MEMORANDUM OPINION

SHERRY RADACK, Chief Justice.

Appellant, Younan Nowzaradan (Younan), appeals a property division rendered by a final divorce decree that terminated his marriage to appellee, Delores Nowzaradan (Delores). Trial was to the court, which signed findings of fact and conclusions of law. Younan contends that the trial court abused its discretion by dividing the parties' property disproportionately and challenges certain findings and conclusions that underlie that division. Younan also challenges the trial court's permitting one of Delores's attorneys to testify as a fact witness.

Factual and Procedural Background

Younan is a physician. He married Delores in 1975 after completing a residency in surgery. Their three children had reached majority age when Delores filed for divorce in 2002. Younan's medical practice provided a comfortable lifestyle that enabled Delores to remain at home to care for their children and home. Delores did secretarial work before she married, but did not work outside the home during the marriage, though she provided care for Younan's mother, who lived with the family for 21 of the couple's 27 years together.

Best Care Clinic (BCC or the clinic), the marital home, and cash-value life insurance were among the couple's most valuable community assets. Younan founded BCC in 1986 as a primary care and surgical clinic with a staff of three physicians, and the clinic became the family's chief source of income. Younan focused on surgery initially, leaving primary care to other physicians, but increasingly took on primary care responsibilities as those physicians retired. In addition to a busy surgical practice at BCC, Younan performed surgeries at other facilities, and profits from those surgeries were directed to accounts receivable at BCC. Younan claimed he had retired as of June 12, 2004, but this was a disputed issue at trial.

Located in a shopping-strip center on Bellaire Boulevard in Houston, BCC was open seven days a week, including holidays, and on weekday evenings. Beginning in 1987, at least one additional physician worked part-time at the clinic, which had a staff that also included at least one nurse practitioner, a nurse, two medical assistants, four lab and surgical assistants, and seven administrative assistants. The clinic employed several family members, including Younan's brother who served as office manager for approximately 15 years, and the clinic paid salaries to the Nowzaradan children, though none performed any work for the clinic. Credit-card billings of family members were also paid from BCC. Beginning in 1998, BCC was run as a "subchapter S" corporation.

Delores petitioned for divorce in 2002, claiming insupportability, and later added claims of cruel treatment. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 6.001-.002 (Vernon 2006). Younan counterpetitioned for divorce, claiming insupportability. The trial court issued extensive pretrial temporary orders that pertained to support for Delores, maintaining the marital home, and that prohibited disposition of the clinic, insurance policies, and other community assets.

The divorce proceedings were stayed temporarily by one of two receiverships ordered by the trial court and were stayed for four months by Younan's bankruptcy petition, filed on March 8, 2004, the fourth day of trial, until the bankruptcy court dismissed Younan's petition as a bad-faith filing. Under the first receivership, of December 31, 2003, the receiver was ordered to supervise an attempted stock-purchase sale of BCC for $150,000 that Younan had negotiated independently and subject to court approval. Under the terms of that sale, Younan was to retain the clinic's outstanding accounts receivable, which were estimated at that time at approximately $4 million. The receiver was also charged to investigate other possible buyers and had additional duties relating to maximizing any benefit to the community estate. Under the second receivership, which occurred just before trial resumed on June 30, 2004, the same receiver was appointed to assume control over BCC's accounts receivable.

In both receiverships, the responsibilities of the receiver were hampered by her inability to obtain information, in particular to evaluate the clinic's accounts receivable, and her conviction that the information Younan provided to her was neither accurate nor truthful, in part because his information differed consistently with that provided by his brother, who managed BCC. The receiver was able to negotiate a significantly increased price over the offer Younan had received, but the stock purchase did not materialize. Likewise, an asset-purchase of BCC for $1 million, which the receiver pursued independently, did not materialize. The receiver emphasized that any asset transfer of BCC would require court supervision because of potential claims of fraudulent transfer.

Expert opinion testimony differed widely concerning valuation of BCC, and the experts used different methods and approaches. Younan's expert placed the value of BCC at $240,000, but Delores' experts stated its value alternatively at $1.4 million, using an "income" approach, and $550,000, using an asset approach. Like the receiver, Delores's experts emphasized that obtaining accurate information and even court-ordered discovery from Younan complicated their valuations. The trial court reconciled the experts' opinion by valuing the clinic at $825,000.

