COFFIN, Circuit Judge.

This case involves the often confusing interrelationship of the rights and remedies provided under Titles I and IV of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 ("LMRDA"), 29 U.S.C. §§ 401- 531. Appellants filed their suit under Title I of the Act, but the district court found that they were alleging a Title IV claim. The court dismissed the suit because only the Secretary of Labor can sue under Title IV and appellants had failed to secure the Secretary's participation in their action. We affirm.

The conflict in this case revolves around a union election on June 20, 1981, in which appellant Jesus Castro Molina was re-elected president of Local 1740 of the International Longshoreman's Association, AFL-CIO ("Local 1740"). Shortly thereafter, Jorge Aponte Figueroa, who lost to Castro Molina by four votes, protested the election on the ground that ineligible voters had participated. Local 1740's constitution and bylaws required that members pay their dues at least three months before the election to be eligible to vote. An election committee investigated Aponte Figueroa's protest and found that 23 members who had not paid their dues in time had voted. The committee set aside the election, and scheduled a rerun between Castro Molina and Aponte Figueroa for August 1. Aponte Figueroa was elected by a wide margin. It turned out that the election committee had no authority to order a rerun, and so a third, authorized, election was held on September 12, in which Aponte Figueroa again was elected overwhelmingly.

Castro Molina protested this multi-election procedure and his loss of the presidency on a number of occasions, but Local 1740 took no action on his objections. He sought the intervention of the Secretary of Labor, presumably under the statutory provision allowing union members to file a complaint with the Secretary after exhausting internal remedies, 29 U.S.C. § 482, but the Secretary declined to enter the fray because Castro Molina's complaint was not filed within the statutory deadline. Appellants then filed this suit on April 12, 1982, seeking reinstatement for Castro Molina as well as damages. At this point, however, they ask only for damages.

We begin our discussion with a brief overview of Titles I and IV of the LMRDA. Title I, 29 U.S.C. §§ 411- 415, provides a "Bill of Rights" for union members, guaranteeing "equal rights and privileges" to nominate and vote for candidates, as well as freedom of speech and assembly and protection from improper discipline. Title I is enforceable in federal court through a private action filed by the aggrieved union members. In contrast, Title IV, 29 U.S.C. §§ 481- 483, sets out detailed regulations "aimed solely at protecting union democracy through free and democratic elections," Local No. 82, Furniture and Piano Moving, Furniture Store Drivers, Helpers, Warehousemen and Packers v. Crowley, ___ U.S. ___, 104 S.Ct. 2557, 2559, 81 L.Ed.2d 457 (1984) ( "Crowley") Enforcement of Title IV rests with the Secretary of Labor, who investigates individual members' complaints and files suit in federal court if a grievance has merit. Although some overlap exists between the two types of claims, section 403 of the Act explicitly provides that Title IV's remedies are exclusive for completed elections, 29 U.S.C. § 483. This provision means that only the Secretary of Labor may bring an action in federal court to set aside an election if it already has been held, Crowley, id. at 2565; Trbovich v. United Mine Workers, 404 U.S. 528, 531, 92 S.Ct. 630, 632, 30 L.Ed.2d 686 (1972), and, with few exceptions, it "bars Title I relief when an individual union member challenges the validity of an election that has already been completed," Crowley, 104 S.Ct. at 2566.

In this case, appellants allege violations of their equal voting rights and their freedom of speech and assembly, protected under Title I's "Bill of Rights." The typical Title I claim involves an allegation of unequal treatment among union members. Calhoon v. Harvey, 379 U.S. 134, 85 S.Ct. 292, 13 L.Ed.2d 190 (1964). Although appellants alleged in their original complaint that voters other than the 23 listed by the union had not been challenged even though they also did not pay their dues on time, this allegation stood without support. They did not allege that only votes for Castro Molina, or a disproportionate number of votes cast for him, were invalidated. Nor did they claim that their own votes were invalidated. Moreover, appellants dropped this allegation when they filed their first amended complaint. It also does not appear in their offered second amended complaint or in their appellate brief. Because appellants barely made, and have since abandoned, this claim of unequal treatment, we decline to discuss it.

