminent domain is to provide water to surrounding areas. It is not to make money by going into the property management business and renting out its land — indeed, in this case it appears to have rented out what it didn't even have. That hardly qualifies as a "public use" under the state Constitution.
True, courts have been liberal in what they have considered public uses. Even the expropriation of a major league football team and its subsequent sale to a private person has been held to be a public use on the theory that the football franchise provided jobs and helped the local economy. (See City of Oakland v. Oakland Raiders (1982) 32 Cal.3d 60, 73-74.)
Actions for direct condemnation and inverse condemnation are functionally the same. (See City of Oakland v. Oakland Raiders, supra, 32 Cal.3d at p. 67.) The only real difference is that inverse condemnation is an action initiated by the landowner whose property rights have already been infringed upon, whereas in a direct condemnation action, the public entity acts first and compensates the landowner prior to the taking. ( Baker v. Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport Authority (1985) 39 Cal.3d 862, 866.)
Similar economic thinking justified the taking of golf carts and other golf equipment owned by a private party for a golf course owned by a city in an isolated desert area. The idea was that the golf course was the cornerstone of the local economy by being the city's "primary recreational resource" and an "important tourist attraction" for winter "snowbirds." (See City of Needles v. Griswold (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 1881, 1891.)
But there comes a point at which a court must confront a trend, and yell halt. This case has reached that point. What's good for a public utility is not ipso facto good for the public. Providing water is a public use; enriching the coffers of a water company is not.
This case is thus much closer to Cantu v. Pacific Gas Electric Co. (1987) 189 Cal.App.3d 160, where the installation of a trench to extend gas and electric service to 16 lots within a subdivision was held to be private, not a public use, and therefore the plaintiffs couldn't claim that subsequent landslide damage was inverse condemnation. (See id. at p. 164.) That is, the benefit of the lease to the cell phone companies was private (primarily to the shareholders of the water company) and not to the public.
But what about the cellular phone services provided by the wireless companies who ostensibly gained their right to truck over the Patel's property from the water company?
We need not decide here whether wireless companies such as Cox or Nextel have the power of eminent domain for purposes of providing cell phone services. Even if, for the sake of argument, providing cell phone services is a public use, it is still a non-water related use. The salient fact here is that, under the terms of the grant of easement, the scope of the easement in question extended only to water-related and incidental uses. The water company could not sell to the wireless companies an easement for a non-water related use. In the context of this case, then, the wireless companies functioned in the role of mere trespassers.
IV. CONCLUSION
This was a case of trespass, not inverse condemnation. The judgment is affirmed. In the interests of justice, each side will bear its own costs on appeal.
This modification does not change the judgment.
We concur:
RYLAARSDAM, J.
BEDSWORTH, J.