Though each party filed a pretrial inventory and appraisement, the trial court's findings confirm that Younan did not verify his filing and did not assign specific values to five assets, which included a partnership and four limited partnerships. The findings and conclusions also confirm that Younan violated temporary orders for support of Delores and maintenance of the marital home, which resulted in loss of utility service and threatened litigation for failure to pay home-association fees. Though Younan was $14,000 in arrears under the trial court's temporary orders, the record demonstrates that, during the same pretrial period, Younan continued his personal investment pursuits, which he financed by pledging an insurance policy with a cash value of almost $1 million as security, and assisted the couple's son by advancing startup funds for a business. The trial court also found that Younan recovered insurance-coverage payments for damage to the couple's residence, but did not dedicate the funds to the needed repairs.

The trial court's findings also specify that Younan complicated the discovery process by concealing and withholding records, obstructing discovery, asserting baseless privileges, failing to disclose essential information, denying access to records, and failing to comply with court orders. As found by the trial court, Younan's conduct not only increased Delores's attorney's fees by 40 %, but also prevented her from obtaining previously requested discovery that Younan had been ordered to provide. As recited in the court's findings and further demonstrated by the record, Younan's delays in furnishing repeatedly requested discovery resulted in widely varying evaluations of BCC and its accounts receivable, approximately $600,000 of which remained unsubstantiated at trial.

The trial court attributed fault in the breakup of the marriage to Younan, dissolved the marriage on grounds of cruelty and insupportability, and concluded that Younan committed waste of community assets, for which the court rendered judgment in favor of the community for $380,000.00, as recited in the final divorce decree of October 29, 2004. The decree acknowledges the separate property identified in Delores's testimony and her sworn inventory and appraisement. In its conclusions of law, the trial court recites that, in effecting a "just and right" division of the parties' property, the court awarded the equivalent of 70% of the community estate to Delores and the equivalent of 30% of the community estate to Younan. Property awarded to Delores included the separate property she had identified in her sworn inventory and appraisement and the marital home; property awarded to Younan included the community's full interest in BCC.

Division and Valuation of the Parties' Property

In his first issue, which presents multiple challenges to the trial court's division of property, Younan argues that the trial court awarded Delores "virtually 100% of all assets of real value" or, in the alternative, several times that amount, and that the division favored Delores in a "grossly disproportionate" manner and was, therefore, neither just nor right, which compels a remand for a new property division. Younan asserts a specific challenge to valuation of BCC at $850,000 and contends that the valuation erroneously included Younan's professional goodwill. In addition, Younan challenges the court's valuation of several specific items of community property and Delores's separate property.

A. Standard of Review

Section 7.001 of the Family Code requires trial courts to divide "the estate of the parties" to a marriage as "the court deems just and right, having due regard for the rights of each party." Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 7.001 (Vernon 2006); see Hailey v. Hailey, 176 S.W.3d 374, 380 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet.); see also Eggemeyer v. Eggemeyer, 554 S.W.2d 137, 139 (Tex. 1977) (defining "estate of the parties," for purposes of predecessor to section 7.001, as community property only, thus excluding parties' separate property).

We review property-division issues for abuse of discretion. Schlueter v. Schlueter, 975 S.W.2d 584, 589 (Tex. 1998); Wilson v. Wilson, 132 S.W.3d 533, 536 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. denied). The discretion vested in the trial court by section 7.001 is broad; we must presume that the trial court exercised it properly and may not alter the division unless the complaining party establishes a clear abuse of the trial court's discretion. Schlueter, 975 S.W.2d at 589; Murff v. Murff, 615 S.W.2d 696, 698 (Tex. 1981); Hailey, 176 S.W.3d at 380; Wilson, 132 S.W.3d at 536; Vannerson v. Vannerson, 857 S.W.2d 659, 668-69 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ denied).

A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts arbitrarily or unreasonably and without reference to any guiding rules or principles. See Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 839 (Tex. 1992); Hailey, 176 S.W.3d at 380; Holley v. Holley, 864 S.W.2d 703, 706 (Tex.App. — Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ denied). Because a trial court has no discretion in determining what the law is, which law governs, or how to apply the law, we review this category of discretionary rulings de novo. See Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 840.

