Summary
In McCullough, 449 N.E.2d at 1292, the Ohio Supreme Court addressed whether a buyer, who continued to operate a vehicle after she notified the seller of her intent to rescind the purchase agreement, had waived her right to revoke her acceptance of the vehicle.
Summary of this case from Litsinger v. Forest River, Inc.Opinion
No. 82-611
Decided June 22, 1983.
Sales — Uniform Commercial Code — Right of buyer to revoke acceptance not waived by continuing use of automobile, when — Reasonable use of good after revocation required — Factors to be considered — Value of good to buyer substantially impaired, when — R.C. 1302.66.
O.Jur 2d Sales §§ 207, 211.
1. A buyer does not waive his right to revoke acceptance of a good by continuing to use it as long as such use is reasonable.
2. Whether a buyer's continued use of a good after revocation is reasonable and whether a good's nonconformities substantially impair its value to the buyer are issues to be determined by the trier of fact.
3. No inference may be drawn from a buyer's continued use of a good after revocation that the good's nonconformities do not substantially impair its value to the buyer.
4. The value to the buyer of an automobile is substantially impaired when its nonconformities undermine his faith in the integrity and reliability of the vehicle.
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Franklin County.
On May 23, 1978, appellee, Deborah A. McCullough (then Deborah Miller), purchased a 1978 Chrysler LeBanon from appellant, Bill Swad Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc. (now Bill Swad Datsun, Inc.). The automobile was protected by both a limited warranty and a Vehicle Service Contract (extended warranty). Following delivery of the vehicle, appellee and her (then) fiance informed appellant's sales agent of problems they had noted with the car's brakes, lack of rustproofing, paint job and seat panels. Other problems were noted by appellee as to the car's transmission and air conditioning. The next day, the brakes failed, and appellee returned the car to appellant for the necessary repairs.
When again in possession of the car, appellee discovered that the brakes had not been fixed properly and that none of the cosmetic work was done. Problems were also noted with respect to the car's steering mechanism. Again, the car was returned for repair and again new problems appeared, this time as to the windshield post, the vinyl top and the paint job. Only two weeks later, appellant was unable to eliminate a noise appellee complained of that had developed in the car's rear end.
On June 26, 1978, appellee returned the car to appellant for correction both of the still unremedied defects and of other flaws that had surfaced since the last failed repair effort. Appellant retained possession of the vehicle for over three weeks in order to service it, but even then many of the former problems persisted. Moreover, appellant's workmanship had apparently caused new defects to arise affecting the car's stereo system, landau top and exterior. Appellee also experienced difficulties with vibrations, the horn, and the brakes.
The following month, while appellee was on a short trip away from her home, the automobile's engine abruptly shut off. The car eventually had to be towed to appellant's service shop for repair. A few days later, when appellee and her husband were embarked on an extensive honeymoon vacation, the brakes again failed. Upon returning from their excursion, the newlyweds, who had prepared a list of thirty-two of the automobile's defects, submitted the list to appellant and again requested their correction. By the end of October 1978, few of the enumerated problems had been remedied.
In early November 1978, appellee contacted appellant's successor, Chrysler-Plymouth East ("East"), regarding further servicing of the vehicle. East was not able to undertake the requested repairs until January 1979. Despite the additional work which East performed, the vehicle continued to malfunction. After May 1979, East refused to perform any additional work on the automobile, claiming that the vehicle was in satisfactory condition, appellee's assertions to the contrary notwithstanding.
On January 8, 1979, appellee, by letter addressed to appellant, called for the rescission of the purchase agreement, demanded a refund of the entire purchase price and expenses incurred, and offered to return the automobile to appellant upon receipt of shipping instructions. Appellant did not respond to appellee's letter, and appellee continued to operate the car.
On January 12, 1979, appellee filed suit against appellant, East, Chrysler Corporation, and City National Bank Trust Co., seeking rescission of the sales agreement and incidental and consequential damages. By the time of trial, June 25, 1980, the subject vehicle had been driven nearly 35,000 miles, approximately 23,000 of which were logged after appellee mailed her notice of revocation. The trial court dismissed the action as to East, the bank and Chrysler Corporation, but entered judgment for appellee against appellant in the amount of $9,376.82, and ordered the return of the automobile to appellant. The court of appeals subsequently affirmed, determining that appellee had properly revoked her acceptance of the automobile despite her continued use of the vehicle, which use the appellate court found reasonable.