What appellants do argue at length is that defendants activated the eligibility rule for an unfair, or, in their words, "discriminatory", purpose — to oust Castro Molina from the union presidency because they did not like his views on a controversial issue. In past years, the three-month payment requirement had been imposed only on candidates and not on other union members. Thus, appellant's argument appears to be that an improper motive caused the union to activate the voting eligibility rule.

Appellants face two hurdles in making their Title I claim. First, Crowley explicitly states that section 403, the exclusivity provision, prohibits Title I relief which involves challenging an already conducted election, 104 S.Ct. at 2566. We recognize that appellants' request for validation of the first election arguably is not a "challenge" to that election. We doubt that appellants escape the bar of section 403 with such a request, however, because their complaint seeks indirectly to overturn the later two elections and it directly contests the outcome of the first election insofar as it seeks to reverse the union's invalidation of it. See Crowley, id. 104 S.Ct. at 2566 n. 16 ("the exclusivity provision of Title IV may not bar post-election relief for Title I claims or other actions that do not directly challenge the validity of an election already conducted"), and the cases cited therein, Amalgamated Clothing Workers Rank and File Committee v. Amalgamated Clothing Workers, 473 F.2d 1303 (3d Cir. 1973) and Ross v. Electrical Workers, 513 F.2d 840 (9th Cir. 1975), neither of which involves changing the outcome of an election, either by validation or invalidation.

We need not face this issue, however, because appellants fail to meet what is in reality their first hurdle: stating a proper Title I claim. Appellants' allegations go to the overall fairness of the election voting process — the domain of Title IV — rather than to an individual's unequal treatment. The difference between this type of complaint and a discrimination complaint anticipated under the LMRDA's "Bill of Rights" provision can be illustrated through a comparison of two previous cases triggering scrutiny of the distinction between Title I and Title IV claims. In Calhoon v. Harvey, 379 U.S. 134, 85 S.Ct. 292, 13 L.Ed.2d 190 (1964), union members had alleged that certain provisions of the union's bylaws and national constitution which affected the right to nominate and vote violated the "Bill of Rights" provision. The Court rejected their claim, noting that the issue of the provisions' validity would not fall under Title I discrimination because the same qualifications applied to everyone: "The complaining union members here have not been discriminated against in any way and have been denied no privilege or right to vote or nominate which the union has granted to others", id. at 139, 85 S.Ct. at 295. In contrast, in Kupau v. Yamamoto, 622 F.2d 449, 455 (9th Cir. 1980), the union concluded after an election that the winning candidate was not, in fact, eligible to run for the office because he did not meet the requirement that candidates be "working at or depending on the trade for a livelihood," id. at 452. The Ninth Circuit found this candidate's claim to be the subject of a proper Title I action because it involved the uneven application of eligibility qualifications, id. at 454.

Appellants' claim here, in the form in which it appears in their briefs, resembles the one in Calhoon far more than it does the claim in Kupau. They do not argue that a rule was applied unevenly but that an evenly applied rule was activated for an improper purpose. As such, it is not a proper Title I claim.

This is not to say that we condone the type of election conduct alleged in appellants' complaint. If appellants' allegations are true, then defendants decided to enforce an eligibility rule against non-candidates because Castro Molina won the election and they disagreed with the way he intended to run the union. Defendant Aponte Figueroa allegedly failed to follow the proper procedures in protesting the election and another defendant made misrepresentations to induce Castro Molina to agree to a third election. Moreover, the third candidate in the first election was dropped from the ballot in the later two elections, and it is unclear whether this affected the outcomes. These allegations strongly suggest a Title IV claim, for Title IV is intended to insure "fair union elections in which all the members are allowed to participate", Calhoon v. Harvey, 379 U.S. 134, 140, 85 S.Ct. 292, 296, 13 L.Ed.2d 190 (1964); Ross v. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, 513 F.2d 840, 842 (9th Cir. 1975). Indeed, it may well be that appellants also had a good claim that the eligibility rule at the heart of this conflict was an unreasonable limitation on all members' right to vote. The Local's past failure to require payment of dues at least three months before an election suggests that the rule may be unnecessarily restrictive and thus impinge unfairly on the Title IV right to vote assured to "every member in good standing", 29 U.S.C. § 481(e).

Appellants, however, did not, and could not as individuals, bring a Title IV case in the courts. Their failure to enlist the aid of the Secretary of Labor in a timely manner precludes federal jurisdiction.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.