When we review a ruling that results from the trial court's having resolved underlying facts, however, we must defer to the trial's factual resolutions and any credibility determinations that may have affected those resolutions and may not substitute our judgment for the trial court's judgment in those matters. See id. at 839-40; see also Murff, 615 S.W.2d at 700 (noting that in bench trial of divorce case, trial court has opportunity to observe spouses and assess their needs, potential, and credibility and is empowered to apply its understanding and experience of law and human nature; further noting that "mathematical precision is usually not possible" in dividing marital estate). If probative evidence supports the trial court's resolution, or if reasonable minds could differ as to the result, we defer to the trial court's factual determinations. See Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 839-40 (requiring deference to fact-based determinations); Holley, 864 S.W.2d at 706; Vannerson, 857 S.W.2d at 665; Smith v. Smith, 115 S.W.3d 303, 305 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2003, no pet.).

Under the abuse-of-discretion standard, lack of sufficient evidence, whether legal or factual, does not constitute an independent ground on which to premise error; sufficiency of the evidence is, however, a relevant factor in assessing whether the trial court abused its discretion. See Beaumont Bank v. Buller, 806 S.W.2d 223, 226 (Tex. 1991); Dunn v. Dunn, 177 S.W.3d 393, 396 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied); Holley, 864 S.W.2d at 706; Pickens v. Pickens, 62 S.W.3d 212, 214 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2001, pet. denied); see also Wilson, 132 S.W.3d at 537-38 (applying settled factual-sufficiency standard) (citing Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986)), and holding that trial court abused its discretion in dividing marital estate because factually insufficient evidence supported the division); Alsenz v. Alsenz, 101 S.W.3d 648, 655-56 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. denied) (holding same, in context of claim for reimbursement).

With the exception of his challenge to two accounts allocated to Delores as her separate property, Younan argues that the evidence is factually insufficient to support either the trial court's division of the community property or its valuations of the community-property assets. In applying the factual-sufficiency factor to the trial court's exercise of its discretion in dividing the estate and setting those values, therefore, we examine all of the evidence and may conclude that the trial court abused its discretion only if a finding supporting the determination is so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that it is clearly wrong and unjust. See Wilson, 132 S.W.3d at 537 (applying Cain, 709 S.W.2d at 176).

B. Accounts Awarded to Delores as Her Separate Property

Younan challenges the award of two IRA accounts to Delores as her separate property, as she identified them in her inventory and appraisement, contending they are community property, as he identified them in his inventory and appraisement. Younan relies on the presumption of community stated in section 3.003 of the Family Code. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann § 3.003(b) (Vernon 2006).

Pursuant to the Texas Constitution and the Family Code, a spouse retains separate property on divorce, see Eggemeyer, 554 S.W.2d at 139, but the party claiming that property is separate must meet its burden of proof by clear and convincing evidence. See Tex. Const. art. XVI § 15 (amended 1999); Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 3.001(1), (2), 3.003(b); In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. 2002); Vannerson, 857 S.W.2d at 669-70. Evidence is clear and convincing if it will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction of the truth of the allegation to be proven. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25. Younan contends that the community presumption applies to the two accounts because Delores produced no evidence at trial about the accounts and therefore did not meet her evidentiary burden to establish the separate property nature of the accounts.

Younan's contentions ignore that Delores identified the two accounts as her separate property in her sworn, second amended inventory and appraisement. Delores filed this document before trial, in compliance with the trial court's orders and local rules, and it was admitted into evidence at trial, but Younan did not file a sworn inventory and appraisement to controvert Delores's filing. Because the inventory and appraisement was both properly sworn and admitted into evidence, the document constituted probative evidence, sufficient to overcome the community-property presumption, that the two accounts were Delores's separate property. See Vannerson, 857 S.W.2d at 671. Moreover, the record affirmatively negates Younan's contention that Delores failed otherwise to establish the separate character of the funds in the accounts. Delores and her sister testified that the funds derived from an inheritance and from payments to her as a trust beneficiary from the estate of her parents. In addition, she provided expert opinion testimony and documentary evidence to support her claim.