The cause is now before this court pursuant to the allowance of a motion to certify the record.
Mr. C. Lawrence Huddleston, for appellee.
Mr. Henry Maser, for appellant.
The case at bar essentially poses but a single question: Whether appellee, by continuing to operate the vehicle she had purchased from appellant after notifying the latter of her intent to rescind the purchase agreement, waived her right to revoke her initial acceptance. After having thoroughly reviewed both the relevant facts in the present cause and the applicable law, we find that appellee, despite her extensive use of the car following her revocation, in no way forfeited such right.
Under R.C. 1302.66, the rescission of a sales agreement is viewed as a revocation of acceptance of the good purchased through the agreement.
The ultimate disposition of the instant action is governed primarily by R.C. 1302.66, which provides, in pertinent part:
"(A) The buyer may revoke his acceptance of a lot or commercial unit whose non-conformity substantially impairs its value to him if he has accepted it:
"(1) on the reasonable assumption that its non-conformity would be cured and it has not been seasonably cured; * * *
"* * *
"(B) Revocation of acceptance must occur within a reasonable time after the buyer discovers or should have discovered the ground for it and before any substantial change in condition of the goods which is not caused by their own defects. It is not effective until the buyer notifies the seller of it.
"(C) A buyer who so revokes has the same rights and duties with regard to the goods involved as if he had rejected them."
Appellant essentially argues that appellee's revocation of her initial acceptance of the automobile was ineffective as it did not comply with the mode prescribed for revocation in R.C. 1302.66. Specifically, appellant asserts that appellee's continued operation of the vehicle after advising appellant of her revocation was inconsistent with her having relinquished ownership of the car, that the value of the automobile to appellee was not substantially impaired by its alleged nonconformities, and that the warranties furnished by appellant provided the sole legal remedy for alleviating the automobile's defects. Each of appellant's contentions must be rejected.
R.C. 1302.66(C) requires that a buyer who revokes his acceptance must treat the subject goods as if he had rejected them pursuant to R.C. 1302.61. Under R.C. 1302.61(B)(1), a buyer's continued exercise of ownership rights vis-a-vis the rejected goods is a wrong against the seller.
Although the legal question presented in appellant's first objection is a novel one for this bench, other state courts which have addressed the issue have held that whether continued use of goods after notification of revocation of their acceptance vitiates such revocation is solely dependent upon whether such use was reasonable. See Johannsen v. Minnesota Valley Ford Tractor Co. (Minn. 1981), 304 N.W.2d 654; Pavesi v. Ford Motor Co. (1978), 155 N.J. Super. 373, 382 A.2d 954; O'Shea v. Hatch (1982), 97 N.M. 409, 640 P.2d 515; Mobile Homes Sales Mgmt., Inc. v. Brown (1977), 115 Ariz. 11, 562 P.2d 1378. Moreover, whether such use was reasonable is a question to be determined by the trier of fact. Johannsen, supra; Uganski v. Little Giant Crane Shovel, Inc. (1971), 35 Mich. App. 88, 192 N.W.2d 580.
The genesis of the "reasonable use" test lies in the recognition that frequently a buyer, after revoking his earlier acceptance of a good, is constrained by exogenous circumstances — many of which the seller controls — to continue using the good until a suitable replacement may realistically be secured. Clearly, to penalize the buyer for a predicament not of his own creation would be patently unjust. As the court stated in Richardson v. Messina (1960), 361 Mich. 364, 369, 105 N.W.2d 153, 156:
* * * It does not lie in the seller's mouth to demand the utmost in nicety between permissible and impermissible use, for the perilous situation in which the purchaser finds himself arises from the imperfections of that furnished, for a consideration, by the seller himself. * * *"
In ascertaining whether a buyer's continued use of an item after revocation of its acceptance was reasonable, the trier of fact should pose and divine the answers to the following queries: (1) Upon being apprised of the buyer's revocation of his acceptance, what instructions, if any, did the seller tender the buyer concerning return of the now rejected goods? (2) Did the buyer's business needs or personal circumstances compel the continued use? (3) During the period of such use, did the seller persist in assuring the buyer that all nonconformities would be cured or that provisions would otherwise be made to recompense the latter for the dissatisfaction and inconvenience which the defects caused him? (4) Did the seller act in good faith? (5) Was the seller unduly prejudiced by the buyer's continued use? See Uganski, supra.