Taking together Delores's sworn inventory and appraisement and the evidence that she presented at trial, and also considering that Younan did not controvert her sworn, separate-property claim, we hold that clear and convincing evidence supports the trial court's recognizing the two challenged IRA accounts as Delores's separate property and therefore hold that Delores overcame the presumption that the accounts were community property.

We reject Younan's contention that the trial court abused its discretion by awarding the two accounts in question to Delores as her separate property. C. Disproportionate Division of Community Property

Younan argues that the inequity of the 70%-30% division categorically compels a remand for a new property division. Well-settled law, however, recognizes that community property need not be equally divided. See Murff, 615 S.W.2d at 698-99 n. 1 (citing cases decided from 1949 through 1979 upholding disproportionate divisions of property). When the circumstances demonstrate a reasonable basis, a trial court may order an unequal division of the community property. See id. at 698-99; Hailey, 176 S.W.3d at 380 (citing Robles v. Robles, 965 S.W.2d 605, 621 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. denied)); Vannerson, 857 S.W.2d at 668; Huls v. Huls, 616 S.W.2d 312, 317 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1981, no writ). But, the division of property must not be so disproportionate that it is inequitable, and circumstances must justify awarding more than half of the community estate to one spouse. Hailey, 176 S.W.3d at 382 (citing Patt v. Patt, 689 S.W.2d 505, 507 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1985, no writ)).

As Murff and this Court's interpretations of Murff demonstrate, myriad factors become relevant and may properly be considered in dividing the community-property estate under section 7.001 of the Family Code. See Murff, 615 S.W.2d at 699. These factors include (1) any disparity of incomes or earning capacities of the spouses; (2) their capacities and abilities; (3) benefits that the party not found at fault would have derived from continuation of the marriage; (4) business opportunities of the spouses; (5) their education, (6) relative physical conditions, and (7) relative financial conditions; (8) disparity in ages, (9) differences in the size of each spouse's separate estate; (10) the nature of the property to be divided; (11) probable future need for support; (12) the award of custody of any minor children; (13) fault in the breakup of the marriage; (14) length of the marriage; (15) a spouse's dissipation of the estate; (16) attorney's fees; and (17) any tax consequences. See Murff, 615 S.W.2d at 699; Hailey, 176 S.W.3d at 380; Alsenz, 101 S.W.3d at 655; Vannerson, 857 S.W.2d at 669; Massey v. Massey, 807 S.W.2d 391, 398 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, writ denied); Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 7.008 (Vernon 2006) (authorizing consideration of tax consequences).

Murff confirmed that a trial court may, but need not, take fault into consideration when dividing an estate. Murff, 615 S.W.2d at 698; see Massey, 807 S.W.2d at 398; see also Smith v. Smith, 836 S.W.2d 688, 693 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, no writ) (holding that division should not punish spouse found to be at fault) (citing Young v. Young, 609 S.W.2d 758, 762 (Tex. 1980)). The trial court may also take into consideration that a spouse unfairly depleted or dissipated community assets and may, as here, award the aggrieved party a judgment for the value of those assets as a means of equalizing the community estate. See Murff, 615 S.W.2d at 699; Massey, 807 S.W.2d at 404.

In contrast to Delores, who had not been in the workplace since her marriage, Younan, as a physician and surgeon, is a well-educated professional who experienced financial success in establishing and maintaining BCC and, in addition, had a network of physicians who referred surgical patients to him. With no physical limitations or illnesses demonstrated by the record, Younan who was 60 years old at trial, can expect to continue to achieve continuing financial success for at least some time, and as the record demonstrates, had already taken steps in that direction despite closing BCC. Though she benefitted from Younan's success during the marriage, Delores would necessarily be deprived of those benefits because of the divorce and, with no employment history for over 27 years, has little reasonable expectation of financially successful employment after this divorce.

To these factors, we add our consideration of the following findings by the trial court, which Younan does not challenge: Younan was at fault in the breakup of the marriage; he permitted the marital home to deteriorate, despite recovering insurance payments for damage, and generally allowed the residence to fall into disrepair; he engaged in day trading that resulted in significant losses to the community; and the attorney's fees payable from the community estate for Delores's counsel increased 40% as a result of Younan's determined strategy to avoid disclosure of financial information pertinent to division of the community estate. As the record also demonstrates, Younan placed significant community assets at risk while this divorce action was pending, and his failure to comply with court orders left Delores without utilities and placed her at risk of litigation, while he simultaneously directed substantial funds to other sources of his choosing. The fees, expenses, and delay generated by Younan's bad-faith bankruptcy filing further taxed the community estate.

On considering the record presented, in particular the trial court's unchallenged findings, according to the settled, governing factors, we hold that Younan has not demonstrated that the trial court's decision to award Delores 70% of the community property was so disproportionate as to be inequitable and, therefore, has not demonstrated that the trial court clearly abused its discretion by that disposition.

D. Valuation of BCC

Younan's challenge to the trial court's valuation of the BCC clinic at $825,000, presents an exhaustive, item-by-item analysis of the testimony of Delores's expert, as well as the testimony offered by his own expert and the receiver. Younan focuses especially on the component of valuation that must necessarily be attributed to this personal, professional goodwill, which derived from his surgical practice and would necessarily be excluded by his departure from the clinic, as well as several pending lawsuits that would also necessarily affect potential purchasers, in addition to other obligations.

Texas law distinguishes the personal goodwill of a professional practice, here attributable solely to Younan, from its commercial goodwill. See Salinas v. Rafati, 948 S.W.2d 286, 290 (Tex. 1997); Nail v. Nail, 486 S.W.2d 761, 764 (Tex. 1972). Professional goodwill "attaches to the person of the professional . . . as a result of confidence in his . . . skill and ability [; it] does not possess or constitute an asset separate and apart from the professional's person, or from his individual ability to practice his profession[; and, therefore,] would be extinguished in the event of the professional's death, retirement, or disablement." Rathmell v. Morrison, 732 S.W.2d 6, 17 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, no writ) (citing Nail, 486 S.W.2d at 763-64). In valuating a business interest for purposes of dividing community property on divorce, the personal goodwill of an individual must be excluded. See Finn v. Finn, 658 S.W.2d 735, 740-41 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1983, writ ref'd n.r.e.). The value to the community estate is limited to the commercial goodwill of the business — its value as a recognized business, separate and apart from the individual — and is properly considered an asset when dividing a community estate. See Salinas, 948 S.W.2d at 291 (citing Geesbreght v. Geesbreght, 570 S.W.2d 427, 436 (Tex.Civ.App.-Fort Worth 1978, writ dism'd)).

We disagree with Younan, who apparently contends that the trial court's valuation of BCC erroneously, but necessarily, included the professional goodwill of Younan's surgical practice, or, alternatively, that the clinic's value consisted solely of Younan's personal goodwill and had no commercial goodwill. The record negates both contentions and offers nothing to suggest that the trial court's $850,000 valuation is erroneously premised on Younan's personal, professional goodwill.

As the record demonstrates, both Younan's and Delores's valuation experts assigned a specific value to Younan's personal goodwill. Both excluded it from their valuations, and the trial court's findings specify that Delores's expert's valuation excluded goodwill. Moreover, the record reflects that the BCC clinic had significant commercial goodwill, due to its name, location, extended hours, client base, and "walk-in" practice, all of which could potentially carry over to any new owner.

Younan also emphasizes the potential, yet unascertained, effect of pending litigation on valuation of BCC. But, he also relied, through his expert, on the asset approach in his valuation of BCC. Under an asset transfer, as opposed to a stock transfer, any successor would acquire BCC's assets without incurring any of its liabilities unless the successor expressly assumed those liabilities. See Tex. Bus. Corp. Act. Ann. art. 5.10(B)(2) (Vernon 2003); C.M. Asfahl Agency v. Tensor, Inc., 135 S.W.3d 768, 781 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet.) (quoting same); Suarez v. Sherman Gin Co., 697 S.W.2d 17, 20-21 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1985, writ ref'd, n.r.e.) (contrasting stock and asset-purchase cases decided under pre-article 5.10(B)(2) law).