It is manifest that, upon consideration of the aforementioned criteria, appellee acted reasonably in continuing to operate her motor vehicle even after revocation of acceptance. First, the failure of the seller to advise the buyer, after the latter has revoked his acceptance of the goods, how the goods were to be returned entitles the buyer to retain possession of them. O'Shea, supra; Erling v. Homera, Inc. (N.D. 1980), 298 N.W.2d 478; Frank's Maintenance Engineering, Inc. v. C.A. Roberts Co. (1980), 86 Ill. App.3d 980, 408 N.E.2d 403; Minsel v. El Rancho Mobile Home Center, Inc. (1971), 32 Mich. App. 10, 188 N.W.2d 9. Appellant, in the case at bar, did not respond to appellee's request for instructions regarding the disposition of the vehicle. Failing to have done so, appellant can hardly be heard now to complain of appellee's continued use of the automobile.
Secondly, appellee, a young clerical secretary of limited financial resources, was scarcely in position to return the defective automobile and obtain a second in order to meet her business and personal needs. A most unreasonable obligation would be imposed upon appellee were she to be required, in effect, to secure a loan to purchase a second car while remaining liable for repayment of the first car loan. See Pavesi, supra.
Additionally, appellant's successor (East), by attempting to repair the appellee's vehicle even after she tendered her notice of revocation, provided both express and tacit assurances that the automobile's defects were remediable, thereby, inducing her to retain possession. Moreover, whether appellant acted in good faith throughout this episode is highly problematic, especially given the fact that whenever repair of the car was undertaken, new defects often miraculously arose while previous ones frequently went uncorrected. Both appellant's and East's refusal to honor the warranties before their expiration also evidences less than fair dealing.
Finally, it is apparent that appellant was not prejudiced by appellee's continued operation of the automobile. Had appellant retaken possession of the vehicle pursuant to appellee's notice of revocation, the automobile, which at the time had been driven only 12,000 miles, could easily have been resold. Indeed, the car was still marketable at the time of trial, as even then the odometer registered less than 35,000 miles. In any event, having failed to reassume ownership of the automobile when requested to do so, appellant alone must bear the loss for any diminution of the vehicle's resale value occurring between the two dates.
R.C. 1302.85(C) provides an additional basis for appellee's retention after revocation of the automobile. A buyer who possesses, as appellee does in the instant action, a security interest in the rejected goods may continue to use them even after revoking his acceptance. See Jorgensen v. Pressnall (Ore. 1976), 545 P.2d 1382; Minsel, supra; Erling, supra. Consequently, appellee's continued use of the defective vehicle was a permissible means of protecting her security interest therein.
R.C. 1302.85(C) provides: "On rightful rejection or justifiable revocation of acceptance a buyer has a security interest in goods in his possession or control for any payments made on their price and any expenses reasonably incurred in their inspection, receipt, transportation, care, and custody and may hold such goods and resell them in like manner as an aggrieved seller as provided in section 1302.80 of the Revised Code."
Appellant would be entitled to an offset for the reasonable value of appellee's continued use of the automobile after revocation but for the former's failure to adduce evidence of such value at trial.
Appellant maintains, however, that even if appellee's continued operation of the automobile after revocation was reasonable, such use is " prima facie evidence" that the vehicle's nonconformities did not substantially impair its value to appellee, thus precluding availability of the remedy of revocation. Such an inference, though, may not be drawn. As stated earlier, external conditions beyond the buyer's immediate control often mandate continued use of an item even after revocation of its acceptance. Thus, it cannot seriously be contended that appellee, by continuing to operate the defective vehicle, intimated that its nonconformities did not substantially diminish its worth in her eyes.