As the receiver explained in her testimony, of the two potential purchases that she negotiated, the first, initiated by Younan, was a stock purchase, in which contingent liabilities would be a necessary consideration, but also in which Younan sought to retain accounts receivable. But, the receiver also pursued a sale of the assets of BCC, in which liabilities would be excluded unless expressly assumed. Because no sale had materialized by the time of trial, and, therefore, the type of any future purchase remained unknown, and any future liability of BCC also remained unknown, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by not allocating a specific value to BCC for potential liability.

The record demonstrates that the parties' experts differed widely in their valuation of the clinic, in part because their methods differed significantly, and both valuation experts differed in the significance they attached to many factors and accused the opponent of erroneously including, omitting, overvaluing, and undervaluing certain factors. These factors include the receiver's failed attempts to sell BCC; the implications of pending malpractice suits, given that Younan had not purchased "tail" insurance coverage despite his announced intent to retire, while renewing malpractice coverage; contingent recovery of accounts receivable and other funds sought by BCC; and the transferability of the lease for the clinic premises, which Younan had recently renewed. In addition, the record clearly demonstrates that Delores's experts were significantly hampered in placing a value on BCC by Younan's concerted and consistent tactics of delaying and hiding crucial information, most especially concerning accounts receivable.

Having reviewed the record and having accorded the deference due the trial court, as the sole fact finder and determiner of credibility, we conclude that valuation of BCC clinic at $850,000 is not manifestly unjust and, therefore, that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by making that valuation.

E. Valuation of Other Assets and Liabilities

Younan's challenge to the trial court's property division also attacks allocations and values for items of personalty and certain liabilities, as follows: a bank account, awarded to Younan; the Mercedes Benz, awarded to Younan; the furnishings of the home, awarded to Delores; proceeds from a life-insurance account, awarded to Younan; and loans to individuals and businesses, assigned for collection to Younan.

Younan has waived his challenges, which essentially repeat his trial contentions concerning these portions of the community estate. As recited in the trial court's findings, Younan did not submit a sworn inventory and appraisement and, as a consequence, was not permitted to controvert any values stated in Delores's sworn inventory and appraisement. Cf., Vannerson, 857 S.W.2d at 671 (holding that trial court properly relied on and took judicial notice of one party's sworn inventory, despite its not having been introduced into evidence). In contrast to Vannerson, the trial court admitted Delores's sworn inventory into evidence. Younan did not challenge either admission of the inventory or the trial court's prohibition against controverting Delores's inventory, and his challenges in this appeal do not encompass the finding by the trial court that recites that ruling. We conclude, therefore, that Younan did not preserve any error concerning the trial court's exercise of its discretion in either valuing or allocating these assets and liabilities.

We overrule Younan's first issue.

Testimony of Counsel as Fact Witness

Younan's second issue challenges the trial court's permitting one of Delores's trial counsel to testify concerning her investigation into whether Younan was performing bariatric surgery at another facility. During her testimony, counsel stated that she placed a telephone call in which she identified herself by a false name, stated that she was inquiring on behalf of her daughter, and inquired about attending an informational session concerning bariatric surgery that would be presented by Younan. Counsel played a tape of the conversation during her testimony.

Assuming that admitting counsel's testimony was error, we hold that it was harmless, because it was cumulative of other evidence that Younan was either pursuing options to continue working, or was already working at other facilities, despite his announced retirement. See GTE Sw., Inc. v. Bruce, 998 S.W.2d 605, 620 (Tex. 1999) (citing Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a)(1) as mandating that no judgment may be reversed on appeal on the ground that the trial court made an error of law unless the error complained of probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment). Moreover, well-settled law recognizes that we may presume, in an appeal from a bench trial, as here, that the trial court ignored all improperly admitted evidence. See Victory v. State, 158 S.W.2d 760, 765 (Tex. 1943); Sw. Bell Media, Inc. v. Lyles, 825 S.W.2d 488, 498-99 (Tex.App. — Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, writ denied); Schoeffler v. Denton, 813 S.W.2d 742, 745 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, no writ). We note, in this regard, that the trial court commented, at the conclusion of counsel's testimony and in overruling Younan's repeated objection, "I will concede [the testimony] doesn't appear to have very much probative value for anything, but it is what it is." We overrule Younan's second issue.

Conclusion

We affirm the judgment of the trial court.