We must similarly dismiss appellant's assertion that, as appellee's complaints primarily concerned cosmetic flaws, the defects were trivial. First, the chronic steering, transmission and brake problems which appellee experienced in operating the vehicle could hardly be deemed inconsequential. Moreover, even purely cosmetic defects, under the proper set of circumstances, can significantly affect the buyer's valuation of the good. Pavesi, supra.
Whether a complained of nonconformity substantially impairs an item's worth to the buyer is a determination exclusively within the purview of the fact-finder and must be based on objective evidence of the buyer's idiosyncratic tastes and needs. Asciolla v. Manter Oldsmobile-Pontiac, Inc. (1977), 117 N.H. 85, 370 A.2d 270; Fargo Machine Tool Co. v. Kearney Trecker Corp. (E.D. Mich. S.D. 1977), 428 F. Supp. 364; Tiger Motor Co. v. McMurtry (1969), 284 Ala. 283, 224 So.2d 638. Any defect that shakes the buyer's faith or undermines his confidence in the reliability and integrity of the purchased item is deemed to work a substantial impairment of the item's value and to provide a basis for revocation of the underlying sales agreement. Durfee v. Rod Baxter Imports, Inc. (Minn. 1977), 262 N.W.2d 349, at 354; Asciolla v. Manter Oldsmobile-Pontiac, Inc., supra, at 274. Clearly, no error was committed in finding that the fears occasioned by the recurrent brake failings, steering malfunctions and other mechanical difficulties, as well as the utter frustration caused by the seemingly endless array of cosmetic flaws, constituted nonconformities giving rise to the remedy of revocation.
Finally, appellant argues that the limited and extended warranties covering repair of the subject vehicle provided appellee her only means of curing the automobile's defects. This court, in interpreting R.C. 1302.93(B), however, recently held that:
R.C. 1302.93(B) provides, in pertinent part: "Where circumstances cause an exclusive or limited remedy to fail of its essential purpose, remedy may be had as provided in Chapters 1301, 1302 * * * of the Revised Code."
"Where a new car express warranty limits a buyer's remedy to repair and replacement of defective parts, but the new car is so riddled with defects that the limited remedy of repair and replacement fails its essential purpose, the buyer may institute an action to recover damages for breach of warranty under R.C. 1302.88(B) and, in a proper case, incidental and consequential damages under R.C. 1302.88(C) and 1302.89." Goddard v. General Motors Corp. (1979), 60 Ohio St.2d 41 [14 O.O.3d 203].
It is beyond reasonable dispute that the warranties furnished appellee failed of their essential purpose. The automobile was severally and severely flawed, and appellant proved incapable of curing its defects. As the Supreme Court of Alabama stated in General Motors Corp. v. Earnest (1966), 279 Ala. 299, 302, 184 So.2d 811:
"* * * at some point after the purchase of a new automobile, the same should be put in good running condition, that is, the seller does not have an unlimited time for the performance of the obligation to replace and repair parts." Clearly, the hour glass has run on appellant's efforts to place the car in good running order. Thus, notwithstanding appellee's continued operation of the vehicle, the instant action is plainly one which permits the buyer to resort to remedies dehors the warranties.
On the basis of the foregoing analysis, we affirm the judgment of the court of appeals.
Judgment affirmed.
CELEBREZZE, C.J., W. BROWN, SWEENEY, C. BROWN and J.P. CELEBREZZE, JJ., concur.
HOLMES, J., dissents in part and concurs in part.
I concur in the syllabus law as set forth in this case, but would remand to the trial court for a determination of the amount due the dealer from the buyer as a setoff due to the buyer's use of the goods after revocation. Both the court of appeals and this court state that Swad should be entitled to such an offset against the judgment for the reasonable value of the use of the automobile after the revocation. However, both courts summarily dispense with such an offset by stating that Swad introduced no evidence to establish the reasonable value of the automobile's use.
The need for any such evidence when the appellant was asserting that the buyer had waived any right to revoke acceptance would, from the standpoint of trial procedure, have been highly questionable. The seller should be given an opportunity to present evidence of the reasonable value of such use, or the trial court should take judicial notice of the fair market value of the use of such an automobile.